Crash boats of World War II

Last updated
85-foot crash boat P-520 on the Willamette River in Portland in 2007 USAF WWIIP-520crash rescueboat.jpg
85-foot crash boat P-520 on the Willamette River in Portland in 2007
AAF / USAF Crash Rescue Boat Association plaque, in Memorial Park at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, in Dayton, Ohio AAF USAFCrashRescueBoatAssociation.JPG
AAF / USAF Crash Rescue Boat Association plaque, in Memorial Park at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, in Dayton, Ohio

Crash boats, at the time known as "aircraft rescue boats" or "air-sea rescue boats", were United States high speed boats built to rescue the crew of downed Allied aircraft during World War II. US boats came from the observation of British experience with high-speed launches (HSL) by the Royal Air Force Marine Branch during the Battle of Britain. [1] [2] [3] [4]

Contents

By the end of World War II, America had produced 300,000 planes, creating a need to have crash rescue boats stationed around the globe. These boats were fast boats used to rescue pilots, crew and passengers from downed aircraft in search and rescue and air-sea rescue missions. The boats would race out to a crash site and rescue wounded aircrew.

Some speed boats built before the war were acquired and converted to be crash boats and many new boats were built. Standard crash boats were built in four lengths for World War II. The smallest standard size boat was 42 feet long, while the larger boats were 63, 85 or 104 feet long. They were built for the Army Air Forces and the US Navy, while some were transferred to the Allies. The design was similar to patrol boats built for the war, but with less or no armament and first aid equipped. The boats were designed to be light and fast to be able to get to the downed aircrew as fast as possible. [5]

Most were used in the Pacific War across the vast South Pacific, primarily in island hopping. Some were stationed on the West Coast of the United States to support the vast training centers. Many were designated Air Rescue Boats or ARB or AVR or P or C or R Hull classification symbol. After the war, most were abandoned or destroyed, though a few served in the Korean War (with United States Air Force), while some sold to private and some donated to Sea Scouts. By the Korean war the helicopter had taken the place of the crash boat in rescuing pilots and aircrews. [6] [7] [8]

42-foot

Army Air Forces 42 foot Rescue Boat US Army AF 42footairsearescueboat drydock 1945.jpg
Army Air Forces 42 foot Rescue Boat

The 42-foot crash rescue boat was built for the Army Air Forces Air-Sea-Rescue teams. The 42-foot (13 m) boat used design 221, with twin gasoline-powered engines and two screws. These used two Hall-Scott/Hudson Invader Marine Engine or a Kermath Sea Ranger 6 Marine engine. Due to the small size, these were used in close-to-shore rescue. The boat had no armament. The 42-foot boats were built by Hunt Boat Company, in Richmond, California, Palmer Scott & Company in New Bedford, Massachusetts and Palmer Johnson Yachts in Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin. [9]

63-foot

US Navy NH 96504 a 63 ft (19 m) air-sea rescue boat built by Fellows & Stewart NH96504 63-footair-searescueboat.jpg
US Navy NH 96504 a 63 ft (19 m) air-sea rescue boat built by Fellows & Stewart

The 63-foot crash boats are known as AVR-63 or Class III boats (AVR meaning Auxiliary, Vessel, Rescue). The 63-foot (19 m) crash boat had two main models: the 314 design and the 168 design. They weighed 23 long tons (23  t ), had a length of 63 ft (19 m), beam of 15 ft 4 in (4.67 m), draft of 4 ft (1.2 m), a lite 37,000 lbs and full up to 50,500 lbs. Design 314 was powered by two 630- horsepower (470  kW ) Hall-Scott Defender V12 petrol engines with a top speed of 31.5 knots (58.3 km/h; 36.2 mph). The 168 design was powered by two Packard 4M-2500 with 1,250- horsepower (932  kW ). They had a crew of 7 or 8 and were armed with two .50 calibre M2 Browning machine guns. The Model 314 boat had two rigid 795-US-gallon (3,010 L; 662 imp gal) United States Rubber Company bullet sealing fuel tanks, while the 168 design had three tanks. In addition to the main two designs, there were multiple sub design models: 127, 152, 252, 293, 416, 440, Mark 2, Mark 3, Mark 4. By the end of the war, 740 of the 63-foot boats were built by 15 shipyards. The first 63 foot, model 127, was built by Miami Shipbuilding Corporation and used four Kermath 500-hp Sea Raider engines, as the Packard and the Hall-Scott engines were available. The eight model 127 went to South Africa, as did the later model 252. [10] [11] A few 63-foot boats were built post World War II, noted as Mark 2, 3, and 3 models. [12] [13] Model 152s were sent to Great Britain; these has a Watson-Flagg VeeDrive Gearbox added to them. [14] Model 168 was built for US Navy with two 1250-hp Packard 4M-2500 marine engines for a top speed of 48 knots (55 mph). Model 440s were designed "Q" boats for six US Army command boats [ clarification needed ]. Model 416s were the same as the standard 314, but with a firefighting system added, plus two water nozzles added to the forward deck.

