Type B ship

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US Navy Water Barge, YW-59, launched August 29, 1941, in Norfolk Naval Shipyard, later stationed in Naval Base Trinidad Water Barge YW-59.jpg
US Navy Water Barge, YW-59, launched August 29, 1941, in Norfolk Naval Shipyard, later stationed in Naval Base Trinidad

The Type B ship is a United States Maritime Administration (MARAD) designation for World War II barges. Barges are very low cost to build, operate, and move, and can transport bulky cargo. Because barges lack engines for self-propulsion, they are usually moved by a tugboat, some classed as Type V ships. Once the barge is moved into position, the tugboat departs and can do another task. This means there is no immediate rush to load or unload the barge.

Contents

Toward the end of World War II, some ships that had not been completed in time for the war were converted into barges. US Navy water barges are given the hull classification symbols YWN or YW. Some barge classification symbols contain -N, indicating that the barge was not self-propelled. Due to the shortage of steel during World War II, concrete ship constructors were given contracts to build ferrocement barges for oil or gasoline, which were given the hull symbols YO, YOG, and YOGN; built in 1944 and 1945, some were named after chemical elements. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]

World War II barge types

Overview

TypeNotes
YFFreight (Lighter) BargeSelf-propelled
YFNFreight BargeNon-self-propelled
YFRRefrigerated Freight BargeSelf-propelled
YFRNRefrigerated Freight BargeNon-self-propelled
YRFloating Workshop
YRBRepair and Berthing Barge
YRBM Yard Repair Berthing and Messing YRBM-18 (formerly APL-55) received the Presidential Unit Citation for service during the Vietnam War (6 December 1968 – 31 March 1969). [9]
YRDHDry-Dock Workshops, Hull
YRDMDry-Dock Workshops, Machinery
YRRRadiological Repair BargeUsed to support nuclear plant overhauls of nuclear ships and submarines, also refueling and decontamination of used equipment.
YCVAircraft BargeBuilt to transport aircraft; built by Alameda Works Shipyard and Pearl Harbor NSY at 480 tons. [10]
LBELanding Barge, Emergency repairUsed in WW2 to repair landing craft.
LBKLanding Barge, Kitchen
LBVLanding Barge, Vehicle
LBO, YO, YONLanding Barge, Oiler
LBW, YWLanding Barge, Water
LBFLanding Barge, Flak
YFNBLarge Covered LighterNon-self-propelled barge, e.g. YR 47 and YRR 9. See No Name YFNB-47, a 152' long, 36' beam barge used for repairs.
YFNXSpecial Purpose BargesNon-self-propelled and used at shore. Most were a modified YC or YFN hull. The modified barge gave the craft a specialized use, such as a laboratory, sonar research, or stowage for submarine goods. [11] [12]
YFNDDry Dock Companion CraftNon-self-propelled barges. YFND were a special purpose barge used to support the auxiliary floating drydocks, which had little crew support space. [13]
YFPFloating Power BargesNon-self-propelled barges with fuel and a generator to make a mobile power station, and were able to produce up to 20,000 kilowatts of power. [14]
YOGGasoline BargeSelf-propelled, with tanks for gasoline that had a capacity of 8,200 Bbls. [15]
YOGNGasoline BargeNon-self-propelled
YGGarbage Barge, also called LighterSelf-propelled with one direct-drive Atlas diesel engine to a single propeller, 240 shp. [16]
YGNGarbage BargeNon-self-propelled [17]
YPDFloating Pile DriversNon-self-propelled barges used to build piers. [18] [19]
YSRSludge Removal BargeNon-self-propelled barge 110 foot long with a 34-foot beam. Built for cleaning fuel oil or other tanks that have sludge and/or foreign matter. [20]
FY-273 covered lighter barge USNavyFY273.jpg
FY-273 covered lighter barge
YFN-958 a covered lighter barge, non-self-propelled, built by Mare Island Navy Shipyard in 1944. Light Displacement 188 tons. Full Displacement 688 tons. YFN-958-Covered Lighter Barge-Non-Self-Propelled.jpg
YFN-958 a covered lighter barge, non-self-propelled, built by Mare Island Navy Shipyard in 1944. Light Displacement 188 tons. Full Displacement 688 tons.

