Coat of arms of Croatia

Last updated

Coat of arms of Croatia
Coat of arms of Croatia.svg
Versions
Coat of arms of Croatia (Pantone).svg
Pantone version
Armiger Republic of Croatia
Adopted21 December 1990
Crest A crown of five arms, as follows: Bleu Celeste a mullet of six points Or above a crescent argent; Azure two bars gules; Bleu Celeste three leopard heads caboshed Or; Azure a goat statant Or unguled and armed gules; Bleu Celeste on a fess gules fimbriated argent a marten Sable courant proper in chief a mullet of six points Or
Shield Chequy of twenty-five gules and argent

The coat of arms of the Republic of Croatia (Croatian : Grb Republike Hrvatske) consists of one main shield and five smaller shields which form a crown over the main shield. The main coat of arms is a checkerboard (chequy) that consists of 13 red and 12 white fields. It is also informally known in Croatian as šahovnica ("chessboard", from šah, "chess"). The five smaller shields represent five different historical regions within Croatia.

Contents

Official description

Croatian law describes the coat of arms as follows: [1]

The coat of arms of the Republic of Croatia is the historical Croatian coat of arms in the form of a shield twice divided horizontally and vertically into twenty-five red and white (silver) fields, so that the first field in the upper left corner is red. Above the shield lies a crown with five spikes, slightly arched with its ends conjoined with upper left and right parts of the shield. Within the crown, five lesser shields with historical Croatian coats of arms, lined from left to right in the following order: the oldest known Croatian coat of arms, coats of arms of the Dubrovnik Republic, Dalmatia, Istria and Slavonia. The ratio of height of the field of the main shield to the height of the smaller shields in the crown is 1:2.5, and of the width of the field of the main shield to the width of the smaller shields in the crown is 1:1. The oldest known coat of arms of Croatia contains in a shield on a light blue field a yellow (golden) six-pointed star with a white (silver) crescent. Coat of arms of the Republic of Dubrovnik contains in a shield on a blue field two red bars. The Dalmatian arms contain in a shield on a light blue field three yellow (golden) crowned lion heads. The Istrian arms contain in a shield on a blue field a yellow (golden) goat facing left with red hooves and horns. The Slavonian arms contain on a light blue field two horizontal white (silver) bars, between bars a red field, on which sneaks a marten to the left. In the upper light blue field is a yellow (golden) six-pointed star. The coat of arms is lined red.

History

The checkerboard coat of arms (šahovnica) is first attested as an official symbol of the Kingdom of Croatia on an Innsbruck tower depicting the emblem of Maximilian I, Archduke of Austria in 1495. [2] [3] It appeared on a seal from the Cetingrad Charter that confirmed the 1527 election of Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria as king of Croatia in Cetin. [3] [4] [5]

The origin of the design has often been purported as being medieval. Historic tradition states it to be the arms of Stephen Držislav in the 10th century. [6] A Split stone baptistry from the time of Peter Krešimir IV (r. 1058–1074/5) has engraved falcons that carry something that resembles a chequy on their wings, and the bell tower of the medieval Church of St. Lucy, Jurandvor has a checkerboard pattern carved onto it. [7]

The size of the checkerboard ranges from 3×3 to 8×8, [8] but most commonly 5×5, like in the current design. It was traditionally conjectured that the colours originally represented Red Croatia and White Croatia, but there is no historical evidence to support this.

Towards the Late Middle Ages the distinction for the three crown lands (Croatia proper, Dalmatia, Slavonia) was made. The šahovnica was used as the coat of arms of Croatia proper & together with the shields of Slavonia and Dalmatia was often used to represent the whole of Croatia in Austria-Hungary. It was used as an unofficial coat of arms of the Kingdom of Croatia adopted in 1848 and as an official coat of arms of the post-1868 Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (both unofficially known as Triune Kingdom). The two are the same except for the position of the šahovnica and Dalmatian coat of arms which are switched around & with different crowns used above the shield – the later employing St Stephen's crown (associated with Hungarian kings).

By late 19th century šahovnica had come to be considered a generally recognized symbol for Croats and Croatia and in 1919, it was included in the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) to represent Croats. When the Banovina of Croatia was formed, the šahovnica (chequy gules and argent) was retained as the official symbol.

The Ustaše regime which had ruled Croatia during the World War II superimposed their ideological symbol, the letter "U" above or around the šahovnica (upper left square white) as the official national symbol during their rule.

