Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone

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Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone
Stratigraphic range: Late Permian
~257.5–254.5  Ma
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Cistecephalus1DB.jpg
Cistecephalus microrhinus
Type Biozone
Unit of Beaufort Group within Adelaide Supgroup
Sub-unitsMiddle Teekloof Formation west of 24°E
Uppermost Middleton Formation & lowermost Balfour Formation east of 24°E
Underlies Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone
Overlies Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone
Thicknessup to 984.252 ft (300.000 m)
Location
Region Eastern, Northern & Western Cape
CountryFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa
Extent Karoo Basin
Type section
Named for Cistecephalus
Named by Robert Broom
Year defined1906, 1909

The Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone is a tetrapod assemblage zone or biozone found in the Adelaide Subgroup of the Beaufort Group, a majorly fossiliferous and geologically important geological group of the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. [1] [2] [3] This biozone has outcrops located in the Teekloof Formation north-west of Beaufort West in the Western Cape, in the upper Middleton and lower Balfour Formations respectively from Colesberg of the Northern Cape to east of Graaff-Reinet in the Eastern Cape. The Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone is one of eight biozones found in the Beaufort Group, and is considered to be Late Permian in age. [4]

Contents

The name of the biozone refers to Cistecephalus , a small, burrowing dicynodont therapsid. It is characterized by the presence of this species, known especially from the upper sections of this biozone, and the first appearance of the dicynodont Aulacephalodon .

History

The first fossils to be found in the Beaufort Group rocks that encompass the current eight biozones were discovered by Andrew Geddes Bain in 1856. [5] However, it was not until 1892 that it was observed that the geological strata of the Beaufort Group could be differentiated based on their fossil taxa. The initial undertaking was done by Harry Govier Seeley who subdivided the Beaufort Group into three biozones, [6] which he named (from oldest to youngest):

These proposed biozones Seeley named were subdivided further by Robert Broom between 1906 and 1909. [7] Broom proposed the following biozones (from oldest to youngest):

These biozone divisions were approved by paleontologists of the time and were left largely unchanged for several decades. [8] The Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone was first coined by Robert Broom in 1906, [9] where Broom referred to the rock layers Cistecephalus fossils were found in as the "Kistecephalus beds". The biozone was originally assigned to a far more broader stratigraphic range between the uppermost occurrence of Endothiodon and the lowermost of Lystrosaurus . [10] Decades later, James Kitching revised the biostratigraphic ranges of the Beaufort Group. [11] [12] Kitching observed that Cistecephalus fossils were most abundant in a narrow band at the very top of the biozone. He named this area the "Cistecephalus acme zone" or " Cistecephalus Band". Later, researchers sought to redefine the biozone again as Cistecephalus fossils are extremely rare apart from the uppermost portion. [13] It was suggested that, due to the biozone containing the first appearance of Aulacephalodon and its fossils being found throughout, the biozone should be renamed to the Aulacephalodon Assemblage Zone. The biozone was then, for a brief time, renamed the Aulacephalodon-Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone. [14] However, due to the biozone first being named after Cistecephalus , the initial nomenclature of the biozone later overruled its renaming on historical grounds. [15] [16]

Lithology

The Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone is located in the lower portion of the Teekloof Formation west of 24°E, in the upper Middleton Formation and lower Balfour Formation east of 24°E. These formations all fall within the Adelaide Subgroup of the Beaufort Group, sediments of which were formed in a large retroarc foreland basin in southwestern Gondwana. [17] The sedimentary rocks are mainly sandstone, mudrock layers containing mudstone, siltstone, and fine sandstone. The sandstones are thought to have been deposited in broad alluvial plains where low-sinuosity streams flowed, while the mudrock accumulated on the floodplains that flanked these streams. [18] [19]

The majority of the fossils in the biozone are found in these interchannel mudrock layers as animal remains that came to rest on the floodplains were quickly buried by alluvial sediments washed downstream. Articulated fossils are not commonly found. However, isolated skulls are fairly common and are usually found encased in calcareous nodules. [20] Fossils not encased in nodules are often fragmented. In addition, Jurassic-aged dolerite sheet and dike intrusions into the Beaufort Group [21] [22] have affected the uniformity in colour and texture of the biozone rocks in areas. This includes the colour of the fossilized bones, which range from a smooth, white appearance to being nearly black depending on their proximity to the dolerite intrusions.

