Beaufort Group

Last updated
Beaufort Group
Stratigraphic range: Guadalupian-Early Triassic
~268–247  Ma
Type Geologic group
Underlies Stormberg Group
Overlies Ecca Group
Thicknessup to 22,965.88 feet (7,000 m)
Lithology
Primary Mudstone, claystone, siltstone
Other Sandstone, shale, Tuff
Location
Region Northern Cape, Western, Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Free State.
CountryFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa
Extent145 000 km squared
Geology of Karoo Supergroup.png
A simplified geological map of the outcrops of Karoo Supergroup rocks in Southern Africa. The Beaufort Group is represented by the yellow key on the map.

The Beaufort Group is the third of the main subdivisions of the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. It is composed of a lower Adelaide Subgroup and an upper Tarkastad Subgroup. [1] [2] It follows conformably after the Ecca Group and unconformably underlies the Stormberg Group. Based on stratigraphic position, lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic correlations, [3] palynological analyses, and other means of geological dating, the Beaufort Group rocks are considered to range between Middle Permian (Wordian) to Early Triassic (Anisian) in age. [4] [5]

Contents

Background

During the period when sedimentation of the Beaufort Group rocks took place, the Ecca sea had retreated to the northeastern Karoo Basin. All sediment deposition at this time took place in a terrestrial, although in a predominantly fluvial or alluvial environment that was seasonally arid. This environment covered a vast area and deposition was influenced by a retroarc foreland basin. This foreland system was caused by crustal uplift (orogenesis) that had previously begun to take course due to the subduction of the Palaeo-pacific plate beneath the Gondwanan Plate. This resulted in the rise of the Gondwanide mountain range in what is known as the Gondwanide orogeny. The continuation of mountain-building and erosion from the growing Gondwanide mountain chain and associated subduction created accommodation space for sediment deposition in the Karoo Basin. Orogenic loading was the initial subsidence mechanism acting on the Karoo Basin and flexural tectonics partitioned the Karoo Basin into the foredeep, forebulge, and backbulge flexural provinces. Orogenic loading and unloading caused changes in position of the forebulge and foredeep. This resulted in the deposition zones shifting from the proximal or distal regions of the Karoo Basin. [6]

The Beaufort Group rocks are predominantly mudstone-dominated up until the upper sections in the lower Tarkastad Subgroup. Tuffs are also found due to concurrent volcanic activity that took place with the foreland tectonics. [7] [8] [9] [10]

Geographic extent

Hill in siliciclastic strata (mud or siltstones capped by solid sandstone) of Teekloof or Abrahamskraal formation (Beaufort Group) of the Main Karoo Basin. Karoo National Park near Beaufort West, Western Cape Province, South Africa. Hill at Karoo National Park.png
Hill in siliciclastic strata (mud or siltstones capped by solid sandstone) of Teekloof or Abrahamskraal formation (Beaufort Group) of the Main Karoo Basin. Karoo National Park near Beaufort West, Western Cape Province, South Africa.

The geological formations of the Beaufort Group are outcrop over approximately 145 000 km2, attaining a total thickness of around 6000 m thick at its thickest outcrops. In the west, the lowermost Beaufort Group rocks are found east of Laingsburg and remain continuous eastward to East London. Deposits are also found in the central Karoo and continue north-north-eastwards to Gariep Dam, Colesberg, and up to Bloemfontein. In the extreme north and north-east, the Beaufort Group outcrops in Harrismith and northeastern KwaZulu-Natal.

Stratigraphic units

Adelaide Subgroup

The Adelaide Subgroup is the lower subgroup of the Beaufort Group and contains all Middle to Late Permian-aged rocks. This subgroup contains six geological formations in total, however, these formations are latitude specific. These formations are the Abrahaamskraal and Teekloof Formations, west of 24°E, Middleton and Balfour Formations east of 24°E, and the Normandien and Emakwezini Formations in the northern Free-State and Kwa-Zulu Natal provinces. Composing the lower Beaufort succession, the rocks are mudstone-dominated. The mudstones in the lower Beaufort Group are mainly greenish-grey to blueish-grey and gradually change to greyish-red, reddish-brown or purple in color. The dominant presence of mudstones in the lower Beaufort Group represent tranquil depositional settings such as overbank or floodplain facies associations. The formations here are listed below (from oldest to youngest):

West of 24 degrees

East of 24 degrees

Tarkastad Subgroup

There are no equivalent deposits of the Tarkastad Subgroup west of 24°E. This is either due to erosion of the lowlands west of 24°E or sediment deposition in the western section of the Karoo Basin ceased at the end of the Permian. In the lower sections sandstones dominate, especially in the Katberg Formation. In the upper units the sandstone to mudstone ratio steadily evens out. [25] The Tarkastad Subgroup is composed of the following formations (from oldest to youngest):

Moschops capensis of the Middle Permian, South Africa. Moschops capensis.jpg
Moschops capensis of the Middle Permian, South Africa.

