Blockhouse on Signal Mountain (Oklahoma)

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Blockhouse on Signal Mountain
Block House Signal Mountain, View south.JPG
Blockhouse on Signal Mountain
USA Oklahoma location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Nearest city Lawton, Oklahoma [1]
Coordinates 34°40′28″N98°29′26″W / 34.67433°N 98.49058°W / 34.67433; -98.49058 (Blockhouse on Signal Mountain)
Area15 acres (6.1 ha)
Built1871 (1871)
Part of Fort Sill, Oklahoma (ID66000629)
NRHP reference No. 78002228
Added to NRHPNovember 29, 1978

Blockhouse on Signal Mountain is within the Fort Sill Military Reservation, north of Lawton, Oklahoma. [2] The rock architecture is located along Mackenzie Hill Road within the Fort Sill West Range being the Oklahoma administrative division of Comanche County.

Contents

Medicine Bluffs, ca. 1895 Medicine Bluffs near Fort Sill, in Indian Territory.jpg
Medicine Bluffs, ca. 1895

In May 1868, the United States Cavalry reservation was entitled Camp Wichita as situated within the mixed grass prairie meadow of Medicine Bluffs. [3] [4] [5] The blockhouse was established in 1871 pursuant to the Medicine Lodge Treaty of 1867 cordially looming over the course of time as the Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Opening of 1901. [6] [7] [8]

The stone structure was constructed on the summit of Wichita Mountain's Signal Mountain encompassing a terrestrial elevation of 1,750 feet (530 m). [9] The shelter has a dimension of 14 feet (4.3 m) by 16 feet (4.9 m) with a structural exterior consisting of native stone collected within the vicinity of the Wichita Mountains. The four wall dwelling was erected as some of the first limestone architecture as part of Fort Sill's Old Post Corral or United States Army Quartermaster Corps fortification foraged during the American Indian Wars on the American frontier. [10]

The observation post was settled as a meteorological observatory and signal station. [11] The elevated station provided support for military communications between Signal Mountain, Medicine Bluffs, Mountain Scott, and Fort Reno geographically positioned north of the Canadian River within the Great Plains. [12] [13] The Fort Sill, Indian Territory signal station officially commenced atmospheric observations and telegraphic communications on June 23, 1875 with meteorological reports beginning on September 9, 1875. [14] [15]

The Army Signal Corps employed flag semaphore, heliograph, and signal lamp before implementing the signal field wire lines enabling electric telegraphic communications. The optical communication applied visible light along a visual topographical line of sight for distant information exchange. The semaphore communications served as an intelligence assessment of the Wichita Mountains cadastre while safeguarding the transcontinental railroad and territorial prairie trails as an integration of the Westward Expansion Trails. [16] [17]

Blockhouse on Signal Mountain (Oklahoma)
Signal Mountain on Fort Sill West Range

The mountainous altitude served as an observation of the Plains Indians equine flights disrupting the manifest destiny of westbound wagon trains ostracizing the Reconstruction era at the crest of the progressive Gilded Age. The high ground outpost continually anticipated the spontaneous mobilization of the Old Post Redoubt troops into the rugged terrain of southwestern Indian Territory. [18] [19] [20]

The geology of Oklahoma elevation features an area reconnaissance potentially revealing the disturbance of the prairie by bison hunting and horse breed herds reciprocative to the Oklahoma red beds and the shortgrass prairie of the Comanche, Kiowa, and Wichita Indian reservation within Southwestern Oklahoma. [21] [22]

Native Raids on Southern Prairie Plains

The stone lookout station was decisively undisputed at the Fort Sill outpost after Sheridan's campaign during the winter of 1868 to 1869 and the realization of cultural assimilation of Native Americans. [23] [24]

The 1870s were seasons of significant transformation in light of the Buffalo Hunters' War and Red River War. The native disaccord developed as the United States American Indian laws and policy bewildered the Plains Indians way of life. The transgressions waged in opposition to the American indian frontier culture culminated into a 1875 United States Supreme Court case known as Lobenstein v. United States, 91 U.S. 324. [25] [26] [27] [28] [29]

During the commencement of 1870s, the Southern Plains tribes organized native raids on Indian Territory forts and military supply trains exemplifying the prairie plains as treacherous grounds for American frontier expeditions. [30] [31] [32] [33] The Army on the Frontier chartered a defense line of forts throughout Indian Territory and Texas as a deterence for the safeguard of American pioneer, homesteading, and Territorial evolution of the United States. [34] [35] [36]

