Stormberg Group | |
---|---|
Stratigraphic range: Late Triassic-Early Jurassic ~ | |
Type | Geologic group |
Unit of | Karoo Supergroup |
Sub-units | Molteno, Elliot & Clarens Formations |
Underlies | Drakensberg Group |
Overlies | Beaufort Group |
Thickness | up to 4,593.176 feet (1,400 m) |
Lithology | |
Primary | Mudstone, claystone, siltstone |
Other | Sandstone, shale, tuff |
Location | |
Region | Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Free State, Lesotho, Matabeleland, Central District, Karas, and Hardap |
Country | South Africa Lesotho Zimbabwe Botswana |
Extent | Karoo Basin |
Type section | |
Named for | Stormberg Mountains |
Simplified geological map of the outcrops of Karoo Supergroup rocks in Southern Africa. The Stormberg Group is represented by the green key on the map. |
The Stormberg Group is one of the four geological groups that comprises the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. It is the uppermost geological group representing the final phase of preserved sedimentation of the Karoo Basin. The Stormberg Group rocks are considered to range between Lower Triassic (Olenekian) to Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian) in age. These estimates are based on means of geological dating including stratigraphic position, lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic correlations, and palynological analyses. [1] [2] [3]
Sediment deposition of the Stormberg Group took place in a terrestrial environment that was seasonally arid. The depositional environment in the lower sections of the Stormberg was similar to that of the Katberg Formation. Both places feature coarser-grained sandstones that lack fining-upward sequences, thus pointing to an alluvial fan and braided river environment. The depositional environment changes towards the centre of the Stormberg as mudstones become more common, pointing to a change to fluvial-lacustrine deposits where sediments were deposited in low-energy fluvial settings. The upper Stormberg rocks changes back to being sandstone-rich. These sandstones represent preserved dune fields deposited by aeolian processes in a desert environment. [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]
As the Stormberg Group is part of the Karoo Supergroup its associated rocks were deposited in a retroarc foreland basin. A fault-controlled crustal uplift (orogenesis) in the south influenced the foreland system at the beginning of the Stormberg deposition. This crustal uplift had been underway millions of years prior due to the subduction of the Paleo-pacific plate beneath the Gondwanan Plate, which had also resulted in the creation of the Gondwanide mountain range. At this time a divergent plate boundary was forming the Atlantic Ocean, southwest of Gondwana, heralding the earliest stages of the break-up of the Gondwanan supercontinent. [10] [11] [12]
There are no outcrops or exposures of the Stormberg Group West of 24ºE. This was because orogenic loading in the south by the Gondwanide mountains from the early Triassic caused changes in position of the forebulge and foredeep in the foreland basin system. This resulted in the deposition zones shifting to the eastern and northeastern regions of the Karoo Basin from the Early Triassic until the Early Jurassic, when the Drakensberg Group volcanics commenced. [13]
Outcrops and exposures of the Stormberg Group are found in several localities in Lesotho, and in the Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, and Eastern Cape provinces in South Africa.
The Stormberg Group is composed of three main geological formations that are found in numerous localities across Lesotho and in the Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, and Eastern Cape provinces in South Africa. These formations are listed below (from oldest to youngest):
The Stormberg Group contains many fossils. It is also an important geological group as the Stormberg rocks are the only rocks in South Africa where dinosaur fossils have been discovered. [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] In the lower sections diverse fossil plants [21] [22] are also found as well as preserved dinosaur trackways. [23] [24]
The Stormberg Group is correlated with several geological groups and formations in other parts of southern Africa. Some examples include the Tuli Basin in the northern parts of South Africa, Botswana, and Zimbabwe, and the Etjo Sandstone of Namibia. Abroad, rocks of the Stormberg Group correlate with the Chinle Formation of the Colorado Plateau in Utah, United States, the Santa Maria, Caturrita and Candelária Formations of the in the Triassic and Early Jurassic connected Paraná Basin in southeastern Brazil and the Triassic sequences of the Argentine Northwest; the Chañares, Los Rastros, Ischigualasto and Los Colorados Formations of the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin, the Quebrada del Barro Formation of the Marayes-El Carrizal Basin and the Quebrada de los Fósiles and Río Seco de la Quebrada Formations of the San Rafael Block. In southernmost Gondwana, the group correlates with the Fremouw Formation of Antarctica.