Paleontology

Upper-side 3D rendering of the content inside the burrow cast BP/1/5558 in semi-transparency. Thrinaxodon liorhinus (in brown; BP/1/7199) is lying on its ventral side; Broomistega putterilli (in grey; BP/1/7200) deposited upside down on the right side of the Thrinaxodon. Source: Abdala et al. 2013) Odd couple.png
Upper-side 3D rendering of the content inside the burrow cast BP/1/5558 in semi-transparency. Thrinaxodon liorhinus (in brown; BP/1/7199) is lying on its ventral side; Broomistega putterilli (in grey; BP/1/7200) deposited upside down on the right side of the Thrinaxodon. Source: Abdala et al. 2013)

The Beaufort Group is internationally renowned for its diverse fossil fauna, [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] in particular for its therapsid fossils. [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] The entire expanse of this geological group has been categorized into eight fossil biozones or assemblage zones. [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] These assemblage zones are listed below:

The Beaufort Group deposits also yield numerous insect, plant, and trace fossils. [52] [53] [54]

Biostratigraphic correlation of fossils in the greater Gondwana across present-day South America, southern Africa, Antarctica and Australia. Snider-Pellegrini Wegener fossil map-i18n.png
Biostratigraphic correlation of fossils in the greater Gondwana across present-day South America, southern Africa, Antarctica and Australia.

Correlation

The Beaufort Group rocks correlate chronologically with numerous other geological formations and groups within southern Africa [55] and abroad. Most notably from numerous localities in Russia, [56] [57] China, [58] South America, [59] [60] [61] [62] Antarctica, Madagascar, India, and Australia. [63]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Robertia</i> Extinct genus of dicynodonts

Robertia is an extinct genus of small herbivorous dicynodonts from the Middle to Late Permian of South Africa, between 260 and 265 million years ago. It is a monospecific genus, consisting of the type-species R. broomiana, which was classified by Lieuwe Dirk Boonstra in 1948 and named in honor of Robert Broom for his study of South African mammal-like reptiles.

<i>Diictodon</i> Extinct genus of dicynodonts

Diictodon is an extinct genus of pylaecephalid dicynodont that lived during the Late Permian period, approximately 255 million years ago. Fossils have been found in the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone of the Madumabisa Mudstone of the Luangwa Basin in Zambia and the Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone of the Teekloof Formation, Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Abrahamskraal Formation, Dicynodon Assemblage Zone of the Balfour Formation, Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone of the Middleton or Balfour Formation of South Africa and the Guodikeng Formation of China. Roughly half of all Permian vertebrate specimens found in South Africa are those of Diictodon. This small herbivorous animal was one of the most successful synapsids in the Permian period.

<i>Tapinocephalus</i> Assemblage Zone

The Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone is a tetrapod assemblage zone or biozone which correlates to the middle Abrahamskraal Formation, Adelaide Subgroup of the Beaufort Group, a fossiliferous and geologically important geological Group of the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. The thickest outcrops, reaching approximately 2,000 metres (6,600 ft), occur from Merweville and Leeu-Gamka in its southernmost exposures, from Sutherland through to Beaufort West where outcrops start to only be found in the south-east, north of Oudshoorn and Willowmore, reaching up to areas south of Graaff-Reinet. Its northernmost exposures occur around the towns Fraserburg and Victoria West. The Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone is the second biozone of the Beaufort Group.

<i>Cistecephalus</i> Assemblage Zone

The Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone is a tetrapod assemblage zone or biozone found in the Adelaide Subgroup of the Beaufort Group, a majorly fossiliferous and geologically important geological group of the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. This biozone has outcrops located in the Teekloof Formation north-west of Beaufort West in the Western Cape, in the upper Middleton and lower Balfour Formations respectively from Colesberg of the Northern Cape to east of Graaff-Reinet in the Eastern Cape. The Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone is one of eight biozones found in the Beaufort Group, and is considered to be Late Permian in age.

<i>Daptocephalus</i> Assemblage Zone Biozone of fossils

The Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone is a tetrapod assemblage zone or biozone found in the Adelaide Subgroup of the Beaufort Group, a majorly fossiliferous and geologically important Group of the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. This biozone has outcrops located in the upper Teekloof Formation west of 24°E, the majority of the Balfour Formation east of 24°E, and the Normandien Formation in the north. It has numerous localities which are spread out from Colesberg in the Northern Cape, Graaff-Reniet to Mthatha in the Eastern Cape, and from Bloemfontein to Harrismith in the Free State. The Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone is one of eight biozones found in the Beaufort Group and is considered Late Permian (Lopingian) in age. Its contact with the overlying Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone marks the Permian-Triassic boundary.