Supply Trains on Oklahoma and Texas Prairies
☆ Comanche and Kiowa conduct a skirmish at Camp Supply on June 11, 1870 in the Indian Territory often referred to as the Cherokee Outlet. [37] [38]
☆ Comanche and Kiowa conduct a skirmish known as the Warren Wagon Train raid occurring on May 18, 1871 in Young County, Texas. [39] The Texas native raids cultivated into what is known today as the Comanche Wars and Texas–Indian wars. [40]
☆ During September 1874, Captain Wyllys Lyman guided a provisions train grouped as thirty-six empty wagons to Camp Supply for the replenishment of supply provisions. [41] [42] The wagon train was to collect provisions at Camp Supply and return to Nelson Miles Headquarters Dugout. [43] [44] The frontier range was located near the Washita River with the North Fork Red River situated approximately 25 miles (40 km) south of the headquarters dugout encampment. [45] On September 9, 1874, Lyman's wagon train commenced the return by prairie trail when the double column train with sixty soldiers encountered a skirmish with tribal bands of Cheyenne, Comanche, and Kiowa consequently regressing into a battle from September 9 to September 14, 1874. [46]

The five day siege is often referred to as the Battle of the Upper Washita River transpiring in the Texas Panhandle within the proximity of Fort Elliott and the east coordinate of Roger Mills County, Oklahoma. [47] [48] The Plains Indians conflict was the third major battle of the Red River War occurring along the Historic Trails of the Southern Great Plains. [49] [50] [51]

American Indian Reverence and North American Bison

The Bison antiquus was a big game species pursued by the Paleo-Indians during the Common Era or to a greater extent the folsom tradition and Upper Paleolithic period. [52] During the 1990s, the Oklahoma Archeological Survey conducted a field survey within the northwest sector of the state of Oklahoma factually substantiating by radiocarbon dating the perception of the great bison belt, Peopling of the Americas, and precontact Oklahoma. [53] The archaeological site located near the vicinity of Fort Supply, Oklahoma became known as the Cooper Bison Kill Site. [54]

During the last quarter of the nineteenth century, the North American bison was aggressively hunted by frontiersmen and ridgerunners destructively devastating the population of the North American bison. The decimation of the Great Plains bison and the westward expansion of the American railroad propelled the lucrative economics of the buffalo bone business. The accretion, commerce, and trade of the bison remains flourished from 1870 to 1937. [55] [56]

American Bison War and Armaments of Late Nineteenth Century
Buffalo rifle was a prized provision on the Great Plains from 1870 to 1890. [57] [58]
♦ Remington Rolling Block rifle ♦ Springfield model 1873
♦ Sharps rifle ♦ Winchester model 1876
Custer Era Springfield U.S. Model .50 caliber trapdoor carbine ca. 1875 Springfield trapdoor carbine owned by Geronimo.jpg
Custer Era Springfield U.S. Model .50 caliber trapdoor carbine ca. 1875

Fort Sill and American Indian Prisoners of War

By Acts of Congress and Department of War appropriations in 1894, the Fort Sill military reservation was pledged as a resettlement dominion for the American Indian prisoners of war confined at Mount Vernon Barracks within the vicinity of Mount Vernon, Alabama. [60] [61] [62]

U.S. Statutes for Relief of American Indian Prisoners of War
Date of EnactmentPublic Law No.Statute CitationU.S. Presidential Administration
August 6, 1894P.L. 53-22828  Stat.   233, Chap. 228Grover Cleveland
February 12, 1895P.L. 53-8328  Stat.   654, Chap. 83Grover Cleveland
June 28, 1902P.L. 57-18232  Stat.   419, Chap. 1301Theodore Roosevelt
February 18, 1904P.L. 58-2233  Stat.   15, Chap. 160Theodore Roosevelt
August 24, 1912P.L. 62-33537  Stat.   518, Chap. 388William H. Taft

Fort Sill's Post Guardhouse

Fort Sill's Post Guardhouse was established from 1872 to 1873 as Cavalry barracks subsequently provisioned for a military stockade. [63] The limestone structure is illustrative of the late 19th century confinement and relief formalities for hostile tribal leaders and indian prisoners of war at the Fort Sill military camp. [64] [65] The domestic stone framework serves with historical significance considering the calendar span of the American Indian assimilation commencing in the late nineteenth century. [66]