Paleontology

The Cistecephalus biozone is well known for its diversity of fossil fauna, especially of therapsid species. [23] It is arranged into lower and upper zones due to the appearance or frequency of certain fossils. The lower zones are characterized by the first appearance of the dicynodont species Aulacephalodon and Oudenodon . [24] Other species found are the Biarmosuchian therapsid Herpetoskylax , [25] Burnetiamorph species namely Lemurosaurus , [26] and numerous Gorgonopsian species such as Lycaenops , Rubidgea , and Dinogorgon . In addition species of Dicynodonts such as Endothiodon and Diictodon , Therocephalians, [27] Pareiasaurs, and rare occurrences of parareptiles such as Owenetta and Milleretta have been found in the upper zones. [28] The temnospondyl amphibian Rhinesuchus , [29] and some fish and plant species have also been found. A dicynodont track way [30] is also known in an outcrop of the biozone east of Graaff-Reinet. Cistecephalus fossils are rare until the uppermost portion of the biozone where the " Cistecephalus Band" is located. [31] [32]

Correlations

Correlations in biostratigraphy have been made with the Cistecephalus zone to geological formations outside of South Africa. An Endothiodon snout was discovered in the Rio do Rasto Formation in Brazil, [33] [34] and Cistecephalus fossils have been found in Madumabisa Mudstone in Zambia. [35] Recently, a new cistecephalid dicynodont was discovered in the Kundaram Formation of the Pranhita-Godavari Valley in India. [36] The zone also correlates with the Malokinelskaya and Vyazovskaya Formations of Russia. [37]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Diictodon</i> Extinct genus of dicynodonts

Diictodon is an extinct genus of pylaecephalid dicynodont that lived during the Late Permian period, approximately 255 million years ago. Fossils have been found in the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone of the Madumabisa Mudstone of the Luangwa Basin in Zambia and the Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone of the Teekloof Formation, Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Abrahamskraal Formation, Dicynodon Assemblage Zone of the Balfour Formation, Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone of the Middleton or Balfour Formation of South Africa and the Guodikeng Formation of China. Roughly half of all Permian vertebrate specimens found in South Africa are those of Diictodon. This small herbivorous animal was one of the most successful synapsids in the Permian period.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beaufort Group</span> Third of the main subdivisions of the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa

The Beaufort Group is the third of the main subdivisions of the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. It is composed of a lower Adelaide Subgroup and an upper Tarkastad Subgroup. It follows conformably after the Ecca Group and unconformably underlies the Stormberg Group. Based on stratigraphic position, lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic correlations, palynological analyses, and other means of geological dating, the Beaufort Group rocks are considered to range between Middle Permian (Wordian) to Early Triassic (Anisian) in age.

<i>Tapinocephalus</i> Assemblage Zone

The Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone is a tetrapod assemblage zone or biozone which correlates to the middle Abrahamskraal Formation, Adelaide Subgroup of the Beaufort Group, a fossiliferous and geologically important geological Group of the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. The thickest outcrops, reaching approximately 2,000 metres (6,600 ft), occur from Merweville and Leeu-Gamka in its southernmost exposures, from Sutherland through to Beaufort West where outcrops start to only be found in the south-east, north of Oudshoorn and Willowmore, reaching up to areas south of Graaff-Reinet. Its northernmost exposures occur around the towns Fraserburg and Victoria West. The Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone is the second biozone of the Beaufort Group.

<i>Daptocephalus</i> Assemblage Zone

The Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone is a tetrapod assemblage zone or biozone found in the Adelaide Subgroup of the Beaufort Group, a majorly fossiliferous and geologically important geological Group of the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. This biozone has outcrops located in the upper Teekloof Formation west of 24°E, the majority of the Balfour Formation east of 24°E, and the Normandien Formation in the north. It has numerous localities which are spread out from Colesberg in the Northern Cape, Graaff-Reniet to Mthatha in the Eastern Cape, and from Bloemfontein to Harrismith in the Free State. The Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone is one of eight biozones found in the Beaufort Group and is considered Late Permian (Lopingian) in age. Its contact with the overlying Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone marks the Permian-Triassic boundary.

<i>Lystrosaurus</i> Assemblage Zone

The Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone is a tetrapod assemblage zone or biozone which correlates to the upper Adelaide and lower Tarkastad Subgroups of the Beaufort Group, a fossiliferous and geologically important geological Group of the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. This biozone has outcrops in the south central Eastern Cape and in the southern and northeastern Free State. The Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone is one of eight biozones found in the Beaufort Group, and is considered to be Early Triassic in age.