Not all 63-foot boats were used for Crash boats. Model 293s were designed to be offensive. The Model 293s were PTC, or SC for Small Sub Chaser. Some Model 293s were transferred under Lend-Lease to Russia and classified RPC for Russian Patrol Craft. Model 293s were armed with Oerlikon 20mm cannon, depth charges and an extra fuel tank.

The 63-foot boats were built by Harbor Boat Building Company on Terminal Island in San Pedro, California, Fellows & Stewart in San Pedro, California, Stephens Bros. Boat Builders in Stockton, California, South Coast Shipyard in Newport, California, and Miami Shipbuilding Corporation, Miami, Florida. [9] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]

The British Power Boat Company built the Type Two 63 ft HSL 63-foot crash boat for the UK from 1937.

85 foot

P-444 an ASR85 in Rockland ME, an 85-foot crash boat ASR85RocklandME P444.jpg
P-444 an ASR85 in Rockland ME, an 85-foot crash boat

The 85-foot crash boats are known as the ASR-85s or Class II boats. ASR-85s are known for having both speed and range, being able to recover downed crews several hundred miles offshore. The 140 built 85-foot (26 m) crash boats are powered with two 1,500-hp (1,100-kW) Packard Marine 4M-2500 engines, with a top speed of 40 knots (74-km/h; 46-mph), and a range of 2,500 miles. ASR 85 boats used 140 gallons per hour of 87-91 octane gasoline. Tender ships would refuel and restock boats not stationed at harbors. Boats had no armament or were armed with twin 50 caliber machine guns and a 20-mm Oerlikon anti-aircraft gun. The ASR-85s had a crew of 12 men: one master, two engineers, one first mate, one navigator, one radio operator, three Able seaman, one oiler, one Emergency medical technician, and one cook. However, cross training on these small boats was mandatory. ASR-85s were built by 14 shipyards: Wilmington Boat Works in Wilmington, California, Peterson Builders and Simms Bros. in Dorchester, Boston, Herreshoff Manufacturing in Bristol, Rhode Island, Burger Boat in Manitowoc, Wisconsin, Dooley's Basin & Dry Dock in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Cambridge Shipbuilding in Cambridge, Maryland; Daytona Beach Boat Works in Daytona Beach, Florida; Eddy Shipbuilding in Bay City, Michigan; Henry B. Nevins, Incorporated in City Island, Bronx; Peterson, Julius in Nyack, New York; Robinson Marine in Benton Harbor, Michigan; Truscott Boat & Dock Co. in St. Joseph, Michigan and Fellows & Stewart in San Pedro, California.

AVR 661, one of the 85-foot crash boats, was placed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1980. [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] P-550 is the only restored to original 104s crash boat. P-250 was stationed at Avila Beach, California for World war II, supporting training at Amphibious Training Base Morro Bay and other training camps and airfields near San Luis Obispo like Camp San Luis Obispo. P-520 then served in the Korean War from 1950 to 1952. P-250 was built by Casey Boat Builders in 1943. [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [ clarification needed ]

104 foot

P-281 104-foot crash boat Rescue Boat.jpg
P-281 104-foot crash boat
104 foot crash boat P-220 in service during World War II in the area of Sand Point, Unga, King Cove and Cold Bay, Alaska. Took delivery in Stockton California and ran to Alaska. U.S. Army 104' Crash Boat P-220.jpg
104 foot crash boat P-220 in service during World War II in the area of Sand Point, Unga, King Cove and Cold Bay, Alaska. Took delivery in Stockton California and ran to Alaska.