Vicinity of Old Post Guardhouse
Blockhouse on Signal Mountain (Oklahoma)
Old Post Guardhouse at Fort Sill Military Reservation

Cultural Portrayals of American Indians Way of Life

For broader coverage of this topic, see Motion Pictures about American Indians

Listing as National Register of Historic Places

Blockhouse on Signal Mountain was established as National Register of Historic Places with the National Park Service on November 29, 1978. [67] [68]

See also

Indian Territory, 1879 U.S. General Land Office Indian Territory 1879 UTA.jpg
Indian Territory, 1879
☆ George Armstrong Custer ☆ Randolph B. Marcy
☆ George B. Davis ☆ Richard Henry Pratt
☆ Benjamin Grierson ☆ Hugh L. Scott
☆ William Babcock Hazen ☆ Philip Sheridan
☆ Ranald S. Mackenzie ☆ Joshua W. Sill

Southern Frontier Forts of Indian Territory

△ Fort Arbuckle △ Fort McCulloch
△ Fort Cobb △ Fort Washita

Exploratory Prairie Routes of Indian Territory

◎ California Road ◎ Dodge-Leavenworth Expedition of 1834
◎ Josiah Gregg ◎ Jean-Baptiste Bénard de la Harpe

Indian Peace Commission and Southern Plains Tribal Agency

◇ Indian agent ◇ James M. Haworth
◇ Indian Peace Commission ◇ Lawrie Tatum

Preservation of American Bison

☆ American Bison Society ☆ Charles "Buffalo" Jones
☆ Conservation of American bison ☆ Ernest Harold Baynes
☆ Custer State Park Bison Center ☆ James "Scotty" Philip
☆ National Buffalo Foundation ☆ William Temple Hornaday