<i>Lystrosaurus</i> Assemblage Zone

The Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone is a tetrapod assemblage zone or biozone which correlates to the upper Adelaide and lower Tarkastad Subgroups of the Beaufort Group, a fossiliferous and geologically important geological Group of the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. This biozone has outcrops in the south central Eastern Cape and in the southern and northeastern Free State. The Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone is one of eight biozones found in the Beaufort Group, and is considered to be Early Triassic in age.

<i>Cynognathus</i> Assemblage Zone Biozone which correlates to the Burgersdorp Formation of the Beaufort Group

The Cynognathus Assemblage Zone is a tetrapod biozone utilized in the Karoo Basin of South Africa. It is equivalent to the Burgersdorp Formation, the youngest lithostratigraphic formation in the Beaufort Group, which is part of the fossiliferous and geologically important Karoo Supergroup. The Cynognathus Assemblage Zone is the youngest of the eight biozones found in the Beaufort Group, and is considered to be late Early Triassic (Olenekian) to early Middle Triassic (Anisian) in age. The name of the biozone refers to Cynognathus crateronotus, a large and carnivorous cynodont therapsid which occurs throughout the entire biozone.

<i>Pristerognathus</i> Assemblage Zone

The Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone is a tetrapod assemblage zone or biozone which correlates to the upper Abrahamskraal Formation and lowermost Teekloof Formation, Adelaide Subgroup of the Beaufort Group, a fossiliferous and geologically important geological Group of the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. The thickest outcrops, reaching not more than 300 metres (980 ft), occur just east of Sutherland through to Beaufort West in the south and Victoria West in the north. Exposures are also found west of Colesberg and south of Graaff-Reinet. The Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone is the third biozone of the Beaufort Group.

<i>Tropidostoma</i> Assemblage Zone

The Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone is a tetrapod assemblage zone or biozone which correlates to the lower Teekloof Formation, Adelaide Subgroup of the Beaufort Group, a fossiliferous and geologically important geological Group of the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. The thickest outcrops, reaching approximately 240 metres (790 ft), occur from east of Sutherland through to Beaufort West and Victoria West, to areas south of Graaff-Reinet. Its northernmost exposures occur west/north-west of Colesberg. The Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone is the fourth biozone of the Beaufort Group.

<i>Eodicynodon</i> Assemblage Zone

The Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone is a tetrapod assemblage zone or biozone which correlates to the Abrahamskraal Formation, Adelaide Subgroup of the Beaufort Group, a fossiliferous and geologically important geological Group of the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. The thickest outcrops, reaching approximately 620 metres (2,030 ft), occur south-east of Sutherland, north of Prince Albert, and south-east of Beaufort West. The Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone is the lowermost biozone of the Beaufort Group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ecca Group</span> Second of the main subdivisions of the Karoo Supergroup of geological strata in southern Africa

The Ecca Group is the second of the main subdivisions of the Karoo Supergroup of geological strata in southern Africa. It mainly follows conformably after the Dwyka Group in some sections, but in some localities overlying unconformably over much older basement rocks. It underlies the Beaufort Group in all known outcrops and exposures. Based on stratigraphic position, lithostratigraphic correlation, palynological analyses, and other means of geological dating, the Ecca Group ranges between Early to earliest Middle Permian in age.

<i>Elliotsmithia</i> Extinct genus of tetrapods

Elliotsmithia is a small varanopid synapsid found from the late Middle Permian of South Africa. It is the sole basal synapsid "pelycosaur" known from the supercontinent Gondwana and only two specimens have been yielded to date. Its species name longiceps is derived from Latin, meaning "long head". Both known Elliotsmithia fossils were recovered from Abrahamskraal Formation rocks—within the boundaries of the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone—of the lower Beaufort Group. It was named for the late Sir Grafton Elliot Smith in 1937.

<i>Tropidostoma</i> Extinct genus of dicynodonts

Tropidostoma is a medium-sized herbivorous oudenodontid dicynodont therapsid that lived during the Late Permian (Lopingian) period in South Africa. The first Tropidostoma fossil was described by Harry Govier Seeley in 1889. Later two subspecies were identified. Tropidostoma fossils are an index fossil in a biozone of the Karoo Basin known as the Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone. This biozone is characterized by the presence of this species in association with another dicynodont species, Endothiodon uniseries.

<i>Langbergia</i> Extinct genus of cynodonts

Langbergia is an extinct genus of trirachodontid cynodont from the Early Triassic of South Africa. The type and only species L. modisei was named in 2006 after the farm where the holotype was found, Langberg 566. Langbergia was found in the Burgersdorp Formation in the Beaufort Group, a part of the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone. The closely related trirachodontids Trirachodon and Cricodon were found in the same area.