The largest of the crash boats, the 104-foot crash boats, are also called "Class I" boats or 104s. The 104-foot (32 m) used Design 235, and were built with emergency medical facilities which could accommodate up to 23 people. The crew of 12 were all cross-trained to operate any part of the boat. The boats have a length of 104 ft (32 m), powered by three 625 hp (466 kW) Kermath V12 engines, and included 3 screws. The boat had a top speed of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph). The 104-foot was large enough to operate in the open ocean easily. Some 104-foot boats worked in the Gulf of Alaska and Aleutian Islands; these had cold weather options installed. The cold weather options had a heating system, ice protection on the hull, and insulation. Many of the 104-foot boats served in the South Pacific and the Caribbean. The 104-foot boats were built by Dooley's Basin & Dry Dock; Casey Boat Builders in Fairhaven, MA; Ventnor Boat Works of Atlantic City, NJ; Dachel-Carter Shipbuilding, Benton Harbor, MI; Brownsville Boat of Brownsville, TX; Sagstad Shipyard, Seattle, WA.; Stephens Brothers of Stockton, CA.

MV Christmas Seal, which was one of these boats during World War II, was converted into a medical ship for Canada, and was an oceanographic platform until its sinking in 1976. [34] [35] [36] [37] [38]

United States Coast Guard

United States Coast Guard 83-foot CGC-624.jpg
United States Coast Guard 83-foot

The United States Coast Guard operated 83-foot patrol boats, which were also used in rescue work. [39]

Other crash boats

Motors

Hall Scott Defender

Hall Scott Defender powered most 63-foot Rescue Boats. The Hall Scott Defender is a straight-six engine with overhead valves and two spark plugs per cylinder. The engine uses two updraft carburetors. The first run of 1996 CID had 575 hp, while the next run was supercharged and bored and had 700 hp. [47] [48]

63 ft. Rescue Boat model #Number builtNumber of EnginesTotal EnginesNotes
1528216For British boats.
293762152Used in subchaser version of the boat. Some sent to Russia.
3143522704Used in 240 US Navy 240 boats. Some boats sent to the Netherlands and the UK. The U.S.C.G. received 29 and U.S. Army Air Force received 54. Australia was sent 20. The ones that went to the Coast Guard became its standard 63-foot rescue boat for World War Two and into the 1950s.
416 or Type 3792158Used in 416 US Army specifications boats.
Mark 216232
Mark 3692138
Mark 49218
Total6091,218
TypeNumber built with InvadersEngines per boatTotal EnginesNotes
U.S. Navy-Army 63-Foot Rescue Boat20240US Army received 6 of the V-12 Defender engine.
U.S. Army 42-Foot Rescue Boat2The 42-foot rescue boats were built with either Kermath Sea Raider or Hall-Scott Invader engines.
TypeNumber builtEngines per boatTotal enginesNotes
104 foot ARB11333There were 93 104-foot rescue boats built. The original series had Kermath Sea Raider engines. The next series, known as the 200 series, was powered by the Hall-Scott Defender.

Packard V12

The 85-foot crash boat used two Packard V12 Marine Engine engines, Packard V12 4M-2500. This was the same engine in the PT-boats, but PT boats had three engines. The 1,200 hp to 1,500 hp used 91 to 100 octane gas. The engine used a supercharger. The engine had a four-stroke, 60-degree V-12 with a 6.40-inch bore and a 6.50-inch stroke. The engine had 2,490 cubic inches and four valves per cylinder. To keep weight down this was an aluminum block with steel cylinder sleeves, each weighing 2,900 pounds. The engine had a 6.4:1 compression ratio. [49] [50] [51] [52]