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References

  1. ↑ Bentley, Bill F. (January 30, 1979). "Historic Blockhouse Named to Register". The Lawton Constitution, Vol. 77, No. 127, Ed. 1 Tuesday, January 30, 1979. Lawton, Oklahoma: The Lawton Constitution.
  2. ↑ "Old Post" [Fort Sill in Comanche County, Oklahoma — The American South (West South Central)]. HMDB.org. The Historical Marker Database.
  3. ↑ Dinges, Bruce J. "Camp Wichita". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society.
  4. ↑ Vaupel, Barbara. "Medicine Bluff at Ft. Sill 1870's" [40" x 30" Oil on Canvas Artist Painting with Narrative]. Oklahoma Senate Artwork. Oklahoma Senate.
  5. ↑ "Medicine Bluffs ~ Fort Sill, Oklahoma" [Medicine Bluff Creek ~ Comanche County, Oklahoma]. NPGallery Digital Asset Management System ~ U.S. National Park Service. U.S. Department of the Interior. December 31, 1974.
  6. ↑ Rand, Jacki Thompson. "Medicine Lodge Treaty (1867)". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society.
  7. ↑ Kracht, Benjamin R. "Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Opening". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society.
  8. ↑ "Treaty between the United States of America and the Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache Tribes of Indians" [The Statutes at Large, Treaties, and Proclamations, of the United States Of America ~ December 1867 - March 1869, 40th Congress (1867-1869) Vol. XV]. HathiTrust Digital Library. Boston, Massachusetts: Little, Brown, and Company. October 21, 1867. pp. 581–592. hdl:2027/hvd.32044103137097. OCLC   15280229.
  9. ↑ Signal Mountain in Geonames.org (cc-by)
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  11. ↑ "Meteorological Observations at Military Stations ~ Public Resolution No. 12" (PDF). USLaw.Link. 41st Congress, Session II ~ 16 Stat. 369. United States Government Publishing Office. February 9, 1870.
  12. ↑ "Signal Mountain". Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  13. ↑ "Medicine Bluffs". Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  14. ↑ Chief Signal Officer of the Army (November 1, 1876). "Fort Sill, Indian Territory" [Annual Report of the Chief Signal Officer to the Secretary of War for the Year 1876]. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. 89 – via HathiTrust Digital Library.
  15. ↑ A Manual of Military Telegraphy for the Signal Service, United States Army at the HathiTrust Digital Library
  16. ↑ Veenendaal, Jr., Augustus J. "Railroads". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society.
  17. ↑ "Capt. Randolph Marcy's Exploration Route through Collingsworth County ~ Texas Historic Marker: 13474" [Near Wellington in Collingsworth County, Texas - The American South (West South Central)]. HMDB.org. The Historical Marker Database. 2006.
  18. ↑ "Old Redoubt" [Fort Sill in Comanche County, Oklahoma — The American South (West South Central)]. HMDB.org. The Historical Marker Database.
  19. ↑ "Enchanted Rock - Fredericksburg - Gillespie County ~ Marker Number: 10035" [1936 Texas Centennial - Historical Marker - Bronze Plaque]. Texas Historic Sites Atlas. Texas Historical Commission. 1936.
  20. ↑ "Enchanted Rock State Natural Area History". Texas Parks and Wildlife ~ Texas State Parks. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD).
  21. ↑ "Comanches and Horses". National Park Service. United States Department of the Interior.
  22. ↑ Catlin, George (1834). "Comanche Feats of Horsemanship". Smithsonian American Art Museum. Smithsonian Institution.
  23. ↑ Taylor, Morris F. (1973). "The Carr-Penrose Expedition: General Sheridan's Winter Campaign, 1868-1869". The Chronicles of Oklahoma . 51 (2 - Summer 1973). Oklahoma Historical Society: 159–176. LCCN   23027299. OCLC   655582328.
  24. ↑ Motes, Kevin D. (2013). ""The Indian Character": Cross-cultural Relations in Indian Territory after the Civil War". The Chronicles of Oklahoma . 91 (3 - Fall 2013). Oklahoma Historical Society: 296–315. LCCN   23027299. OCLC   655582328.
  25. ↑ Text of Lobenstein v. United States, 91 U.S. 324 (1875) is available from:  CourtListener    Justia    Casemine  
  26. ↑ "Indian Department and Treaty Stipulations Appropriations of 1870 ~ P.L. 41-16" (PDF). USLaw.Link. 16 Stat. 13, Chapter XVI ~ House Bill 123. United States Government Publishing Office. April 10, 1869. pp. 14–15, 36.
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  31. ↑ "The Most Dangerous Prairie in Texas" [Fort Griffin and the Prairie-Plains Frontier]. Frontier Forts Main ~ Texas Beyond History. University of Texas at Austin.
  32. ↑ "Protection of the Frontier of Texas" [H.R. Rep. No. 61, 43d Cong., 1st Sess. (1874)]. University of Oklahoma College of Law . American Indian and Alaskan Native Documents in the Congressional Serial Set: 1817 - 1899. United States Publishing Office. January 30, 1874.
  33. ↑ "Protection of Frontier Settlements of Texas, 1874 ~ P.L. 43-205" (PDF). USLaw.Link. 18 Stat. 51, Chapter CCV ~ House Bill 1590. United States Government Publishing Office. June 3, 1874.