<i>Criocephalosaurus</i> Extinct genus of therapsids

Criocephalosaurus is an extinct genus of tapinocephalian therapsids that lived in Southern Africa during the Guadalupian epoch of the Permian. They are the latest surviving dinocephalians, extending past the Abrahamskraal Formation into the lowermost Poortjie Member of the Teekloof Formation in South Africa. They are also regarded as the most derived of the dinocephalians, alongside Tapinocephalus, and the most abundant in the fossil record.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abrahamskraal Formation</span> Geological formation of the Beaufort Group in South Africa

The Abrahamskraal Formation is a geological formation and is found in numerous localities in the Northern Cape, Western Cape, and the Eastern Cape of South Africa. It is the lowermost formation of the Adelaide Subgroup of the Beaufort Group, a major geological group that forms part of the greater Karoo Supergroup. It represents the first fully terrestrial geological deposits of the Karoo Basin. Outcrops of the Abrahamskraal Formation are found from the small town Middelpos in its westernmost localities, then around Sutherland, the Moordenaarskaroo north of Laingsburg, Williston, Fraserburg, Leeu-Gamka, Loxton, and Victoria West in the Western Cape and Northern Cape. In the Eastern Cape outcrops are known from Rietbron, north of Klipplaat and Grahamstown, and also southwest of East London.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Balfour Formation</span> Geological formation in the Beaufort Group of South Africa

The Balfour Formation is a geological formation that is found in the Beaufort Group, a major geological group that forms part of the greater Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. The Balfour Formation is the uppermost formation of the Adelaide Subgroup which contains all the Late Permian - Early Triassic aged biozones of the Beaufort Group. Outcrops and exposures of the Balfour Formation are found from east of 24 degrees in the highest mountainous escarpments between Beaufort West and Fraserburg, but most notably in the Winterberg and Sneeuberg mountain ranges near Cradock, the Baviaanskloof river valley, Graaff-Reniet and Nieu Bethesda in the Eastern Cape, and in the southern Free State province.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Katberg Formation</span> Geological formation in the Beaufort Group of the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa

The Katberg Formation is a geological formation that is found in the Beaufort Group, a major geological group that forms part of the greater Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. The Katberg Formation is the lowermost geological formation of the Tarkastad Subgroup which contains the Lower to Middle Triassic-aged rocks of the Beaufort Group. Outcrops and exposures of the Katberg Formation are found east of 24 degrees onwards and north of Graaff-Reniet, Nieu Bethesda, Cradock, Fort Beaufort, Queensdown, and East London in the south, and ranges as far north as Harrismith in deposits that form a ring around the Drakensberg mountain ranges.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Middleton Formation</span> Late middle Permian geological formation in the Eastern Cape

The Middleton Formation is a geological formation that extends through the Northern Cape, Western Cape, and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa. It overlies the lower Abrahamskraal Formation, and is the eastern correlate, East of 24ºE, of the Teekloof Formation. Outcrops and exposures of the Middleton Formation range from Graaff-Reinet in the Eastern Cape onwards. The Middleton Formation's type locality lies near the small hamlet, Middleton, approximately 25 km south of Cookhouse. Other exposures lie in hillsides along the Great Fish River in the Eastern Cape. The Middleton Formation forms part of the Adelaide Subgroup of the Beaufort Group, which itself forms part of the Karoo Supergroup.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teekloof Formation</span> Late Permian geological formation that forms part of the Beaufort Group of South Africa

The Teekloof Formation is a geological formation that forms part of the Beaufort Group, one of the five geological groups that comprises the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. The Teekloof Formation is the uppermost formation of Adelaide Subgroup deposits West of 24ºE and contains Middle to Late Permian-aged deposits and four biozones of the Beaufort Group. It overlies the Abrahamskraal Formation. The Teekloof Formation does not underlie other units other than the younger Karoo dolerites and sills that relate to the emplacement of the Early Jurassic Drakensberg Group to the east. Outcrops and exposures of the Teekloof Formation range from Sutherland through the mountain escarpments between Fraserburg and Beaufort West. The northernmost localities of the Teekloof Formation are found by Loxton, Victoria West and Richmond.