After the Second World War, the new Socialist Republic of Croatia became a part of the federal Second Yugoslavia. The šahovnica was included in the new socialist coat of arms. [9] It was designed in the socialist tradition, including symbols like wheat for peasants and an anvil for workers, as well as a rising sun to symbolize a new morning and a red star for communism.

During the change to multiparty elections in Croatia (as part of the collapse of Communist rule in Eastern Europe from the late 1980s), and prior to the establishment of the current design, the šahovnica, shedding the communist symbols that were the hallmark of Croatia in the second Yugoslavia, reappeared as a stand-alone symbol as both the 'upper left square red' and 'upper left square white' variants. The choice of 'upper left square red' or 'upper left square white' was often dictated by heraldic laws and aesthetic requirements.

The first-field-white variant was adopted by the Republic of Croatia and used briefly in 1990. [10] According to constitutional changes which came into effect on 26 June 1990 the red star in the flag of SR Croatia was to be replaced by the "historical Croatian coat of arms with 25 red and white fields", without specifying order of fields. [11] The first-field-white variant was used at the official flag hoisting ceremony on 25 July and was later occasionally used on par with the first-field-red variant until 21 December 1990 when the current coat of arms was officially adopted. [11] [12]

Current design

On 21 December 1990, the post-socialist government of Croatia, passed a law prescribing the design created by the painter and graphic artist Miroslav Šutej, under the aegis of a commission chaired by Nikša Stančić, then head of the Department of Croatian History at the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Zagreb.

The new design added the seven crowning shields which represent the five regions of Croatia. They are, from left to right:

HRV Central Croatia COA.svg

Considered the oldest known symbol representing Croatia: [13] [14] Bleu celeste, a mullet of six points Or surmounted above a crescent Argent – A golden six-pointed star (representing the morning star) over a silver crescent moon on a blue shield. The oldest known example is found on the obverse side of the Croatian Frizatiks minted by Andrew II as Duke of Croatia (Latin: Dux Croatiae). [15] [16] [17] Traditionally this coat of arms was depicted on red (gules) background such as the flag of the Triune Kingdom by Josip Jelačić. This coat of arms was also commonly associated with the Illyrian movement.

HRV Dubrovnik COA.svg

Dubrovnik region – Coat of arms of Dubrovnik: Azure, two bars gules – Two red stripes on a dark blue shield. This is a simplified variation of the Coat of arms of Dubrovnik, with two red bars instead of four; it was used by Dubrovnik Republic since the 14th century. The original coat of arms is the old coat of arms of Árpád dynasty, granted to Dubrovnik Republic by King Louis I in 1358 as it became a vassal of the Hungarian-Croatian king. [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] The red-blue variant hails from the 1950s interpretation of the template (decorative) lines within the originally white lines of the original CoA. [23] [24]

HRV Dalmatia COA.svg

Dalmatia – Coat of arms of Dalmatia: Bleu celeste, three leopards' heads affrontés caboshed Or, crowned Or – Three golden, crowned heraldic leopard heads, two over one, on a blue shield. The depicted version from the crown differs from the traditional depiction of these arms: traditionally, the leopards are roaring and langued (i.e. with tongues visible), and the colour of the shield is heraldic azure, not bleu celeste. Historically, this coat of arms was in use since at least the 14th century. The first officially recorded use goes back to King Louis I and his daughter Queen Mary who both used an earlier version of the arms as part of their personal coat of arms. Until 1526 this coat of arms was also used to represent Croatia in general, [25] apparent from the coat of arms of several kings: Louis I, Mary, Matthias Corvinus and Louis II. It is also found on the great seals of Sigismund of Luxembourg, [26] Albert II, [27] John Zápolya, [28] Ferdinand I, [29] and from then on various seals and arms of the Habsburgs. Originally the coat of arms was three lion heads on red background, turned to left. [30] [31] [32] [33] [34]