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  35. ↑ "Federal Forts in Texas 1848-1861". Historical Maps of Texas ~ Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection. The University of Texas at Austin.
  36. ↑ "Federal Forts in Texas 1866-1890". Historical Maps of Texas ~ Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection. The University of Texas at Austin.
  37. ↑ "Battle of Camp Supply ~ June 11, 1870". Fort Supply Historic Site. Oklahoma Historical Society.
  38. ↑ "Camp Supply, Indian Territory" [Military stockade near Beaver River and Wolf Creek (north fork of Canadian River)]. Photo, Print, Drawing ~ Prints and Photographs Division. U.S. Library of Congress. 1869. LCCN   95502931.
  39. ↑ "Warren Wagon Train Massacre - Graham ~ Marker Number: 5721". Texas Historic Sites Atlas. Texas Historical Commission. 1977.
  40. ↑ Dickerson, W. E .S. "American Indian Relations". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
  41. ↑ "Captain Wyllys Lyman". Texas Beyond History ~ Battles of the Red River War. University of Texas at Austin.
  42. ↑ "Lyman Wagon Train". Kiowas Besiege Wagon Train. Fort Tours Systems.
  43. ↑ "Gen. Nelson Miles Expedition (Headquarters Dugout) - Canadian ~ Marker Number: 2138". Texas Historic Sites Atlas. Texas Historical Commission. 1967.
  44. ↑ "Gen. Nelson Miles Expedition (Headquarters Dugout)" [Near Canadian in Hemphill County, Texas - The American South (West South Central)]. HMDB.org. The Historical Marker Database.
  45. ↑ Kelly, G.A. "Map of the Camp Supply Trail". The Gateway to Oklahoma History. Oklahoma Historical Society.
  46. ↑ Anderson, H. Allen. "Lyman's Wagontrain". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
  47. ↑ "Site of Lyman's Wagon Train Battle - Canadian - Hemphill County ~ Marker Number: 4826". Texas Historic Sites Atlas. Texas Historical Commission. 1967.
  48. ↑ "Site of Lyman's Wagon Train Battle" [Canadian in Hemphill County, Texas - The American South (West South Central)]. HMDB.org. The Historical Marker Database.
  49. ↑ "Major Battles of the Red River War". Texas Beyond History ~ Battles of the Red River War. University of Texas at Austin.
  50. ↑ "50 Yards West to Routes of Historic Trails - Canadian ~ Marker Number: 41". Texas Historic Sites Atlas. Texas Historical Commission. 1969.
  51. ↑ "Historic Trails" [Near Canadian in Hemphill County, Texas - The American South (West South Central)]. HMDB.org. The Historical Marker Database.
  52. ↑ Butkus, Edmund A. (July 2004). "How Extensive was the Folsom Tradition in North America". Central States Archaeological Journal. 51 (3). Central States Archaeological Societies, Inc.: 171–175. JSTOR   43142386.
  53. ↑ Brooks, Robert L. "Oklahoma Archeological Survey". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society.
  54. ↑ Bement, Leland C. "Cooper Site". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society.
  55. ↑ Smith, Ralph A. "Bone Business". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
  56. ↑ McCreight, Major Israel (1939). "Buffalo Bone Days" [A Short History of the Buffalo Bone Trade ~ A Sketch of Forgotten Romance of Frontier Times ~ The Story of a Forty Million Dollar Business from Two Million Tons of Bones]. HathiTrust Digital Library. Sykesville, Pennsylvania: Nupp Printing Co. hdl:2027/uc1.31822042768432. OCLC   793507468.
  57. ↑ McClure, Nancy (April 26, 2015). "What Makes It a "Buffalo Gun"?". CenteroftheWest.org. Points West magazine Spring 1995. Buffalo Bill Center of the West.
  58. ↑ Peace, W.S. "Sharps Buffalo Rifle". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
  59. ↑ "Guns on Horseback: Trading for War". Return of the Horse Nation. Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian.
  60. ↑ "Post Apache Wars". Chiricahua National Monument Arizona ~ National Park Service. U.S. Department of the Interior.
  61. ↑ Fly, Camillus Sidney (1886). "Council between Geronimo and General Crook". Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. U.S. Library of Congress.
  62. ↑ "Apache Incarceration". Castillo de San Marcos National Monument Florida ~ National Park Service. U.S. Department of the Interior.
  63. ↑ "Post Guardhouse" [Fort Sill in Comanche County, Oklahoma — The American South (West South Central)]. HMDB.org. The Historical Marker Database.
  64. ↑ "Geronimo's Guard House". The Gateway to Oklahoma History. Oklahoma Historical Society.
  65. ↑ "Old Guard House". The Gateway to Oklahoma History. Oklahoma Historical Society.
  66. ↑ Tatro, M. Kaye. "Curtis Act (1898)". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Curtis Act of 1898. Oklahoma Historical Society.
  67. ↑ "Blockhouse on Signal Mountain ~ 78002228". National Register Digital Assets. National Park Service. November 29, 1978.
  68. ↑ "Blockhouse on Signal Mountain ~ 78002228" [National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form for Federal Properties](PDF). NPGallery HRHP PDF. National Park Service. November 29, 1978.