Kermath

Kermath Engines built two engines the Sea Raider Special that is a V12 engine the original one used in 104-Foot boats, Sea Raider Special have four overhead valves per cylinder, overhead cams and two spark plugs per cylinder. Outputting 450 to 550 hp each. The 104-Foot boats used. The Sea Raider Six engine was used in 42-foot boats, this is straight six with four overhead valves per cylinder and overhead cam. Two spark plugs per cylinder, with 260 hp. The Sea Raider Six had a 4.9 to 1 compression ratio and used 72 octane gasoline. [53] [54]

Place names

Crashboat Channel in Hawaii ( 21°27′09″N157°47′01″W / 21.45250°N 157.78361°W / 21.45250; -157.78361 (Crashboat channel) [55] ) is named for the crash boats of World War II that rescued pilots who met misadventure in the vicinity of Kaneohe Bay, Oahu. [56]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">V12 engine</span> Piston engine with 12 cylinders in V-configuration

A V12 engine is a twelve-cylinder piston engine where two banks of six cylinders are arranged in a V configuration around a common crankshaft. V12 engines are more common than V10 engines. However, they are less common than V8 engines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PT boat</span> World War II patrol torpedo boat

A PT boat was a motor torpedo boat used by the United States Navy in World War II. It was small, fast, and inexpensive to build, valued for its maneuverability and speed but hampered at the beginning of the war by ineffective torpedoes, limited armament, and comparatively fragile construction that limited some of the variants to coastal waters. In the US Navy they were organized in Motor Torpedo Boat Squadrons (MTBRONs).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Martin PBM Mariner</span> American patrol bomber flying boat

The Martin PBM Mariner is a twin-engine American patrol bomber flying boat of World War II and the early Cold War era. It was designed to complement the Consolidated PBY Catalina and PB2Y Coronado in service. A total of 1,366 PBMs were built, with the first example flying on February 18, 1939, and the type entering service in September 1940, with the last of the type being retired in 1964.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Motor torpedo boat</span> Type of fast torpedo boat

A motor torpedo boat is a fast torpedo boat, especially of the mid 20th century. The motor in the designation originally referred to their use of petrol engines, typically marinised aircraft engines or their derivatives, which distinguished them from other naval craft of the era, including other torpedo boats, that used steam turbines or reciprocating steam engines. Later, diesel-powered torpedo boats appeared, in turn or retroactively referred to as "motor torpedo boats" for their internal combustion engines, as distinct from steam powered reciprocating or turbine propulsion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Liberty L-12</span> American aircraft engine

The Liberty L-12 is an American water-cooled 45° V-12 aircraft engine displacing 1,649 cubic inches (27 L) and making 400 hp (300 kW) designed for a high power-to-weight ratio and ease of mass production. It saw wide use in aero applications, and, once marinized, in marine use both in racing and runabout boats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beach Jumpers</span> US Navy special warfare units (1943-1946; 1951-1972)

Beach Jumpers were U.S. Navy special warfare units organized during World War II by Lieutenant Douglas Fairbanks Jr. They specialized in deception and psychological warfare. The units were active from 1943 to 1946 and 1951 to 1972.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Air-sea rescue</span> Coordinated search and rescue of survivors at sea

Air-sea rescue, and aeronautical and maritime search and rescue (AMSAR) by the ICAO and IMO, is the coordinated search and rescue (SAR) of the survivors of emergency water landings as well as people who have survived the loss of their seagoing vessel. ASR can involve a wide variety of resources including seaplanes, helicopters, submarines, rescue boats and ships. Specialized equipment and techniques have been developed. Both military and civilian units can perform air-sea rescue. Its principles are laid out in the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue Manual. The International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue is the legal framework that applies to international air-sea rescue.

The Kermath was an automobile built in Detroit, Michigan in 1907. Kermath marine engines were produced from 1916 until the 1950s.