Coat of arms of Istria (crown historical)-vector.svg

Istria – Coat of arms of Istria: Azure, a goat (buck goat) statant Or, attired and hoofed Gules – Golden goat (buck goat) with red hooves and horns, on a dark blue shield. The goat as a symbol of Istria is claimed to be associated with Istria since ancient times. [35] [36] However the origins of this coat of arms are unclear and until the 19th century there was no official symbol of Istria. [37] The first depictions are found on the maps of Johann Weikhard von Valvasor in the 17th century and later in Stemmatographia sive armorum Illyricorum delineatio, descriptio et restitutio (1701) by Pavao Ritter Vitezović. [37] [38] It was only in 1861 when the March of Istria became the Crown land in the Austrian Empire that this coat of arms became official. [37] Traditional depictions of the arms differed greatly depending on the authors: mostly depicted on a blue but sometimes also on green background, colors (tinctures) of the charge (goat – sometimes with gold and sometimes with red hooves and horns), position or attitude of the goat – sometimes shown as passant (passing with front leg up) and sometimes statant (standing with all four legs on the ground), orientation of the charge – sometimes turned to right and sometimes to left (dexter and sinister) and even the charge itself with some variants showing a female goat and some a buck goat (male goat). [39] [40] The current variant used in the crest and also as the coat of arms of County of Istria are both derived from the March of Istria arms from 1861 by Hugo Gerard Ströhl.

CoA Slavonia.svg

Slavonia – Coat of arms of Slavonia: Bleu celeste, a fess Gules fimbriated Argent surmounted by a mullet of six points Or, a marten Sable courant proper in chief – Six-pointed star (morning star) above two silver stripes on a blue shield (representing the rivers Drava and Sava marking the Northern and Southern border of Slavonia), between them a running Pine marten in natural colors (Kuna in Croatian – note the former currency Croatian kuna) on a red field. Historically correct version of the arms uses a heraldic blue rather than light blue (Bleu celeste). This coat of arms was derived from an earlier version found on Slavonian Banovac coins minted between 1235 and 1384, [25] which showed a marten running on a field between two six-pointed stars. [15] [17] [41] The coat of arms was officially granted by king Vladislaus II Jagiellon on December 8, 1496. [25] [42] It was used as the official seal of Croatian Sabor from 1497 until the late 18th century. [25] [43]

Some of the more traditional heraldic pundits have criticized the latest design for various design solutions, such as adding a crown to the coat, varying shades of blue in its even fields, adding the red border around the coat, and using red and blue together. The government has accepted their criticism insofar as not accepting further non-traditional designs for the county coats of arms, but the national symbol has remained intact.

Unlike in many countries, Croatian design more commonly uses symbolism from the coat of arms, rather than from the Croatian flag. This is partly due to the geometric design of the shield which makes it appropriate for use in many graphic contexts (e.g. the insignia of Croatia Airlines or the design of the shirt for the Croatia national football team), and partly because the Pan-Slavic colors are present in many European flags.

Historical versions of the crown arms

Most coats of arms used in the crown on the modern-day coat of arms differ slightly from historically accurate versions.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flag of Slovenia</span> National flag

The national flag of Slovenia features three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red, with the coat of arms of Slovenia located in the upper hoist side of the flag centred in the white and blue bands. The coat of arms is a shield with the image of Mount Triglav, Slovenia's highest peak, in white against a blue background at the centre; beneath it are two wavy blue lines representing the Adriatic Sea and local rivers, and above it are three six-pointed golden stars arranged in an inverted triangle which are taken from the coat of arms of the Counts of Celje, the great Slovene dynastic house of the late 14th and early 15th centuries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flag of Croatia</span>

The national flag of the Republic of Croatia, also known in Croatian as the Tricolour, is one of the state symbols of Croatia. It consists of three equal size, horizontal stripes in colours red, white and blue. In the middle is the coat of arms of Croatia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">President of Croatia</span> Head of state and commander-in-chief of Croatia

The president of Croatia, officially the president of the Republic of Croatia, is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the military and chief representative of the Republic of Croatia both within the country and abroad. The president is the holder of the highest office in Croatia. However, the president is not the head of the executive branch as Croatia has a parliamentary system in which the holder of the post of prime minister is the most powerful person within the country's constitutional framework and everyday politics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coat of arms of Bulgaria</span>

The coat of arms of Bulgaria consists of a crowned golden lion rampant over a dark red shield; above the shield is the Bulgarian historical crown. The shield is supported by two crowned golden lions rampant; below the shield there is compartment in the shape of oak twigs and white bands with the national motto "Unity makes strength" inscribed on them.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coat of arms of Serbia</span>

