Fletcher-class destroyer

USS Erben underway in the 1950s
Class overview
Name	Fletcher class 2100-ton destroyer
Builders	Bethlehem San Francisco, CA (18) Staten Island, NY (15) San Pedro, CA (10) Bath Iron Works, ME (31) Federal Shipbuilding, NJ (29) Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding, WA (21) Boston Navy Yard, MA (14) Consolidated Steel, TX (12) Charleston Navy Yard, SC (10) Puget Sound Navy Yard, WA (8) Gulf Shipbuilding, AL (7)
Operators	United States Navy   Argentine Navy   Brazilian Navy   Chilean Navy   Colombian National Navy   Hellenic Navy   Italian Navy   Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force   Mexican Navy   Peruvian Navy   Republic of Korea Navy   Spanish Navy   Republic of China Navy   Turkish Navy   German Navy
Preceded by	Gleaves class
Succeeded by	Allen M. Sumner class
Subclasses	Ariake class Zerstörer 1 class Fante class Lepanto class Chungmu class Brown class
Cost	$6 million
Built	3 March 1941 to 22 February 1945
In commission	4 June 1942 to 1971 (USN), 2001 (Mexico)
Completed	175
Cancelled	9
Lost	19, plus 6 not repaired [1]
Preserved	4 USS Cassin Young USS The Sullivans USS Kidd Greek destroyer Velos
General characteristics
Type	Destroyer
Displacement	2,050  tons (standard) 2,500 tons (full load)
Length	369.25 ft (112.55 m) wl, 376.5 ft (114.8 m) o/a
Beam	39.5 ft (12.0 m)
Draft	17.5 ft (5.3 m)
Propulsion	60,000  shp (45,000 kW); 4 oil-fired boilers; 2 geared steam turbines; 2 screws
Speed	36.5 knots (67.6 km/h; 42.0 mph)
Range	5,500  nmi (10,200 km; 6,300 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph) [2]
Boats & landing craft carried	2 × lifeboats
Complement	329 officers and enlisted
Sensors & processing systems	Mk37 GFCS SC surveillance radar SG air-search radar
Armament	Varied; see § Armament

The Fletcher class was a class of destroyers built by the United States during World War II. The class was designed in 1939, as a result of dissatisfaction with the earlier destroyer leader types of the Porter and Somers classes. Some went on to serve during the Korean War and into the Vietnam War. ^[3]

The United States Navy commissioned 175 Fletcher-class destroyers between 1942 and 1944, more than any other destroyer class, and the design was generally regarded as highly successful. The Fletchers had a design speed of 38 knots (70 km/h; 44 mph) and a principal armament of five 5-inch (127 mm) guns in single mounts with ten 21-inch (530 mm) torpedo tubes in two quintuple centerline mounts. ^[4] The Allen M. Sumner and Gearing classes were Fletcher derivatives.

The long-range Fletcher-class ships performed every task asked of a destroyer, from anti-submarine warfare and anti-aircraft warfare to surface action. ^[5] They could cover the vast distances required by fleet actions in the Pacific and served almost exclusively in the Pacific Theater of Operations during World War II, during which they accounted for 29 Imperial Japanese Navy submarines sunk. ^{[5] [ failed verification ]} In a massive effort, the Fletchers were built by shipyards across the United States, and, after World War II ended, 11 were sold to countries that they had been built to fight against: Italy, Germany, and Japan, as well as other countries, where they had even longer, distinguished careers. Three have been preserved as museum ships in the U.S. and one in Greece.

Description

The Fletcher class (named for Admiral Frank F. Fletcher, Medal of Honor recipient) was the largest destroyer class ordered. It was also one of the most successful and popular with their crews. Compared to earlier classes built for the United States Navy, the Fletchers carried a significant increase in lethal firepower, including anti-aircraft (AA) weapons and increased armor plating; this contributed to greater displacement and overall weight and height increase. Their flush deck construction added structural strength; however, it did make them cramped, as less crew space was available below decks compared with a raised forecastle.