Lesothosaurus is a monospecific genus of ornithischian dinosaur that lived during the Early Jurassic in what is now South Africa and Lesotho. It was named by paleontologist Peter Galton in 1978, the name meaning "lizard from Lesotho". The genus has only one valid species, Lesothosaurus diagnosticus. Lesothosaurus is one of the most completely-known early ornithischians, based on numerous skull and postcranial fossils from the Upper Elliot Formation. It had a simpler tooth and jaw anatomy than later ornithischians, and may have been omnivorous in some parts of the year.
Melanorosaurus is a genus of basal sauropodomorph dinosaur that lived during the Late Triassic period. An omnivore from South Africa, it had a large body and sturdy limbs, suggesting it moved quadrupedally. Its limb bones were massive and heavy like the limb bones of true sauropods.
The Karoo Supergroup is the most widespread stratigraphic unit in Africa south of the Kalahari Desert. The supergroup consists of a sequence of units, mostly of nonmarine origin, deposited between the Late Carboniferous and Early Jurassic, a period of about 120 million years.
The Beaufort Group is the third of the main subdivisions of the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. It is composed of a lower Adelaide Subgroup and an upper Tarkastad Subgroup. It follows conformably after the Ecca Group and unconformably underlies the Stormberg Group. Based on stratigraphic position, lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic correlations, palynological analyses, and other means of geological dating, the Beaufort Group rocks are considered to range between Middle Permian (Wordian) to Early Triassic (Anisian) in age.
The Clarens Formation is a geological formation found in several localities in Lesotho and in the Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, and Eastern Cape provinces in South Africa. It is the uppermost of the three formations found in the Stormberg Group of the greater Karoo Supergroup rocks and represents the final phase of preserved sedimentation of the Karoo Basin.
The Forest Sandstone is a geological formation in southern Africa, dating to roughly between 200 and 190 million years ago and covering the Hettangian to Sinemurian stages of the Jurassic Period in the Mesozoic Era. As its name suggests, it consists mainly of sandstone.
The Elliot Formation is a geological formation and forms part of the Stormberg Group, the uppermost geological group that comprises the greater Karoo Supergroup. Outcrops of the Elliot Formation have been found in the northern Eastern Cape, southern Free State, and in the eastern KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa. Outcrops and exposures are also found in several localities in Lesotho such as Qacha's Neck, Hill Top, Quthing, and near the capital, Maseru. The Elliot Formation is further divided into the lower (LEF) and upper (UEF) Elliot formations to differentiate significant sedimentological differences between these layers. The LEF is dominantly Late Triassic (Norian-Hettangian) in age while the UEF is mainly Early Jurassic (Sinemurian-Pliensbachian) and is tentatively regarded to preserve a continental record of the Triassic-Jurassic boundary in southern Africa. This geological formation is named after the town of Elliot in the Eastern Cape, and its stratotype locality is located on the Barkly Pass, 9 km north of the town.
Notochampsa is an extinct genus of protosuchian crocodyliform. Fossils have been found from the lower Clarens Formation of the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa, dating back to the Pliensbachian stage of the Early Jurassic. Notochampsa comes from a period of relative fossil scarcity, and is the youngest known occurrence of a crocodylomorph from the Karoo Basin of South Africa.
The Molteno Formation is a geological formation found in several localities in Lesotho and South Africa. It lies mainly south of Maseru, near Burgersdorp, Aliwal North, Dordrecht, Molteno, and Elliot. It extends as far north as Matatiele in the Eastern Cape. The formation's localities lie along the Drakensberg Mountains in Kwazulu-Natal, and near Ladybrand in the Free State of South Africa. The Molteno Formation is the lowermost of the three formations in the Stormberg Group of the greater Karoo Supergroup. The Molteno Formation represents the initial phase of preserved sedimentation of the Stormberg Group.
The Pebbly Arkose Formation is a Late Triassic geologic formation found in southern Africa.