AVR 661 is an R-1 type United States Air Force "crash boat", a boat used in air-sea rescues. It is 85 feet long and has two Packard Marine 4M-2500 engines of 1500 horsepower, instead of the normal three that PT boats usually were equipped with. It has a top speed of 40 knots. The craft was unarmed normally, but in the event of deployment to hostile areas could have been armed with a variety of light weapons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crash rescue boat</span> Military unit

Crash Rescue Boat is a name used in the United States to describe military high-speed offshore rescue boats, similar in size and performance to motor torpedo boats, used to rescue pilots and aircrews of crashed aircraft. During World War II these rescue boats, armed with light anti-aircraft guns for self-defense, saw extensive service with the British Royal Air Force (RAF) and United States Army Air Forces (USAAF).

HMAS Air View (923) was a Miami-class 63-foot Air-Sea Rescue Boat that was operated by the Royal Australian Navy during World War II, and later by the Royal Australian Air Force. Built by Fellows & Stewart in Wilmington, California.

HMAS Air Faith (909) was a Miami-class 63-foot Air-Sea Rescue Boat that was operated by the Royal Australian Navy during World War II, and later by the Royal Australian Air Force.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Air Force Marine Branch</span> Air-sea rescue service

The Marine Branch (1918–1986) was a branch of the Royal Air Force (RAF) which operated watercraft in support of RAF operations. Just days after the creation of the RAF itself, the Marine Craft Section (MCS) was created with the transfer of Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) vessels and personnel to the new service. Originally tasked with the support of RNAS, and later RAF, seaplanes, Marine Craft Section was to achieve its greatest size during the Second World War, and achieved fame for its role in air-sea rescue operations. After the war MCS was granted full branch status on 11 December 1947; however, post-war the role of the new branch became greatly reduced with the end of the British Empire, the withdrawal of flying boats from service, and the increasing use of helicopters in air-sea rescue. The branch was disestablished on 8 January 1986.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fellows & Stewart</span> Shipyard in San Pedro, California, United States

Fellows & Stewart Inc. was a shipbuilding company in San Pedro, California on Terminal Island's Pier 206. To support the World War II demand for ships Fellows & Stewart built Crash rescue boats and submarine chasers. The Crash rescue boats were operated by both the US Navy and US Army during the war. Some crash rescue boat also served in the Korean War. Fellows & Stewart was founded as Joe Fellows Boat Shop in 1896. Joe Fellows was an English immigrant who learned boat building in Seattle and San Francisco. The company changed to Fellows & Stewart as the shipyard manager, Victor Stewart joined in as a partner. Many of the boats were designed by Joseph Pugh. From 1907 to 1917 called the Joe Fellows Yacht and Launch Company. In the 1910s, 1920s and 1930s the shipyard built many yachts and sailboats. The name changed to the Fellows & Stewart Inc. in 1917. In 1967 the shipyard was sold to Harbor Boatbuilding. The shipyard is sometimes listed as being in Wilmington. The records of Fellows & Stewart are housed at the Los Angeles Maritime Museum. Notable boats and ships: HMAS Air View, USS SC-1012, Rudolph Valentino's 1926 yacht Charade (Phoenix) and the Ranger built in 1917 active at the Santa Barbara Maritime Museum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harbor Boat Building Company</span> Shipyard in San Pedro, California, United States

Harbor Boat Building Company was a shipbuilding company on Terminal Island in San Pedro, California. To support the World War II demand for ships General Engineering built: minesweepers, torpedo boats, submarine chasers, and air-sea rescue boats. In 1919 Romolo Rados founded Harbor Boat Building. After the war he renamed the company Harco Shipyard and built and sold a standard design motor boat. In 1959 he sold the company to LTV. The shipyard was closed and the company was sold again in 1971 to Omega-Alpha, Inc. The last ship built was in 1965 for the US Navy. The shipyard was located at 263 Wharf St, San Pedro.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Coast Shipyard</span> Shipyard in Newport, California, United States

South Coast Shipyard was a shipbuilding company in Newport, California. To support the World War II demand for ships South Coast Shipyard built: minesweepers, Torpedo Boats, Submarine chasers, & Air-sea rescue boats. South Coast Shipyard was opened in 1938 by Walton Hubbard. After World War II the shipyard continued to build ships for the US Navy till 1955. The shipyard was located at 2300 Newport Boulevard, Newport, California. The shipyard closed in 1963.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wilmington Boat Works</span> Shipyard in Wilmington, California, United States