The coat of arms of the Republic of Serbia consists of two main heraldic symbols which represent the identity of the Serbian state and Serbian people across the centuries: the Serbian eagle and the Serbian cross. The coat of arms also features the Serbian historical crown; while unusual for republics, it is not unprecedented, as can be seen in coat of arms of numerous European countries with republican form of government. However, Serbia's coat of arms still retains strong monarchist elements absent from the other republics, including the mantle and pavillon found in the greater coat of arms of some modern and many historical monarchies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coat of arms of Slovenia</span>

The Slovene coat of arms is an emblem that consists of a red bordered blue shield on which there is a stylised white Mount Triglav, under which there are two wavy lines representing the sea and the rivers of the country. Above Mount Triglav, there are three golden six-pointed stars representing the Counts of Celje. It was designed in 1991 by Marko Pogačnik and adopted on 24 June 1991.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Serbian cross</span> National symbol of Serbia

The Serbian cross, also known as the Firesteels, is one of national symbols of Serbia. It is present on the coat of arms and flag of Serbia. The cross is based on a tetragrammic cross emblem of the Palaiologos dynasty of the Byzantine Empire, with the difference in Serbian use being that the cross is usually white on a red background, rather than gold on a red background. Serbian cross was adopted from Roman empire eagle and Byzantine cross which represents east Roman empire in middle-age before Ottoman occupation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coat of arms of Vojvodina</span>

There are two coats of arms in official use in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, the coat of arms of Vojvodina and the Traditional coat of arms of Vojvodina. Two coats of arms are given the equal status in the Provincial Assembly Decision on the Appearance and Usage of Symbols and Traditional Symbols of AP Vojvodina adopted in 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia</span> Territory within Austria-Hungary

The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia was a nominally autonomous kingdom and constitutionally defined separate political nation within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It was created in 1868 by merging the kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia following the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868. It was associated with the Kingdom of Hungary within the dual Austro-Hungarian state, being within the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen, also known as Transleithania. While Croatia had been granted a wide internal autonomy with "national features", in reality, Croatian control over key issues such as tax and military issues was minimal and hampered by Hungary. It was internally officially referred to as the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, also simply known as the Triune Kingdom, and had claims on Dalmatia, which was administered separately by the Austrian Cisleithania. The city of Rijeka, following a disputed section in the 1868 Settlement known as the Rijeka Addendum, became a corpus separatum and was legally owned by Hungary, but administered by both Croatia and Hungary.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Serbian eagle</span> Serbian heraldic symbol

The Serbian eagle is a double-headed heraldic eagle, also known as the White eagle, a common symbol in the history of Serbian heraldry and vexillology. The double-headed eagle and the Serbian cross are the main heraldic symbols which represent the national identity of the Serbian people across the centuries, originating from the medieval Nemanjić dynasty. The eagle, defaced with the cross, has been used in the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Serbia from 1882 to 1918 and in contemporary coat of arms of the Republic of Serbia since 2004.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coat of arms of Dalmatia</span>

The coat of arms of Dalmatia is the heraldic symbol used for the historical region of Dalmatia on the eastern coast of Adriatic Sea. It is also featured on the crest of the coat of arms of Croatia. The arms have three golden lion heads, facing front, with golden crowns and red tongues, on a blue shield. The blazon, or formal heraldic description, isazure, with three crowned golden leopards' heads affrontés caboshed Or, langued in gules. The Lions' heads affrontés were historically referred to as leopards, but this refers to their pose rather than species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Croatian heraldry</span>

Croatian heraldry is the study of heraldry – of coats of arms and other achievements – in the country of Croatia and the area it occupies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Serbian heraldry</span>

Serbian heraldry involves the study and use of coats of arms and other heraldic insignia in the country of Serbia or by Serbs. The Serbian government is the armiger in Serbia, exercising that right under the advice of the Serbian Heraldry Society, a learned society devoted to the study and creation of heraldry, specifically Serbian heraldry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flag of Yugoslavia</span> National flag from 1918 to 1992

The flag of Yugoslavia was the official flag of the Yugoslav state from 1918 to 1992. The flag's design and symbolism are derived from the Pan-Slavic movement, which ultimately led to the unification of the South Slavs and the creation of a united south-Slavic state in 1918.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emblem of Yugoslavia</span>