Freight (Lighter) Barges (YF – YFN)

YF barges were self-propelled. YFN barges were not self-propelled. YFN worked near shore in harbors, rivers, and other protected waters, and could carry a load of 550 long tons. They had steel hulls, were 110 feet long, had a 32-foot beam and maximum draft of 8 feet. The Pacific Bridge Company built 27 YFN freight barges in 1943 (YFN-576 – YFN-603). Pollock-Stockton Shipbuilding Company built FN-619 to FN-742 and YFN-998 to YFN-1016. [21] [22]

Refrigerated Freight Barges (YFR – YFRN)

YFR Barges were self-propelled. YFRN barges were not self-propelled. Olson & Winge of Seattle made 10 (YFRN-833 – YFRN-841) in 1943 for the war. The Defoe Shipbuilding Company of Bay City, Michigan, built three (YFR-888, YFR-889, and YFR-890) in 1945. Long Beach Naval Shipyard of Long Beach, California, built the YFRN-997 in 1945. A few barges were converted to refrigerated barges, also called reefer barges. [23]

Repair Barges

Yard Repair Berthing and Messing, YRBM-20 at San Diego Naval Base (built in 1945) Yard Repair Berthing and Messing YRBM-20 (25634479705).jpg
Yard Repair Berthing and Messing, YRBM-20 at San Diego Naval Base (built in 1945)

Yard Repair Berthing and Messing (barracks ships) are repair barges type TR, YR, YRB, YRBM, YRDH, YRDM, YRR, LBE built in 1944 for World War II. Repair Barges were self-sustaining, 530 tons and 153 feet long. They had a beam of 36 feet and a draft of 6 feet. Repair barges had a machine shop and living quarters. They repaired small boats and craft. The barge had generators, a distilling plant, an air compressor, and a steam boiler. The living space had berths and a mess hall to support a crew of 48 men. [24] [25] [26]

TypeNumber builtNotes
YRFloating Workshop96 built, 24 built before WW2
YRBRepair and Berthing Barge36 built
YRBM Yard Repair Berthing and Messing 56 builtYRBM-18 (formerly APL-55) received the Presidential Unit Citation for service during the Vietnam War (6 December 1968 – 31 March 1969). [9]
YRDHDry-Dock Workshops, Hull8 built
YRDMDry-Dock Workshops, Machinery8 built
YRRRadiological Repair Barge14 builtUsed to support nuclear plant overhauls of nuclear ships and submarines, also refueling and decontamination of used equipment.
LBELanding Barge, Emergency repairUsed in WW2 to repair landing craft.

Barracks Barge

The US Navy Barracks Barges, also called berthing barges, were each 1,300 tons and 261 feet long. They were used as a temporary barracks for sailors or other military personnel. A barracks ship also saw use as a receiving unit for sailors who needed temporary residence prior to being assigned to their ship. Barracks Barges are a type of auxiliary ship, called an APL (auxiliary personal living). [27] [28]

Landing Barge, Kitchen

Landing Barge, Kitchen (LBK) was a landing craft used to support amphibious landings in northwestern Europe during and after the Normandy invasion of World War II. Its primary purpose was to provide hot meals to the crews of the many minor landing craft not fitted with galley facilities. Constructed of steel, this shallow-draft lighter had storage and serving space to feed 900 men for one week. The kitchen capacity was able to provide 1,600 hot meals and 800 cold meals a day. They were used by both the US and British on D-Day. [31] [32]

Landing Barge, Vehicle (LBV): ramp up and down LandingBargeVehicle.jpg
Landing Barge, Vehicle (LBV): ramp up and down

Landing Barge, Vehicle

Landing Barge, Vehicle (LBV 1, mark 1) was a barge with a ramp added to load and unload vehicles like jeeps and trucks during World War 2. A nine-foot, four-inch ramp was added to the stern for loading and unloading. LBV 2, Mark 2, had an engine that could propel the LBV at 4.5 knots. They were powered by two Chrysler RM gas engines and were used by both the US and British on D-Day. Built in three sizes: small (70 feet long), medium (78 feet long), and large (82 feet long). Each had a draft of about 4 feet when loaded. [33] [34]

Landing Barge, Oiler (LBO) and Landing Barge, Water (LBW) LandingBargeOiler water.jpg
Landing Barge, Oiler (LBO) and Landing Barge, Water (LBW)

Landing Barge, Oiler

Landing Barge, Oiler (LBO; also YO and YON) stored fuel oil or diesel fuel for landing craft. They had a 40-ton fuel tank, with two compartments and an engine that could propel them at 4.5 knots. They were used by both the US and British on D-Day. [35] [36] [37] [15]

Landing Barge, Water

Landing Barge, Water (LBW or YW) were barges with a 33-ton freshwater tank and an engine that could propel them at 4.5 knots. They were World War 2 landing support vessels. Used by both the US and British on D-Day. YWN are non-self propelled. [38] [39]