<i>Cynognathus</i> Assemblage Zone Biozone which correlates to the Burgersdorp Formation of the Beaufort Group

The Cynognathus Assemblage Zone is a tetrapod biozone utilized in the Karoo Basin of South Africa. It is equivalent to the Burgersdorp Formation, the youngest lithostratigraphic formation in the Beaufort Group, which is part of the fossiliferous and geologically important Karoo Supergroup. The Cynognathus Assemblage Zone is the youngest of the eight biozones found in the Beaufort Group, and is considered to be late Early Triassic (Olenekian) to early Middle Triassic (Anisian) in age. The name of the biozone refers to Cynognathus crateronotus, a large and carnivorous cynodont therapsid which occurs throughout the entire biozone.

<i>Pristerognathus</i> Assemblage Zone

The Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone is a tetrapod assemblage zone or biozone which correlates to the upper Abrahamskraal Formation and lowermost Teekloof Formation, Adelaide Subgroup of the Beaufort Group, a fossiliferous and geologically important geological Group of the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. The thickest outcrops, reaching not more than 300 metres (980 ft), occur just east of Sutherland through to Beaufort West in the south and Victoria West in the north. Exposures are also found west of Colesberg and south of Graaff-Reinet. The Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone is the third biozone of the Beaufort Group.

<i>Tropidostoma</i> Assemblage Zone

The Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone is a tetrapod assemblage zone or biozone which correlates to the lower Teekloof Formation, Adelaide Subgroup of the Beaufort Group, a fossiliferous and geologically important geological Group of the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. The thickest outcrops, reaching approximately 240 metres (790 ft), occur from east of Sutherland through to Beaufort West and Victoria West, to areas south of Graaff-Reinet. Its northernmost exposures occur west/north-west of Colesberg. The Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone is the fourth biozone of the Beaufort Group.

<i>Eodicynodon</i> Assemblage Zone

The Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone is a tetrapod assemblage zone or biozone which correlates to the Abrahamskraal Formation, Adelaide Subgroup of the Beaufort Group, a fossiliferous and geologically important geological Group of the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. The thickest outcrops, reaching approximately 620 metres (2,030 ft), occur south-east of Sutherland, north of Prince Albert, and south-east of Beaufort West. The Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone is the lowermost biozone of the Beaufort Group.

<i>Paraburnetia</i> Extinct genus of therapsids

Paraburnetia is an extinct genus of biarmosuchian therapsids from the Late Permian of South Africa. It is known for its species P. sneeubergensis and belongs to the family Burnetiidae. Paraburnetia lived just before the Permian–Triassic mass extinction event.

Angonisaurus is an extinct genus of kannemeyeriiform dicynodont from the Middle Triassic of Africa between 247 and 242 million years ago. Only one species, Angonisaurus cruickshanki has been assigned to this genus. This genus is thought to have been widely spread but rare in southern Gondwana. Though few in number, the fossil record of Angonisaurus cruickshanki contains multiple specimens giving it a measurable stratigraphic range. Sexually dimorphic features are found in Angonisaurus which include presence or absence of tusks and difference is size and robustness of the temporal arch and the rostral.

<i>Tropidostoma</i> Extinct genus of dicynodonts

Tropidostoma is a medium-sized herbivorous oudenodontid dicynodont therapsid that lived during the Late Permian (Lopingian) period in South Africa. The first Tropidostoma fossil was described by Harry Govier Seeley in 1889. Later two subspecies were identified. Tropidostoma fossils are an index fossil in a biozone of the Karoo Basin known as the Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone. This biozone is characterized by the presence of this species in association with another dicynodont species, Endothiodon uniseries.

<i>Aulacephalodon</i> Extinct genus of dicynodonts

Aulacephalodon is an extinct genus of medium-sized dicynodonts, or non-mammalian synapsids, that lived during late Permian period. Individuals of Aulacephalodon are commonly found in the Lower Beaufort Group of the Karoo Supergroup of South Africa. Rising to dominance during the Late Permian, Aulacephalodon was among the largest terrestrial vertebrate herbivores until its extinction at the end of the Permian. Two species have been named, the type species, A. bainii, and a second species, A. peavoti. However, debate exists among paleontologists if A. peavoti is a true member of the genus Aulacephalodon. Aulacephalodon belongs to the family Geikiidae, a family of dicynodonts generally characterized by their short, broad skulls and large nasal bosses. Sexual dimorphism has been identified in A. bainii.