References

  1. ↑ Keyser, A. W., & Smith, R. M. H. (1978). Vertebrate biozonation of the Beaufort Group with special reference to the western Karoo Basin. Geological Survey, Department of Mineral And Energy Affairs, Republic of South Africa.
  2. ↑ Smith, R.M.H., Eriksson, P.G. and Botha, W.J. (1993-01-01). "A review of the stratigraphy and sedimentary environments of the Karoo-aged basins of Southern Africa". Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East). 16 (1–2): 143–169. Bibcode:1993JAfES..16..143S. doi:10.1016/0899-5362(93)90164-L. ISSN   0899-5362.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ↑ Rubidge, B. S.; Hancox, P. J. (1997). "The role of fossils in interpreting the development of the Karoo Basin". Palaeontologia Africana. ISSN   0078-8554.
  4. ↑ Rubidge, B. S. (ed.) 1995b. Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). South African Committee of Stratigraphy. Biostratigraphic Series 1. Pretoria, Council for Geoscience.
  5. ↑ Jirah, Sifelani; McPhee, Blair W.; Viglietti, Pia A.; Bamford, Marion K.; Choiniere, Jonah N.; Hancox, P. John; Barbolini, Natasha; Day, Michael O.; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2016), "Advances in Nonmarine Karoo Biostratigraphy: Significance for Understanding Basin Development", Origin and Evolution of the Cape Mountains and Karoo Basin, Regional Geology Reviews, Springer, Cham, pp. 141–149, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40859-0_14, ISBN   9783319408583
  6. ↑ Clevis, Quintijn; Boer, Poppe L. De; Nijman, Wouter (2004). "Differentiating the effect of episodic tectonism and eustatic sea-level fluctuations in foreland basins filled by alluvial fans and axial deltaic systems: insights from a three-dimensional stratigraphic forward model". Sedimentology. 51 (4): 809–835. Bibcode:2004Sedim..51..809C. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3091.2004.00652.x . ISSN   1365-3091. S2CID   128782169.
  7. ↑ Waschbusch, Paula; Beaumont, Christopher; Catuneanu, Octavian (1997-12-01). "Interplay of static loads and subduction dynamics in foreland basins: Reciprocal stratigraphies and the "missing" peripheral bulge". Geology. 25 (12): 1087–1090. Bibcode:1997Geo....25.1087C. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<1087:IOSLAS>2.3.CO;2. ISSN   0091-7613.
  8. ↑ Rubidge, B. S.; Hancox, P. J.; Catuneanu, O. (1998-12-01). "Reciprocal flexural behaviour and contrasting stratigraphies: a new basin development model for the Karoo retroarc foreland system, South Africa". Basin Research. 10 (4): 417–439. Bibcode:1998BasR...10..417C. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2117.1998.00078.x. ISSN   1365-2117. S2CID   56420970.
  9. ↑ Catuneanu, O.; Hancox, P. J.; Rubidge, B. S. (2000-03-01). "Sequence analysis of the Ecca—Beaufort contact in the southern Karoo of South Africa". South African Journal of Geology. 103 (1): 81–96. doi:10.2113/103.1.81. ISSN   1012-0750.
  10. ↑ Catuneanu, O., Hancox, P., Cairncross, B. & Rubidge, B. (2002-11-01). "Foredeep submarine fans and forebulge deltas: orogenic off-loading in the underfilled Karoo Basin". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 35 (4): 489–502. Bibcode:2002JAfES..35..489C. doi:10.1016/S0899-5362(02)00154-9. ISSN   1464-343X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ↑ Bottjer, David J.; Shen, Shuzhong; Clapham, Matthew E. (2009-04-08). "The double mass extinction revisited: reassessing the severity, selectivity, and causes of the end-Guadalupian biotic crisis (Late Permian)". Paleobiology. 35 (1): 32–50. doi:10.1666/08033.1. ISSN   1938-5331. S2CID   26571574.
  12. ↑ Catuneanu, O. & Bowker, D. (2001-01-01). "Sequence stratigraphy of the Koonap and Middleton fluvial formations in the Karoo foredeep South Africa". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 33 (3–4): 579–595. Bibcode:2001JAfES..33..579C. doi:10.1016/S0899-5362(01)00095-1. ISSN   1464-343X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ↑ Day, M.O. and Rubidge, B.S. (2014-12-01). "A brief lithostratigraphic review of the Abrahamskraal and Koonap formations of the Beaufort Group, South Africa: Towards a basin-wide stratigraphic scheme for the Middle Permian Karoo". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 100: 227–242. Bibcode:2014JAfES.100..227D. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.07.001. ISSN   1464-343X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ↑ Jirah, S. (2014-12-01). "Refined stratigraphy of the Middle Permian Abrahamskraal Formation (Beaufort Group) in the southern Karoo Basin". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 100: 121–135. Bibcode:2014JAfES.100..121J. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.06.014. ISSN   1464-343X.