Landing Barge, Flak

Landing Barge, Flak (LBF) were landing barges with a 40mm anti-aircraft gun, manned by a crew of five. They also had two 20-mm Hispano AA guns or two twin Lewis guns. The LBF were 60 to 90 feet long. They could transport 15 troops. Used by both the US and British on D-Day. [35] [40]

Deck Barge

World War 2 type deck barge HD.6D.574 (11856987663).jpg
World War 2 type deck barge

Deck Barges offered a large flat platform, on which many types of gear could be moved. The only downside was the cargo had a slightly higher center of gravity. A number of shipyards built deck barges. Kyle and Company of Stockton, California, built US Army BC-522 to BC-535 deck barges in 1942, that had a length of 110 feet, a beam of 35 feet, a draft of 6 feet, light displacement of 170 tons, full displacement of 500 tons, and deadweight of 330 tons. [41] [42]

Concrete Barge

Concrete Barges were built by Concrete Ship Constructors in National City, California, in 1944 and 1945. These were a type of concrete ship built with ferrocement. Steel shortages led the US military to order the construction of small fleets of ocean-going concrete barge and ships. Typical displacement: 5,636 long tons (5,726 t), full load: 12,910 tons; length: 366 ft 4 in (111.66 m), beam: 54 ft (16 m), draft: 26 ft (7.9 m); crew: 52 officers and men. Ship armament one to four 40 mm AA gun. [43] [44] [45] [46]

Concrete ships were fitted as needed. Some had diesel-electric power generators for refrigeration or tool use, or equipment for water distilling. Others were used to store fuel or water (up to 60,000 barrels), while others served as the Quartermaster general store. [47]

Type MC B7-A2 were concrete tank barges (5,786 deadweight tons) made by Concrete Ship Constructors Inc in National City, CA.

Type B5-BJ1 were covered dry cargo barges mostly operated by the Army. They were 265 feet long with a deadweight of 1,632 tons.

WW2 concrete barge at the National Waterways Museum, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, UK Ww2 concrete barge, National Waterway Museum.jpg
WW2 concrete barge at the National Waterways Museum, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, UK

1950s

Trefoil-class concrete barge – Type: B7-D1 were built by Barrett & Hilp in South San Francisco, California. They had a tonnage of M.C. deadweight: 5,687; full load: 10,970 tons; dimensions: length: 366'4", beam: 54', with max draft 26'.

The Trefoil in 1944, when she was known as the Midnight USS Midnight IX-149 094614902.jpg
The Trefoil in 1944, when she was known as the Midnight

B7-A1 were 5,786 deadweight tons concrete barges.

Concrete ships

Steel Barges

BargeTypeBuilderNotes
USSB  #301design # 1039, Coal Barge Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding Company in Mobile, AL Named Darien Barge, sold to Debardeleben Marine III, Texas, in 1969
USSB #302Named Mamai Barge, sold renamed Patricia Sheridan in 1969
USSB #2005design #1067Union Bridge & Construction Company in Morgan City, LA
USSB #2006
USSB #2007
USSB #2776design #1096, Tank BargeNashville Bridge Company in Nashville, TN
USSB #2777
USSB #2778
USSB #2779

Wood Barges

US Navy wooden barge YS-110 with crawler crane in 1942 YS-110withcrawlercraneUSNavywoodenbarge.jpg
US Navy wooden barge YS-110 with crawler crane in 1942
Wood Barge Woodship barge1945.jpg
Wood Barge

A number of different types of wood barges were used in the war. A flat bottom wood barge could be used in shallow ports or be towed onto beaches. They had low construction cost and could be abandoned after used if needed. To stop wooden hull rot, many had copper-sheathed hulls. With the shortage of steel, a fleet of wood barges and a fleet of concrete barges were also built. [51] [5]

BargeTypeBuilderNotes
YS-110 Pearl Harbor Navy Yard, in 1943 [52] Flat deck, 80' long, with a 40' beam
YS-88Pearl Harbor Navy Yard, in 1941 [52] 100' long, with a 42' beam
YC-843 – YC-847Martha's Vineyard Ship Building Company in Vineyard Haven, MA, in 1942Built for the US Navy; 110' long, 250 tons
Millville EFC # 2432, USSB Design #1067American Lumber in Millville, FL
ShelbankEFC #2127 Beaumont Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company in Beaumont, TX Later completed as sailing ship Marie F. Cummins; scrapped in 1947.
ShelbyEFC #2128Later completed as sailing ship Albert D. Cummins; now rests in mud in the Delaware River. [53]
CatonsvilleEFC #2141Coastwise Shipbuilder in Baltimore, MD
SherwoodEFC #2142
CarrollEFC #2143
WhiteheadEFC #2481Cobb & Company, F. in Rockland, ME
Druid HillEFC #2594Crook, H. E. Baltimore MD
RuxtonEFC #2595
HallowellEFC #2577Crosby Navigation in Richmond, VA
RichmondEFC #2578