Wilmington Boat Works, Inc. or WILBO was a shipbuilding company in Wilmington, California. To support the World War 2 demand for ships Victory Shipbuilding built: Tugboats, crash rescue boats and sub chasers. Wilmington Boat Works opened in 1920 building Fishing boat and yachts, by Hugh Angelman, Willard Buchanan and Tom Smith. After the Korean War the shipyard closed in 1958. The shipyard was located at 400 Yacht Street, Wilmington, the site of the current USC boatyard.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hunt Boat Company</span> Shipyard in San Diego, California, United States

Hunt Marine Service and Hunt Boat Company was a wooden shipbuilding company in Richmond, California. To support the World War 2 demand for ships Ackerman Boat Company shipyard switched over to military construction and built 13 craft for the U.S. Army and five craft for the U.S. Navy. These ships were assigned to the Pacific War where they transported supplies and personnel around the island hopping campaign. The shipyard was located at the Richmond Inner Harbor in the same cannel as Kaiser Richmond No. 1 Yard. The address was 790 Wright Ave, Richmond on the Parr Canal. Hunt Boat Company was founded by R. J Hunt a Naval Architect. Before and after the war, Hunt built stock and custom-built speed boats and cabin cruisers. The stock boat was 30-foot cruiser.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wooden boats of World War II</span> United States wooden boats used in World War II

Splinter fleet or Splinter navy was a nickname given to the United States wooden boats used in World War II. The boats served in many different roles during the war. These boats were built in small boatyards on the West coast and East coast, Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico. They could be built quickly, in just 60 to 120 days. Most of the boats were built by boatyards that already had the tools and knowledge from building yachts, sailboats and motor boats. Many were built by craftsmen in family-owned small businesses. Under the Emergency Shipbuilding Program and War Shipping Administration contracts went out to over fifty boatyards across the country. The boats were built for the US Navy, the United States Army Air Forces, United States Coast Guard, and US Army. Some of the wooden boats went to Allied nations on the Lend-Lease program.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States Navy torpedo retrievers</span> Naval vessels that retrieve training munitions

United States Navy submarines, surface ships, and aircraft launch torpedoes, missiles, and autonomous undersea vehicles as part of training exercises. Typically, these training munitions have no warhead and are recovered from the sea and reused. Similarly, new naval weapons under development are launched at sea in performance trials. These experimental units also need to be recovered, in their case to obtain evaluation data. At various points in history, newly manufactured torpedoes were fired as a quality control measure and these, too, had to be recovered before issuing them to the fleet. The U.S. Navy has used a variety of boats to accomplish the retrieval of these test and training munitions. As their missions evolved over the last century they have been variously known as torpedo retrievers, torpedo weapon retrievers, torpedo recovery boats, range support craft, and multi-purpose craft.