The Emblem of Yugoslavia featured six torches, surrounded by wheat with a red star at its top, and burning together in one flame; this represented the brotherhood and unity of the six federal republics forming Yugoslavia: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia. The date imprinted was 29 November 1943, the day the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) met in Jajce on its second meeting and formed the basis for post-war organisation of the country, establishing a federal republic. This day was celebrated as Republic Day after the establishment of the republic. The emblem of Yugoslavia, along with those of its constituent republics, are an example of socialist heraldry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coat of arms of the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia</span>

The Coat of arms of the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia is the variation of the historical Croatian coat of arms in the form of a stylized Polish heraldic shield with triple wattle on top. It is bordered by golden lines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flag of Serbs of Croatia</span>

The flag of the Serbs of Croatia is the official symbol of the Serb national minority in Croatia. It was introduced into official use throughout the country on 9 April 2005 based on the decision of the Serb National Council, an elected political, consulting and coordinating body which acts as a form of self-government and autonomous cultural institution of the Serbs of Croatia. The council received consent of the Council for National Minorities of the Republic of Croatia before the decision. At the time of the statewide introduction, the flag was already officially used in Eastern Slavonia since the 14 November 1997 decision of the Joint Council of Municipalities made at the final stage of the UNTAES deployment in the region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coat of arms of Dubrovnik</span> Coat of arms

The Coat of arms of Dubrovnik was the heraldic symbol of the historical Republic of Ragusa. It is today used in a variant for the city of Dubrovnik, Croatia. Its basic appearance is based on the coat of arms of the Árpád dynasty.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coat of arms of Split</span>

The Coat of arms of Split is the heraldic symbol of the city of Split, in use since at least the Middle Ages. It consists of a rectangular escutcheon (shield), featuring a part of the northern walls of Diocletian's Palace, as they appeared in the Medieval period. In the middle, above the walls, is the belfry of the Cathedral of Saint Domnius. In the upper corners are two shields, to the left (dexter) the historical coat of arms of Croatia, and right (sinister) a shield picturing the town's patron, Saint Domnius. The coat of arms is bordered with Gothic rectangles, which represent the walls of the Palace.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Croatian checkerboard</span> National symbol of Croatia and Croats

The Croatian checkerboard or chequy is the national symbol of Croatia and Croats. It covers the main shield of the Croatian coat of arms, above which there is a crown with five smaller shields. Squares are always arranged correctly and they are red and white, although the order has historically varied.