US Army

United States Army barges were given the prefix of "B". For World War II over 6,000 barges were built for the Army, by 130 different shipyards. Often used for assault landings; if there was no harbor, a bulldozer or tank could tow the barge onto the beachhead, so supplies would be available to the troops. Barges were also used for ship-to-ship transfers and quick unloading, and were moved by a tugboat (also called a sea mule). [54] [55]

US Army barge types
TypeNotes
BBarge
BCDeck bargeMedium: 110' – 130'
BWWater barge
BDDerrick crane barge [56]
BSPSelf-propelled barge
BGGasoline tank barge, or other liquid
BTLTruck (Tank) Landing barge
BCLDry Cargo barge, LargeLarge: 210' or more
BCSDry Cargo barge, SmallSmall: 45' – 60'
BBBalloon barge, for Barrage balloons
BBPBalloon Barrage LeaderSelf-propelled
BCLFCauseway bargeLighter pier into water
BPLPier Lighter
BKKnockdown bargeDeck barge modules that can be connected together
BKCKnockdown, Deck bargeMedium: 110' – 130'
BKRKnockdown, Refrigeration barge
BKOKnockdown, Tank barge
BKSCKnockdown, Nesting barge
FMSRepair Shop barge
JMLSJoint Modular Lighter System
BDLBeach Discharge Lighter
BCDKEnclosed barge, Knockdown

World War I barge types

Many World War I barges were used in World War II, due to the high demand.

Steel

Wood

BargeTypeBuilderBuild year
USSB Bardentype #1001, LDT 2,551Anacortes Shipways in Anacortes, WA [59] 1918
USSB Daculatype #1001, LDT 2,551
USSB Western Larch Itype #B5-G1
USSB Western Larch IItype #B5-G1
USSB Western Larch IIItype #B5-G1
USSB Allenhurstdesign #1115Allen Shipbuilding in Seattle, WA [60] 1919
USSB Ahmik
USSB Sherwooddesign #1067Coastwise Shipbuilding in Baltimore, MD1919
USSB Catonsville
USSB Carroll
USSB Druid Hilldesign #1067Crook, H. E. in Baltimore, MD1919
USSB Ruxton1920
USSB Hallowelldesign #1067Crosby Navigation in Richmond, VA
USSB YC 600design #115, Coal BargeGildersleeve Shipbuilding in Gildersleeve, CT
USSB YC 601
USSB YC 602
USSB Tompkinsvilledesign #1067Johnson Shipyards in Mariners Harbor, NY1919
USSB Wellesleydesign #1067Machias Shipbuilding in Machias, ME 1919
USSB Jonesport
USSB CabriaMcEachern Shipbuilding in Astoria, OR 1920
USSB Chaloisdesign#1001Meacham & Babcock in Seattle, WA1919
USSB Charnis
USSB Aransasdesign #1067Midland Bridge in Houston, TX 1919
USSB Matagorda
USSB Cabacandesign #1001Sloan Shipyards in Anacortes, WA 1918
USSB Dacula
USSB Anastasiadesign #1067Johns River Shipyard Co. in Jacksonville, FL 1919
USSB Daytona
USSB Ormond
USSB Dionedesign #1001Tacoma Shipbuilding in Tacoma, WA 1918
USSB Endymeondesign #1001Wright Shipyards in Tacoma, WA1918

Concrete

US Navy YC-442, Barge #442, built 1918 (NH99345) USN ConcreteBarge442.jpg
US Navy YC-442, Barge #442, built 1918

Louis L. Brown built concrete barges at Verplank, New York. [61]

(12 Concrete ships were also built, like the SS Atlantus.)

Notable incidents

United Kingdom

Thames Lighters, or dumb barges, were non-self-propelled barges. The original Thames barges were sailing vessels that were converted for the war. Some LB (Landing Barge) vessels had ramps added and were called LBR (Landing Barge, Ramped). Some had engines and rudder added and were referred to as LBV (Landing Barge Vehicle). They were used for different tasks: Landing Barge Oiler (LBO), Water (LBW), Kitchen (LBK), and Emergency Repair (LBE), Landing Barge Flak (LBF) and Gun (LBG). There was also one Landing Barge Cable (LBC). Many brought supplies to Normandy. [86] [87]

Current barge classes

See also

Other MARAD designs

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