Bibliography

Further reading about American Frontier and Plains Prairies
☆ Gregg, Josiah (1855). Commerce of the Prairies. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J.W. Moore. LCCN   05037595. OCLC   15470464 – via Internet Archive.
☆ Custer, George Armstrong (1874). My Life on the Plains: Or, Personal Experiences with Indians (★Librivox Audiobook★). New York, N.Y.: Sheldon and Company. LCCN   01016759. OCLC   2451821 – via Internet Archive.
☆ Allen, Joel Asaph (1876). American Bisons, Living and Extinct [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College]. Vol. IV. Cambridge, Massachusetts: University Press, Cambridge: Welch, Bigelow, & Co. ISBN   0405057016. LCCN   73017790. OCLC   6578281 – via Internet Archive.
☆ Dodge, Richard Irving; Blackmore, William (1877). The Hunting Grounds of the Great West: a Description of the Plains, Game, and Indians of the Great North American Desert. London, U.K.: Chatto & Windus. LCCN   41031883. OCLC   3386087 – via Internet Archive.
☆ Custer, Elizabeth Bacon (1885). Boots and Saddles: or, Life in Dakota with General Custer (★Librivox Audiobook★). New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers. LCCN   04022950. OCLC   213519450 – via Internet Archive.
☆ United States War Department (1886). "Lieutenant General of the Army ~ Apache Campaign" [Annual Report of the Secretary of War 1886 ~ Volume 1]. HathiTrust Digital Library. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Office. pp. 143–146.
☆ Welsh, Herbert (1887). "The Apache Prisoners in Fort Marion, St. Augustine, Florida". Internet Archive. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Office of the Indian Rights Association. OCLC   61141514.
☆ Hornaday, William Temple (1889). The Extermination of the American Bison : with a Sketch of Its Discovery and Life History. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. OCLC   38907610 – via Internet Archive.
☆ Brown, John Henry (1890). "Indian Wars and Pioneers of Texas". Internet Archive. Austin, Texas: L.E. Daniell. LCCN   03014078. OCLC   1342204122.
☆ Wilbarger, John Wesley (1890). Colonel Jack Hays [Indian Depredations in Texas: Reliable Accounts of Battles, Wars, Adventures, Forays, Murders, Massacres, etc.]. Austin, Texas: Hutchings Printing House. pp. 71–79. OCLC   2694641.
☆ Baird, George W. (1891). "The Capture of Geronimo's Apaches" [General Miles's Indian Campaigns on the Staked Plains]. HathiTrust Digital Library. The Century Magazine . New York, N.Y.: Century Co. pp. 367–369, 351–370. hdl:2027/mdp.39015007006300. OCLC   183354486.
☆ Mooney, James (1898). "Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians" [Winter 1877-78 ~ K' op-taide-do-tsedal-de Sai, “Signal-mountain winter” ▷“the mountain with a house built upon it”◁]. Internet Archive. Ankopaaingyadete. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 342. OCLC   963677.
☆ Clark, Blue. "Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (1903)" [U.S. Supreme Court Decision ▷ 187 U.S. 553, 1903 ◁ ~ American Indians detribalization with U.S. law in the forefront given adaption to American society and challenges of assimilation]. The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society.
☆ Cook, John R. (1907). The Border and the Buffalo : an Untold Story of the Southwest Plains. Topeka, Kansas: Crane and Company. LCCN   12002506. OCLC   10334692 – via Internet Archive.
☆ Crittenden, H.L. (October 31, 1907). "An Unknown Grave ~ Lawton, Okla., Oct. 21". Mangum Sun-Monitor (Newspaper). Vol. 17, no. 46 (1 ed.). Mangum, Oklahoma: Oklahoma Historical Society. p. 2. LCCN   sn96087866. OCLC   34975177.
☆ Custer, Elizabeth Bacon (1928). "Letter from Elizabeth Custer to Dr. C. C. Rister, July 28, 1928" [Letter from Elizabeth Custer to Dr. C. C. Rister, discussing General George Armstrong Custer's attitude and interactions with the Native Americans]. University of North Texas Libraries ~ The Portal to Texas History. Hardin-Simmons University Library.
☆ Rister, Carl Coke (1929). "The Significance of the Destruction of the Buffalo in the Southwest". Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 33 (1). Texas State Historical Association: 34–49. JSTOR   30237207.
☆ Hume, C. Ross (1938). "Historic Sites Around Anadarko". The Chronicles of Oklahoma . 16 (4 - December 1938). Oklahoma Historical Society: 410–424. LCCN   23027299. OCLC   655582328.
☆ Foreman, Grant (1941). "Historical Background of the Kiowa Comanche Reservation". The Chronicles of Oklahoma . 19 (2 - June 1941). Oklahoma Historical Society: 129–140. LCCN   23027299. OCLC   655582328.
☆ Schmitt, Karl (1950). "Wichita-Kiowa Relations and the 1874 Outbreak". The Chronicles of Oklahoma . 28 (2 - Summer 1950). Oklahoma Historical Society: 154–160. LCCN   23027299. OCLC   655582328.
☆ Mitchell, Sara Brown (1950). "The Early Days of Anadarko". The Chronicles of Oklahoma . 28 (4 - Winter 1950). Oklahoma Historical Society: 390–398. LCCN   23027299. OCLC   655582328.
☆ Cooper, Charles M. (1957). "The Big Pasture". The Chronicles of Oklahoma . 35 (2 - Summer, 1957). Oklahoma Historical Society: 138–146. LCCN   23027299. OCLC   655582328.
☆ Griswold, Gillett (1958). "Old Fort Sill: The First Seven Years". The Chronicles of Oklahoma . 36 (1 - Spring, 1958). Oklahoma Historical Society: 2–14. LCCN   23027299. OCLC   655582328.
☆ Johze, Benedick (1961). "A Brief History of the Fort Sill Apache Tribe". The Chronicles of Oklahoma . 39 (4 - Winter 1961-62). Oklahoma Historical Society: 427–432. LCCN   23027299. OCLC   655582328.
☆ Monahan, Forrest D. (1967). "The Kiowa-Comanche Reservation" [The Kiowa-Comanche Reservation in the 1890's]. The Chronicles of Oklahoma . 45 (4 - Winter 1967-68). Oklahoma Historical Society: 451–463. LCCN   23027299. OCLC   655582328.
☆ Nye, Wilbur Sturtevant (1969). Carbine and Lance: The Story of Old Fort Sill. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN   978-0806187181. LCCN   79013137. OCLC   778993468.
☆ Fischer, LeRoy H. (1975). "Oklahoma Territory, 1890-1907". The Chronicles of Oklahoma . 53 (1 - Spring 1975). Oklahoma Historical Society: 3–8. LCCN   23027299. OCLC   655582328.
☆ Turcheneske, Jr., John Anthony (1976). "The United States Congress and the Release of the Apache Prisoners of War at Fort Sill". The Chronicles of Oklahoma . 54 (2 - Summer 1976). Oklahoma Historical Society: 199–226. LCCN   23027299. OCLC   655582328.
☆ Faulk, Odie B.; Franks, Kenny Arthur; Lambert, Paul F. (1978). Early Military Forts and Posts in Oklahoma. Gateway to Oklahoma History. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Oklahoma Historical Society. ISBN   978-0941498081. LCCN   78-70038. OCLC   982028838.
☆ Barnett, LeRoy (1979). "The Buffalo Bone Commerce on the Northern Plains" (PDF). SHSND Publications. State Historical Society of North Dakota.
☆ Haes, Brenda L. (2000). "Fort Sill, the Chiricahua Apaches, and the Government's Promise of Permanent Residence". The Chronicles of Oklahoma . 78 (1 - Spring 2000). Oklahoma Historical Society: 28–43. LCCN   23027299. OCLC   655582328.
☆ Woolley, Bryan (2004). "The Frontier Forts of Texas". Texas Almanac. Texas State Historical Association.
☆ Beemer, Rod (2012). "Custer's Last Campaign of Sheridan's 1868-69 Winter Offensive". The Chronicles of Oklahoma . 90 (4 - Winter 2012-13). Oklahoma Historical Society: 440–461. LCCN   23027299. OCLC   655582328.
☆ Megehee, Mark K. (2018). Fort Sill ~ Images of America. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN   978-1467129640. OCLC   1079066884.