<i>Langbergia</i> Extinct genus of cynodonts

Langbergia is an extinct genus of trirachodontid cynodont from the Early Triassic of South Africa. The type and only species L. modisei was named in 2006 after the farm where the holotype was found, Langberg 566. Langbergia was found in the Burgersdorp Formation in the Beaufort Group, a part of the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone. The closely related trirachodontids Trirachodon and Cricodon were found in the same area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abrahamskraal Formation</span> Geological formation of the Beaufort Group in South Africa

The Abrahamskraal Formation is a geological formation and is found in numerous localities in the Northern Cape, Western Cape, and the Eastern Cape of South Africa. It is the lowermost formation of the Adelaide Subgroup of the Beaufort Group, a major geological group that forms part of the greater Karoo Supergroup. It represents the first fully terrestrial geological deposits of the Karoo Basin. Outcrops of the Abrahamskraal Formation are found from the small town Middelpos in its westernmost localities, then around Sutherland, the Moordenaarskaroo north of Laingsburg, Williston, Fraserburg, Leeu-Gamka, Loxton, and Victoria West in the Western Cape and Northern Cape. In the Eastern Cape outcrops are known from Rietbron, north of Klipplaat and Grahamstown, and also southwest of East London.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Balfour Formation</span> Geological formation in the Beaufort Group of South Africa

The Balfour Formation is a geological formation that is found in the Beaufort Group, a major geological group that forms part of the greater Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. The Balfour Formation is the uppermost formation of the Adelaide Subgroup which contains all the Late Permian-aged biozones of the Beaufort Group. Outcrops and exposures of the Balfour Formation are found from east of 24 degrees in the highest mountainous escarpments between Beaufort West and Fraserburg, but most notably in the Winterberg and Sneeuberg mountain ranges near Cradock, the Baviaanskloof river valley, Graaff-Reniet and Nieu Bethesda in the Eastern Cape, and in the southern Free State province.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Katberg Formation</span> Geological formation in the Beaufort Group of the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa

The Katberg Formation is a geological formation that is found in the Beaufort Group, a major geological group that forms part of the greater Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. The Katberg Formation is the lowermost geological formation of the Tarkastad Subgroup which contains the Lower to Middle Triassic-aged rocks of the Beaufort Group. Outcrops and exposures of the Katberg Formation are found east of 24 degrees on wards and north of Graaff-Reniet, Nieu Bethesda, Cradock, Fort Beaufort, Queensdown, and East London in the south, and ranges as far north as Harrismith in deposits that form a ring around the Drakensberg mountain ranges.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Middleton Formation</span> Late middle Permian geological formation in the Eastern Cape

The Middleton Formation is a geological formation that extends through the Northern Cape, Western Cape, and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa. It overlies the lower Abrahamskraal Formation, and is the eastern correlate, East of 24ºE, of the Teekloof Formation. Outcrops and exposures of the Middleton Formation range from Graaff-Reinet in the Eastern Cape onwards. The Middleton Formation's type locality lies near the small hamlet, Middleton, approximately 25 km south of Cookhouse. Other exposures lie in hillsides along the Great Fish River in the Eastern Cape. The Middleton Formation forms part of the Adelaide Subgroup of the Beaufort Group, which itself forms part of the Karoo Supergroup.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teekloof Formation</span> Late Permian geological formation that forms part of the Beaufort Group of South Africa

The Teekloof Formation is a geological formation that forms part of the Beaufort Group, one of the five geological groups that comprises the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. The Teekloof Formation is the uppermost formation of Adelaide Subgroup deposits West of 24ºE and contains Middle to Late Permian-aged deposits and four biozones of the Beaufort Group. It overlies the Abrahamskraal Formation. The Teekloof Formation does not underlie other units other than the younger Karoo dolerites and sills that relate to the emplacement of the Early Jurassic Drakensberg Group to the east. Outcrops and exposures of the Teekloof Formation range from Sutherland through the mountain escarpments between Fraserburg and Beaufort West. The northernmost localities of the Teekloof Formation are found by Loxton, Victoria West and Richmond.

Phorcys is an extinct genus of gorgonopsian that lived during the Middle Permian period (Guadalupian) of what is now South Africa. It is known from two specimens, both portions from the back of the skull, that were described and named in 2022 as a new genus and species P. dubei by Christian Kammerer and Bruce Rubidge. The generic name is from Phorcys of Greek mythology, the father of the Gorgons from which the gorgonopsians are named after, and refers to its status as one of the oldest representatives of the group in the fossil record. Phorcys was recovered from the lowest strata of the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone (AZ) of the Beaufort Group, making it one of the oldest known gorgonopsians in the fossil record—second only to fragmentary remains of an indeterminate gorgonopsian from the older underlying Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone.