  15. ↑ Day, M. O.; Johnson, M. R.; Cole, D. I. (2016-06-01). "Lithostratigraphy of the Abrahamskraal Formation (Karoo Supergroup), South Africa". South African Journal of Geology. 119 (2): 415–424. doi:10.2113/gssajg.119.2.415. ISSN   1012-0750.
  16. ↑ Lucas, S. G. (2001). "A Global Hiatus in the Middle Permian Tetrapod Fossil Record". Permophiles. 38: 24–27.
  17. 1 2 Day, Michael Oliver (2014-03-04). Middle Permian continental biodiversity changes as reflected in the Beaufort Group of South Africa: a bio- and lithostratigraphic review of the Eodicynodon, Tapinocephalus and Pristerognathus assemblage zones (Thesis thesis).
  18. ↑ Viglietti, P. A., Smith, R. M., Angielczyk, K. D., Kammerer, C. F., Fröbisch, J., & Rubidge, B. S. (2016-01-01). "The Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone (Lopingian), South Africa: A proposed biostratigraphy based on a new compilation of stratigraphic ranges". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 113: 153–164. Bibcode:2016JAfES.113..153V. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2015.10.011. ISSN   1464-343X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ↑ Viglietti, Pia; Rubidge, Bruce; Malcom Harris Smith, Roger (2017-03-01). "Revised lithostratigraphy of the upper Permian Balfour and Teekloof formations of the main Karoo Basin, South Africa". South African Journal of Geology. 120 (3–4): 45–60. doi:10.25131/gssajg.120.1.45.
  20. ↑ Katemaunzanga, David; Gunter, Cornelis Janse (2009). "Lithostratigraphy, Sedimentology, and Provenance of the Balfour Formation (Beaufort Group) in the Fort Beaufort–Alice Area, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 83 (5): 902–916. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2009.00110.x. ISSN   1755-6724. S2CID   130345218.
  21. ↑ Jourbert, M.R., 1994. Emakwezini Formation. Lexicon of South African Stratigraphy: Part, 1.
  22. ↑ Prevec, R.; Bordy, E. M. (2008-12-01). "Sedimentology, palaeontology and palaeo-environments of the Middle (?) to Upper Permian Emakwezini Formation (Karoo Supergroup, South Africa)". South African Journal of Geology. 111 (4): 429–458. doi:10.2113/gssajg.111.4.429. ISSN   1012-0750.
  23. ↑ Aristov, D.S., Prevec, R. and Mostovski, M.B., 2009. (2009). "New and poorly known grylloblattids (Insecta: Grylloblattida) from the Lopingian of the Lebombo Basin, South Africa". African Invertebrates. 50 (2): 279–286. doi: 10.5733/afin.050.0205 .{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  24. ↑ Prevec, R.; Bordy, E. M. (2015-09-01). "Lithostratigraphy of the Emakwezini Formation (Karoo Supergroup), South Africa". South African Journal of Geology. 118 (3): 307–310. doi:10.2113/gssajg.118.3.307. ISSN   1012-0750.
  25. ↑ R.M.H. Smith (1995-08-01). "Changing fluvial environments across the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Karoo Basin, South Africa and possible causes of tetrapod extinctions". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 117 (1–2): 81–104. Bibcode:1995PPP...117...81S. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(94)00119-S. ISSN   0031-0182.
  26. ↑ Viglietti, P.A., Smith, R.M.H. and Compton, J. (2013-12-15). "Origin and palaeoenvironmental significance of Lystrosaurus bonebeds in the earliest Triassic Karoo Basin, South Africa". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 392: 9–21. Bibcode:2013PPP...392....9V. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.08.015. ISSN   0031-0182.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ↑ Johnson, M.R.; Van Vuuren, C.J.; Visser, J.N.J.; Cole, D.I.; Wickens, H. (2006). "Sedimentary rocks of the Karoo Supergroup". The Geology of South Africa Geological. Society of South Africa/Council for Geoscience. 461: 499.
  28. ↑ Cisneros, J. C., Rubidge, B. S., Mason, R. & Dube, C. (2008). "Analysis of millerettid parareptile relationships in the light of new material of Broomia perplexa Watson, 1914, from the Permian of South Africa". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 6 (4): 453–462. doi:10.1017/s147720190800254x. S2CID   73723455.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ↑ Damiani, R. J. (2004-01-01). "Temnospondyls from the Beaufort Group (Karoo Basin) of South Africa and Their Biostratigraphy". Gondwana Research. 7 (1): 165–173. Bibcode:2004GondR...7..165D. doi:10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70315-4. ISSN   1342-937X.
  30. ↑ Reisz, Robert R.; Laurin, Michel (January 1991). "Owenetta and the origin of turtles". Nature. 349 (6307): 324–326. Bibcode:1991Natur.349..324R. doi:10.1038/349324a0. ISSN   1476-4687. S2CID   350380.