Video Media Archive

☆ "17164 The Signal Corps Basic Signal Communication ~ Field Wire Line Construction". United States Department of War. Internet Archive. The Signal Corps. 1941.
☆ Fort Sill National Historic Landmark and Museum on YouTube

American Indians of Southwestern Oklahoma

☆ Indians of Oklahoma: Exposition in Anadarko, Oklahoma c. 1950 on YouTube
☆ American Indian Dances at Indian City USA Circa 1950s on YouTube
☆ Anadarko Indian Exposition Parade: Late 1940s Early 1950s on YouTube
☆ Native American Missions in Oklahoma - 1932 on YouTube
☆ Oklahoma Indians: We Are Who We Were on YouTube
☆ Oklahoma: A Past Preserved - 1975 on YouTube

American Bison and Preservation of Great Plains Species

☆ A Celebration of Heritage: Native Americans - Bison & the Great Plains on YouTube
☆ "American Buffalo : Spirit of a Nation". Internet Archive. New York, N.Y.: Thirteen/WNET. 1998. OCLC   42243992.
☆ Facing the Storm: Story of the American Bison on YouTube
☆ Hunting Buffalo (1910) on YouTube
☆ People of the Bison on YouTube
☆ Return of the American Bison on YouTube
☆ The American Buffalo ~ Ken Burns & PBS playlist on YouTube
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