References

  1. ↑ J., Hancox, P.; S., Rubidge, B. (1997). "The role of fossils in interpreting the development of the Karoo Basin". Palaeontologia Africana. ISSN   0078-8554. Archived from the original on 2018-05-28. Retrieved 2018-05-28.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ↑ Rubidge, B. S. (1995). Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group(Karoo Supergroup). Biostratigraphic series.
  3. ↑ Merrill, van der Walt; Michael, Day; Bruce, Rubidge; K., Cooper, Antony; Inge, Netterberg (December 2010). "A new GIS-based biozone map of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup), South Africa". Palaeontologia Africana. ISSN   0078-8554.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ↑ Kammerer, C. (2008, September). A new therocephalian from the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone of South Africa and new information on therocephalian systematics. In Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology (Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 98A-99A). 60 REVERE DR, STE 500, NORTHBROOK, IL 60062 USA: SOC VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY.
  5. ↑ Bain, Andrew Geddes (1845-02-01). "On the Discovery of the Fossil Remains of Bidental and other Reptiles in South Africa". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 1 (1): 317–318. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1845.001.01.72. hdl:2027/uc1.c034667778. ISSN   0370-291X. S2CID   128602890.
  6. ↑ Seeley, H. G. (1895). "Researches on the Structure, Organization, and Classification of the Fossil Reptilia. Part IX., Section 4. On the Gomphodontia". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 186: 1–57. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1895.0001 . JSTOR   91793.
  7. ↑ Broom, R. (January 1906). "V.—On the Permian and Triassic Faunas of South Africa". Geological Magazine. 3 (1): 29–30. doi:10.1017/S001675680012271X. ISSN   1469-5081.
  8. ↑ Watson, D. M. S. (May 1914). "II.—The Zones of the Beaufort Beds of the Karroo System in South Africa". Geological Magazine. 1 (5): 203–208. doi:10.1017/S001675680019675X. ISSN   1469-5081.
  9. ↑ Broom, R. (January 1906). "V.—On the Permian and Triassic Faunas of South Africa". Geological Magazine. 3 (1): 29–30. doi:10.1017/S001675680012271X. ISSN   1469-5081.
  10. ↑ Watson, D. M. S. (September 1913). "II.—The Beaufort Beds of the Karroo System of South Africa". Geological Magazine. 10 (9): 388–393. doi:10.1017/S0016756800127219. ISSN   1469-5081.
  11. ↑ Kitching, J. W. (1970). A short review of the Beaufort zoning in South Africa. In Second Gondwana Symposium Proceedings and Papers (Vol. 1, pp. 309–312).
  12. ↑ "Inside front cover". South African Journal of Science. 75 (2). 1979-02-01. ISSN   0038-2353.
  13. ↑ Keyser, A. W., & Smith, R. M. H. (1978). Vertebrate biozonation of the Beaufort Group with special reference to the western Karoo Basin. Geological Survey, Department of Mineral And Energy Affairs, Republic of South Africa.
  14. ↑ Keyser, A. W. (1979). A review of the biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group in the Karoo Basin of South Africa. Geocongress, Geological Society of South Africa, 2, 13–31.
  15. ↑ Kitching, J. W. (1984). A reassessment of the biozonation of the Beaufort Group. Paleo News, 4(1), 12–13.
  16. ↑ Rubidge, B. S. (ed.) 1995b. Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). South African Committee of Stratigraphy. Biostratigraphic Series 1. Pretoria, Council for Geoscience.
  17. ↑ Smith, R.M.H. (1995-08-01). "Changing fluvial environments across the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Karoo Basin, South Africa and possible causes of tetrapod extinctions". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 117 (1–2): 81–104. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(94)00119-S. ISSN   0031-0182.
  18. ↑ Rubidge, B. S. (ed.) 1995b. Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). South African Committee of Stratigraphy. Biostratigraphic Series 1. Pretoria, Council for Geoscience.
  19. ↑ NICOLAS, MERRILL; RUBIDGE, BRUCE S. (March 2010). "Changes in Permo-Triassic terrestrial tetrapod ecological representation in the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup) of South Africa". Lethaia. 43 (1): 45–59. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00171.x. ISSN   0024-1164.
  20. ↑ Rubidge, B. S. (ed.) 1995b. Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). South African Committee of Stratigraphy. Biostratigraphic Series 1. Pretoria, Council for Geoscience.