  31. ↑ Reisz, Robert R.; Scott, Diane (8 July 2002). "Owenetta kitchingorum, sp. nov., a small parareptile (Procolophonia: Owenettidae) from the Lower Triassic of South Africa". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22 (2): 244–256. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0244:OKSNAS]2.0.CO;2. ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   52035390.
  32. ↑ Reisz, R. R., Dilkes, D. W. & Berman, D. S. 1998. (1998). "Anatomy and relationships of Elliotsmithia longiceps Broom, a small synapsid (Eupelycosauria: Varanopseidae) from the Late Permian of South Africa". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18 (3): 602–611. doi:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011087.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  33. ↑ Surkov, M. V.; Tverdokhlebov, V. P.; Benton, M. J. (2004-11-01). "Ecosystem remodelling among vertebrates at the Permian–Triassic boundary in Russia" (PDF). Nature. 432 (7013): 97–100. Bibcode:2004Natur.432...97B. doi:10.1038/nature02950. ISSN   1476-4687. PMID   15525988. S2CID   4388173.
  34. ↑ Almond, John; Rubidge, Bruce; Jirah, Sifelani; Abdala, Fernando; Güven, Saniye; Day, Michael O. (2015-04-01). "Youngest dinocephalian fossils extend the Tapinocephalus Zone, Karoo Basin, South Africa". South African Journal of Science. 111 (3–4): 1–5. doi: 10.17159/sajs.2015/20140309 . ISSN   0038-2353.
  35. ↑ Lyson, T.R., Bever, G.S., Scheyer, T.M., Hsiang, A.Y. and Gauthier, J.A., 2013. (2013-06-17). "Evolutionary Origin of the Turtle Shell". Current Biology. 23 (12): 1113–1119. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.05.003 . ISSN   0960-9822. PMID   23727095.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  36. ↑ Botha-Brink, J. and Smith, R.M., 2011. (2011). "Osteohistology of the Triassic archosauromorphs Prolacerta, Proterosuchus, Euparkeria, and Erythrosuchus from the Karoo Basin of South Africa". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (6): 1238–1254. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.621797. S2CID   130744235.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  37. ↑ Broom, R (1906). "V.—On the Permian and Triassic Faunas of South Africa". Geological Magazine. 3 (1): 29–30. Bibcode:1906GeoM....3...29B. doi:10.1017/s001675680012271x. S2CID   129265956.
  38. ↑ Broom, R (1935). "On some new genera and species of Karroo fossil reptiles". Annals of the Transvaal Museum. 18: 55–72.
  39. ↑ Broom, R (1948). "A contribution to our knowledge of the vertebrates of the Karroo Beds of South Africa". Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 61 (2): 577–629. doi:10.1017/s0080456800004865. S2CID   131663553.
  40. ↑ Cluver, M. A. (1975). "A new dicynodont reptile from the Tapinocephalus Zone (Karoo System, Beaufort series) of South Africa, with evidence of the jaw adductor musculature". Annals of the South African Museum. 67: 7–23.
  41. ↑ Cluver, M. A.; King, G. M. (1983). "A reassessment of the relationships of Permian Dicynodontia (Reptilia, Therapsida) and a new classification of dicynodonts". Annals of the South African Museum. 91: 195–273.
  42. ↑ Boonstra, L.D., 1969. The fauna of the Tapinocephalus Zone (Beaufort beds of the Karoo).
  43. ↑ Rubidge, B.S., King, G.M. and Hancox, P.J., 1994. "The postcranial skeleton of the earliest dicynodont synapsid Eodicynodon from the Upper Permian of South Africa | Request PDF". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2018-12-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  44. ↑ Laurin, Michel (1998). "New Data on the Cranial Anatomy of Lycaenops (Synapsida, Gorgonopsidae), and Reflections on the Possible Presence of Streptostyly in Gorgonopsians". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18 (4): 765–776. doi:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011105. ISSN   0272-4634. JSTOR   4523954.
  45. ↑ Modesto, Sean; Rubidge, Bruce; Visser, Ian; Welman, Johann (2003-01-01). "A new basal dicynodont from the Upper Permian of South Africa". Palaeontology. 46 (1): 211–223. doi: 10.1111/1475-4983.00295 . ISSN   0031-0239. S2CID   128620351.
  46. ↑ Lucas, Spencer G.; Zeigler, Kate E. (2005). The Nonmarine Permian: Bulletin 30. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science.
  47. ↑ Bain, A.G. (1845). "On the discovery of the fossil remains of bidental and other reptiles in South Africa". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 1 (1): 317–318. doi:10.1144/gsl.jgs.1845.001.01.72. S2CID   128602890.
  48. ↑ Seeley, H.G. (1892). "Researches on the structure, organization, and classification of the fossil Reptilia. VII. Further observations on Pareiasaurus". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 183: 311–370. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1892.0008 .
  49. ↑ Watson, D.M.S. (1914). "II.—The Zones of the Beaufort Beds of the Karroo System in South Africa". Geological Magazine. 1 (5): 203–208. Bibcode:1914GeoM....1..203W. doi:10.1017/s001675680019675x. S2CID   130747924.