Anatrisauropus is an ichnogenus of dinosaur footprint, possibly belonging to a saurischian. It has only been discovered in Lesotho. Three ichnospecies are known: A. camisardi, A. ginsburgi and A. hereroensis; all of which were named by Paul Ellenberger between 1965 and 1972.
The Dwyka Group is one of four geological groups that compose the Karoo Supergroup. It is the lowermost geological group and heralds the commencement of sedimentation of the Karoo Supergroup. Based on stratigraphic position, lithostratigraphic correlation and palynological analyses, these lowermost Karoo strata range between the Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) to Early Permian in age.
The Escarpment Grit is a Triassic geologic formation. It is also referred to as the Nyoka Grit.
The Uitenhage Group is one of three geological groups, which comprise the onshore and offshore post-Karoo middle to lower Upper Mesozoic geological rock units in South Africa. Stratigraphically, the Uitenhage Group overlies the Suurberg Group and is overlain by the Algoa Group. It contains four formations that range in age from late Early Jurassic and late Early Cretaceous in age.
The geology of Lesotho is built on ancient crystalline basement rock up to 3.6 billion years old, belonging to the Kaapvaal Craton, a section of stable primordial crust. Most of the rocks in the country are sedimentary or volcanic units, belonging to the Karoo Supergroup. The country is notable for large fossil deposits and intense erosion due to high rainfall and a rare case of southern African glaciation during the last ice age. Lesotho has extensive diamonds and other natural resources and has the highest concentration of kimberlite pipes anywhere in the world.
Pentasaurus is an extinct genus of dicynodont of the family Stahleckeriidae, closely related to the well known Placerias. It was found in the Lower Elliot Formation of South Africa, dated to the Norian of the Late Triassic period. The genus contains the type and only species, Pentasaurus goggai. Pentasaurus is named after the ichnogenus Pentasauropus, fossil footprints that were originally described from the lower Elliot Formation in 1970 decades before the body fossils of Pentasaurus itself were recognised. Pentasauropus footprints were likely made by dicynodonts, and in South Africa Pentasaurus itself was the likely trackmaker. The name reflects the fact that a large dicynodont was predicted to have existed in the lower Elliot Formation before any body fossils were recognised, and so Pentasaurus was named after its probable footprints. This is a reversal of the more typical occurrence where fossil footprints are named after their presumed trackmakers. The name of the species honours its collector Alfred Brown, nicknamed "Gogga", which means "bug" in Afrikaans.
Lessemsauridae is a clade of early sauropodiform dinosaurs that lived in the Triassic and Jurassic of Argentina, South Africa and possibly Lesotho. A phylogenetic analysis performed by Apaldetti and colleagues in 2018 recovered a new clade of sauropodiforms uniting Lessemsaurus, Antetonitrus, and Ingentia which they named Lessemsauridae. It is a node-based taxon, defined as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of Lessemsaurus sauropoides and Antetonitrus ingenipes. Depending on the definition of Sauropoda, Lessemsauridae is either one of the most basal sauropod taxa, or a sister taxon of Sauropoda. An additional member of the clade was named later in 2018, Ledumahadi. A 2021 study by Pol and colleagues also assigned the genera Kholumolumo and Meroktenos to the group.
The Middleton Formation is a geological formation that extends through the Northern Cape, Western Cape, and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa. It overlies the lower Abrahamskraal Formation, and is the eastern correlate, East of 24ºE, of the Teekloof Formation. Outcrops and exposures of the Middleton Formation range from Graaff-Reinet in the Eastern Cape onwards. The Middleton Formation's type locality lies near the small hamlet, Middleton, approximately 25 km south of Cookhouse. Other exposures lie in hillsides along the Great Fish River in the Eastern Cape. The Middleton Formation forms part of the Adelaide Subgroup of the Beaufort Group, which itself forms part of the Karoo Supergroup.
The Drakensberg Group is a geological group named after the Drakensberg mountain range where in its uppermost sections the rocks are found. The Drakensberg Group lies over most of Lesotho and localities in the Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, and Free State provinces of South Africa. It forms part of the greater Karoo Igneous Province, which occurs over an extensive area of southern Africa.
Ngwevu is a genus of massospondylid sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of South Africa. The genus contains one species, Ngwevu intloko.