References

  1. ↑ Zakon o grbu, zastavi i himni Republike Hrvatske te zastavi i lenti predsjednika Republike Hrvatske, Članak 7
  2. ↑ Karl-Heinz Hesmer: Chronik griffbereit: Flaggen und Wappen der Welt. Wissen Media Verlag GmbH, 2008. ISBN   978-3-577-14537-4.
  3. 1 2 Ottfried Neubecker: Wappen – ihr Ursprung, Sinn und Wert, ISBN   3-8105-1306-7
  4. ↑ Robert Stallaerts: Historical dictionary of Croatia. Scarecrow Press, Inc. 2010. ISBN   978-0-8108-6750-5
  5. ↑ Robert Layton, Julian Thomas, Peter G. Stone: Destruction and conservation of cultural property. Routledge, 2001. ISBN   0-415-21695-8.
  6. ↑ Bellamy, Alex J. (2003). The Formation of Croatian National Identity: A Centuries-old Dream. Manchester University Press. p. 36. ISBN   0-7190-6502-X.
  7. ↑ Jonas Frykman; Gösta Arvastson (1995). Bjarne Stoklund (ed.). Ethnologia Europaea. Vol. 25–26. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 78. ISBN   9788772893426 . Retrieved 2013-02-04.
  8. ↑ Emilij Laszowski (January 1942). "Stari grbovi zemalja Nezavisne Države Hrvatske" [Ancient Arms of Lands of the Independent State of Croatia]. Vjesnik Arheološkog Muzeja U Zagrebu (in Croatian). 22–23 (1). Archaeological Museum in Zagreb: 207–221. ISSN   0350-7165 . Retrieved 5 November 2012.
  9. ↑ Jonas Frykman, Jonas Frykman Gösta Arvastson: Ethnologia Europaea, Volume 26, 1995. ISBN   87-7289-342-7
  10. ↑ 20. lipanj 1990. - Prijedlog o promjeni imena i grba države [20 June 1990 - Proposal on the change of name and coat of arms of the state] (Motion picture, TV kalendar). Zagreb, Croatia: Croatian Radiotelevision. 2015-06-20. Archived from the original on 2021-06-28. Retrieved 2021-06-28.
  11. 1 2 Heimer, Željko. "Republika Hrvatska, 1990". The Flags and Arms of the Modern Era (in Croatian). Retrieved 14 December 2011.
  12. ↑ "Dan udruge" (in Croatian). Udruga hrvatski policajac. Archived from the original on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
  13. ↑ "Symbols of Republic of Croatia" (in Croatian). Ministry of Public Administration of Croatia. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  14. ↑ "The Symbols of State". CARNet & Department of Telecommunications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  15. 1 2 Croatian National Bank First Croatian money Archived 2017-04-02 at the Wayback Machine (in Croatian), accessed 24 July 2013
  16. ↑ Croatian National Bank Croatian Frizatik (picture) Archived 2017-01-12 at the Wayback Machine , accessed 24 July 2013
  17. 1 2 Croatian Internet Portal in Switzerland Hrvatski novac u zadnjih 90 godina Archived 2013-08-23 at the Wayback Machine (in Croatian), accessed 24 July 2013
  18. ↑ Vito Galzinski, Državni grbovi, page 344
  19. ↑ Zdenka Janeković-Römer, Okvir slobode, page 364, ISBN   953-154-369-0
  20. ↑ Jakov Lukarić – Copioso ristretto degli annali di Rausa, page 155 Accessed 24 June 2013
  21. ↑ Frane Čizmić, Državni grb Dubrovačke Republike, page 32
  22. ↑ Maritime Museum in Dubrovnik Archived 2012-07-17 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 24 June 2013
  23. ↑ Frane Čizmić, Državni grb Dubrovačke Republike, pages 22 and 32
  24. ↑ Vito Galzinski, Državni grbovi, pages 346 and 347
  25. 1 2 3 4 Ivan Bojničić-Kninski – Grbovnica kraljevine "Slavonije", (1895) – PDF file (in Croatian), accessed 28 February 2014
  26. ↑ Szilágyi Sándor: A Magyar Nemzet Története (in Hungarian)
  27. ↑ Austria Forum Web Books Viewer Die osterreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild, Ubersichtsband, 2. Abtheilung: Geschichtlicher Theil (page 47), (in German), accessed 1 August 2013
  28. ↑ Fraknói Vilmos: WERBŐCZI ISTVÁN, 1458–1541
  29. ↑ Dr. Veress Endre: IZABELLA KIRÁLYNÉ, 1519–1559
  30. ↑ Konrad von Grünenberg – Beschreibung der Reise von Konstanz nach Jerusalem, page 32 [13v] (in German), accessed 24 July 2013
  31. ↑ Konrad von Grünenberg – Wappenbuch (1602–1604) (in German), accessed 24 July 2013
  32. ↑ Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München Wernigeroder (Schaffhausensches) Wappenbuch, accessed 24 July 2013
  33. ↑ Gelre Armorial – Gelre Folio 52v, accessed 24 July 2013
  34. ↑ Ulrich von Richental – Chronik des Konzils zu Konstanz Archived 2021-10-22 at the Wayback Machine (Chronicle of the Council of Constance, page 343), (in German), accessed 14 February 2014
  35. ↑ Hrčak – Portal znanstvenih časopisa Republike Hrvatske Goat on the Istrian Coat of Arms, accessed 24 July 2013
  36. ↑ The FAME Istria County Coat of Arms, accessed 28 July 2013
  37. 1 2 3 Istarska Enciklopedija: Grb Istre
  38. ↑ Pavao Ritter Vitezović (1701). Stemmatographia sive armorum Illyricorum delineatio, descriptio et restitutio.
  39. ↑ Slovenska heraldika – Grb Istre Archived 2014-03-06 at the Wayback Machine (in Slovenian)
  40. ↑ Koza u grbu Istre: prilog poznavanju povijesne pozadine grba i istarskog kozarstva – Jagoda Vondraček-Mesar (in Croatian)
  41. ↑ Matica Hrvatska HRVATSKA NOVČARSKA BAŠTINA (in Croatian), accessed 24 July 2013
  42. ↑ Matica Hrvatska Hrvatski grb u mijenama hrvatske povijesti (in Croatian), accessed 24 July 2013
  43. ↑ Mario Jareb (2010). Hrvatski nacionalni simboli (Eng.: Croatian National Symbols). ISBN   9789532972306.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.