  50. ↑ Kitching, J. W. (1970). A short review of the Beaufort zoning in South Africa. In Second Gondwana Symposium Proceedings and Papers (Vol. 1, pp. 309-312).
  51. ↑ van der Walt, Merrill; Day, Michael; Rubidge, Bruce; Cooper, Antony; Netterberg, Inge (2010-12-31). "A new GIS-based biozone map of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup), South Africa". Palaeontologia Africana. 45: 1–6.
  52. ↑ Anderson, J. M. (1973). "THE BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE PERMIAN AND TRIASSIC". Palaeontologia Africana. ISSN   0078-8554.
  53. ↑ Rubidge, Bruce S. (1990). "A new vertebrate biozone at the base of the Beaufort Group, Karoo sequence (South Africa)". Palaeontologia Africana. ISSN   0078-8554.
  54. ↑ Bamford, M.K. (2004-01-01). "Diversity of the Woody Vegetation of Gondwanan Southern Africa". Gondwana Research. 7 (1): 153–164. Bibcode:2004GondR...7..153B. doi:10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70314-2. ISSN   1342-937X.
  55. ↑ Sidor, C.A., Angielczyk, K.D., Smith, R.M., Goulding, A.K., Nesbitt, S.J., Peecook, B.R., Steyer, J.S. and Tolan, S., 2014. (2014). "Tapinocephalids (Therapsida, Dinocephalia) from the Permian Madumabisa Mudstone Formation (Lower Karoo, Mid-Zambezi Basin) of southern Zambia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (4): 980–986. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.826669. S2CID   128431441.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  56. ↑ Benton, Michael J.; Shishkin, Mikhail A.; Unwin, David M.; Kurochkin, Evgenii N. (2003-12-04). The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9780521545822.
  57. ↑ Laurin, Michel; Hook, Robert W. (2022). "The age of North America's youngest Paleozoic continental vertebrates: a review of data from the Middle Permian Pease River (Texas) and El Reno (Oklahoma) Groups". BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin. 193: 10. doi: 10.1051/bsgf/2022007 . S2CID   248955905.
  58. ↑ Bond, D. P. G., Wignall, P. B., Wang, W., Izon, G., Jiang, H. S., Lai, X. L., Sun, Y. D., Newton, R. J., Shao, L. Y., Védrine, S. & Cope, H. (2010-06-01). "The mid-Capitanian (Middle Permian) mass extinction and carbon isotope record of South China". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 292 (1–2): 282–294. Bibcode:2010PPP...292..282B. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.03.056. ISSN   0031-0182.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  59. ↑ Bueno, Ana de Oliveira; Dentzien-Dias, Paula Camboim; Rubidge, Bruce S.; Abdala, Fernando; Cisneros, Juan Carlos (2011-03-25). "Dental Occlusion in a 260-Million-Year-Old Therapsid with Saber Canines from the Permian of Brazil". Science. 331 (6024): 1603–1605. Bibcode:2011Sci...331.1603C. doi:10.1126/science.1200305. ISSN   1095-9203. PMID   21436452. S2CID   8178585.
  60. ↑ Boos, A.D.S., Kammerer, C.F., Schultz, C.L. and Neto, V.P. (2015-11-01). "A tapinocephalid dinocephalian (Synapsida, Therapsida) from the Rio do Rasto Formation (Paraná Basin, Brazil): Taxonomic, ontogenetic and biostratigraphic considerations". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 63: 375–384. Bibcode:2015JSAES..63..375B. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2015.09.003. ISSN   0895-9811.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  61. ↑ Schultz, Cesar L.; Şengör, A. M. Celâl; Rubidge, Bruce S.; Atayman-Güven, Saniye; Abdala, Fernando; Cisneros, Juan Carlos (2012-01-31). "Carnivorous dinocephalian from the Middle Permian of Brazil and tetrapod dispersal in Pangaea". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (5): 1584–1588. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109.1584C. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1115975109 . ISSN   1091-6490. PMC   3277192 . PMID   22307615.
  62. ↑ Cisneros, J.C., Abdala, F., Jashashvili, T., de Oliveira Bueno, A. and Dentzien-Dias, P., 2015. (2015). "Tiarajudens eccentricus and Anomocephalus africanus, two bizarre anomodonts (Synapsida, Therapsida) with dental occlusion from the Permian of Gondwana". Royal Society Open Science. 2 (7): 150090. Bibcode:2015RSOS....250090C. doi:10.1098/rsos.150090. PMC   4632579 . PMID   26587266.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  63. ↑ Wit, M. J. De; Milani, E. J. (2008-01-01). "Correlations between the classic Paraná and Cape–Karoo sequences of South America and southern Africa and their basin infills flanking the Gondwanides: du Toit revisited". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 294 (1): 319–342. Bibcode:2008GSLSP.294..319M. doi:10.1144/SP294.17. ISSN   2041-4927. S2CID   128406853.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.