  21. ↑ Hancox, P.J; Rubidge, B.S (2001-01-01). "Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 33 (3–4): 563–577. doi:10.1016/S0899-5362(01)00081-1. ISSN   1464-343X.
  22. ↑ Coetzee, André; Kisters, Alex (2017-03-01). "Dyke-sill relationships in Karoo dolerites as indicators of propagation and emplacement processes of mafic magmas in the shallow crust". Journal of Structural Geology. 97: 172–188. doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2017.03.002.
  23. ↑ J., Hancox, P.; S., Rubidge, B. (1997). "The role of fossils in interpreting the development of the Karoo Basin". Palaeontologia Africana. ISSN   0078-8554. Archived from the original on 2018-05-28. Retrieved 2018-05-28.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ↑ Rubidge, B. S. (ed.) 1995b. Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). South African Committee of Stratigraphy. Biostratigraphic Series 1. Pretoria, Council for Geoscience.
  25. ↑ Sidor, Christian A.; Smith, Roger M. H. (2007-06-01). "A second burnetiamorph therapsid from the Permian Teekloof Formation of South Africa and its associated fauna". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (2): 420–430. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[420:ASBTFT]2.0.CO;2. ISSN   0272-4634.
  26. ↑ Sidor, C. A.; Welman, J. (2003-09-01). "A second specimen of lemurosaurus pricei (therapsida: burnetiamorpha)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 23 (3): 631–642. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2003)023[0631:ASSOLP]2.0.CO;2. ISSN   0272-4634.
  27. ↑ Kammerer, C. (2008, September). A new therocephalian from the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone of South Africa and new information on therocephalian systematics. In Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology (Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 98A-99A). 60 REVERE DR, STE 500, NORTHBROOK, IL 60062 USA: SOC VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY.
  28. ↑ Rubidge, B. S. (ed.) 1995b. Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). South African Committee of Stratigraphy. Biostratigraphic Series 1. Pretoria, Council for Geoscience.
  29. ↑ Damiani, Ross J. (2004-01-01). "Temnospondyls from the Beaufort Group (Karoo Basin) of South Africa and Their Biostratigraphy". Gondwana Research. 7 (1): 165–173. doi:10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70315-4. ISSN   1342-937X.
  30. ↑ J, de Klerk, William (2002). "A dicynodont trackway from the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone in the Karoo, East of Graaff-Reinet, South Africa". Palaeontologia Africana. ISSN   0078-8554.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ↑ Nasterlack, Tobias; Canoville, Aurore; Chinsamy, Anusuya (2012-11-01). "New Insights into the Biology of the Permian Genus Cistecephalus (Therapsida, Dicynodontia)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (6): 1396–1410. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.697410. ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   86333197.
  32. ↑ Rubidge, B. S. (ed.) 1995b. Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). South African Committee of Stratigraphy. Biostratigraphic Series 1. Pretoria, Council for Geoscience.
  33. ↑ Cisneros, Juan; Abdala, Fernando; Malabarba, Maria (2005-01-01). "Pareiasaurids from the Rio do Rasto Formation, southern Brazil: Biostratigraphic implications for Permian faunas of the Paraná Basin". Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia . 8: 13–24. doi: 10.4072/rbp.2005.1.02 .
  34. ↑ Dias da Silva, Sérgio (2011-03-01). "Middle-Late Permian tetrapods from the Rio do Rasto Formation, Southern Brazil: a biostratigraphic reassessment". Lethaia. 45 (1): 109–120. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2011.00263.x. ISSN   0024-1164.
  35. ↑ Sidor, Christian (2015-04-09). "The first biarmosuchian from the upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation (Luangwa Basin) of Zambia". Palaeontologia Africana. 49: 1–7.
  36. ↑ Kammerer, Christian F.; Bandyopadhyay, Saswati; Ray, Sanghamitra (2016-10-03). "A new taxon of cistecephalid dicynodont from the upper Permian Kundaram Formation of India". Papers in Palaeontology. 2 (4): 569–584. doi:10.1002/spp2.1055. ISSN   2056-2802.
  37. ↑ "Magnetostratigraphy – Background to stratigraphy across the PTB in Russia". Archived from the original on 2019-02-16. Retrieved 2019-03-15.
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