References

  1. ↑ "Design & Construction of Boats". Uscrashboats.org. 1944-07-25. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
  2. ↑ "US Army Rescue Boats P". shipbuildinghistory.com.
  3. ↑ "Boats of the United States Navy". Maritime.org. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
  4. ↑ "The Forgotten Ones: 5 Fascinating Stories from the Korean War". July 27, 2019.
  5. ↑ "Marker Monday: WWII Rescue Boat Station". July 13, 2020.
  6. ↑ Jordan, Margaret. "1943: The Development of Air-Sea Rescue".
  7. ↑ "Memorial Park". www.nationalmuseum.af.mil.
  8. ↑ "The birth of modern Air-Sea Rescue". April 28, 2012.
  9. 1 2 "Design & Construction of Boats". uscrashboats.org.
  10. ↑ "Miami Shipbuilding". Shipbuildinghistory.com. 2016-11-23. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
  11. ↑ "Hall-Scott Motor Car Company in World War Two". Usautoindustryworldwartwo.com. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
  12. ↑ "USAF Mark Series Crash Boats". uscrashboats.org.
  13. ↑ "Operator's Manuals - Downloadable". uscrashboats.org.
  14. ↑ "Vee Drive Gearbox". www.pt-boat.com.
  15. ↑ Dunn, Peter (2008). "Air-Sea Rescue Boats, RAN, during WW2". Australia at War. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
  16. ↑ Thompson, R.H.J. (November 2011). "Fairmile class patrol boats and kin ships: a brief history" (PDF). The Fairmile Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
  17. ↑ Navy, corporateName=Royal Australian. "HMAS Air View". www.navy.gov.au.
  18. ↑ "Development of the Miami 63-foot Aircraft Rescue Boat by Jean E. Buhler" (PDF).
  19. ↑ "SS Tiger Shark". Archived from the original on 2021-01-18. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
  20. ↑ "ARB, SS Tiger Shark, Deck blueprint top view". Archived from the original on 2015-02-27. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
  21. ↑ "SS Tiger Shark, Deck blueprint side view". Archived from the original on 2021-02-14. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
  22. ↑ "Burger & Burger". Shipbuildinghistory.com. 2020-09-12. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
  23. ↑ "Broward Marine, Broward Shipyard". Shipbuildinghistory.com. 2020-09-05. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
  24. ↑ Grant, Monica (2020-08-24). "Crashboat 'Intrepid' Comes Home to San Francisco Bay Area". Latitude38.com. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
  25. ↑ "AVR website". Avrsociety.homestead.com. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
  26. ↑ "85 ft. Army Air Force Rescue Boat". uscrashboats.org.
  27. ↑ "Welcome To My Website". www.p-520crashboat.com.
  28. ↑ "Operator's Manuals - Downloadable". uscrashboats.org.
  29. ↑ Giovan, Constantine N. (1980). "AVR 661 (Crash boat)". National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form. National Park Service.
  30. ↑ "Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships". Department of the Navy, Naval Historical Center. Archived from the original on 2007-08-24.
  31. ↑ Photo of a 63 ft (19 m) AVR.
  32. ↑ Home of AVR's
  33. ↑ "1/72 PT Boat Engines - Carrierbuilders community". July 23, 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23.
  34. ↑ Fowler, Chuck (2009). "Bill Somers' Military Service, The World War II Crash Rescue Boat Years". Puget Sound Maritime Historical Society. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  35. ↑ "M.V. "Christmas Seal" entering Twillingate Harbour". www.mun.ca.
  36. ↑ Fighting Tuberculosis in Newfoundland and Labrador
  37. ↑ "104 ft. Army Air Force Rescue Boat". uscrashboats.org.
  38. ↑ "History of the WWII AAF Crashboat". www.warboats.org.
  39. ↑ "Matchbox 60 vital to success of Operation Neptune". Coast Guard News. Bright Mountain Media, Inc. June 6, 2015. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
  40. ↑ Chris-Craft WW2
  41. ↑ "PT-6 (2)". Navsource.org. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
  42. ↑ "40' Boats of the United States Navy". Maritime.org. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
  43. ↑ "Boat, 40". United States Coast Guard.
  44. ↑ "45' Boats of the United States Navy". Maritime.org. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
  45. ↑ "65' Boats of the United States Navy". Maritime.org. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
  46. ↑ "19' Boats of the United States Navy". Maritime.org. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
  47. ↑ "Hall-Scott Defender Engines". uscrashboats.org.
  48. ↑ "Operator's Manuals - Downloadable". uscrashboats.org.
  49. ↑ "Packard V12 Marine Engine". uscrashboats.org.
  50. ↑ "Packard". usautoindustryworldwartwo.com.
  51. ↑ "Operator's Manuals - Downloadable". uscrashboats.org.
  52. ↑ "Operator's Manuals - Downloadable". uscrashboats.org.
  53. ↑ "Kermath Engines". uscrashboats.org.
  54. ↑ "Operator's Manuals - Downloadable". uscrashboats.org.
  55. ↑ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Crashboat channel, Honolulu County, Hawaii
  56. ↑ Clark, John R. K. (2002). Hawaii Place Names: Shores, Beaches, and Surf Sites. University of Hawaii Press. p. 54. ISBN   0824824512. OCLC   611657080.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.