Design

Technical drawing of the Fletcher-class destroyer

Launch of Fletcher and Radford, 3 May 1942.

World War II Destroyer Shipbuilders map from Department of Defense (DoD)

The Fletcher class was the first generation of destroyers designed after the series of naval treaties that had limited ship designs heretofore. The growth in the design was in part a response to the challenge that had dogged U.S. Navy designs in coping with long range operations in the Pacific Ocean. They were also to carry no fewer than five 5 in (127 mm) guns and ten deck-mounted torpedo tubes on the centerline, allowing them to meet any foreign design on equal terms. Compared to earlier designs, the Fletchers were large, allowing them to adapt to evolving defensive priorities through the addition of two 40-millimeter (1.6 in) Bofors quadruple mount AA guns as well as six 20 mm (0.79 in) Oerlikon dual AA gun positions. This addition to the AA suite required the deletion of the forward quintuple torpedo mount, a change done under the 4 April 1945 anti- kamikaze program. ^[6]

Fletchers were also much less top-heavy than previous classes, allowing them to take on additional equipment and weapons without major redesign. They were fortunate in catching American production at the right moment, becoming "the" destroyer design, with only the Fletcher-class derivatives, the Allen M. Sumner and Gearing classes, following it. ^[5]

The first design inputs were in the fall of 1939 from questionnaires distributed around design bureaus and the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. The design parameters were the armaments desired of the next destroyer. As such, the questions were of how many guns, torpedoes, and depth charges were seen as desirable. Also asked was at what point would the design grow large enough to become a torpedo target instead of a torpedo delivery system. ^[7] The answer that came back was that five 5 in (127 mm) dual-purpose guns, twelve torpedoes, and twenty-eight depth charges would be ideal, while a return to the 1,500-ton designs of the past was seen as undesirable. Speed requirements varied from 35 to 38 knots (65 to 70 km/h; 40 to 44 mph), and shortcomings in the earlier Sims class, which were top-heavy and needed lead ballast to correct this fault, caused the Fletcher design to be widened by 18 in (46 cm) of beam. ^[8] As with other previous U.S. flush deck destroyer designs, seagoing performance suffered. This was mitigated by deployment to the Pacific Ocean, which is relatively calm compared to the Atlantic. ^[9]

To achieve 38 knots with a 500-ton increase in displacement, power was increased from 50,000  shp (37,000 kW) to 60,000 shp (45,000 kW) compared to the previous Benson and Gleaves classes. The Fletchers featured air-encased boilers producing steam at 600  psi (4,100  kPa ) and 850 °F (450 °C), with two 350 kW steam turbine driven electrical generators and a 100 kW emergency diesel generator. ^[10] Typically, Babcock & Wilcox boilers and General Electric geared steam turbines were equipped, although other designs and manufacturers were probably used to maximize the rate of production.^{[ citation needed ]}

Armament

127 mm MK 30 gun from a Fletcher-class destroyer (1942) Bundeswehr Military History Museum, Dresden

Main gun armament was five dual-purpose 5-inch/38 caliber (127 mm) guns in single Mk 30 turrets (numbered bow-to-stern from one to five), guided by a Mark 37 Gun Fire Control System, including a Mk 12 fire control radar and a Mk 22 height-finder (replaced by the circular Mk 25 radar postwar) linked by a Mark 1A Fire Control Computer and stabilized by a Mk 6 8,500 rpm gyroscope.

Ten 21 in (530 mm) torpedo tubes were fitted in two quintuple mounts amidships, firing the 21-inch Mark 15 torpedo. Anti-submarine armament was two racks for 300-pound (140 kg) depth charges at the stern and six K-gun 300-pound depth charge throwers amidships.

Anti-aircraft armament initially was light, with a quadruple 1.1"/75 caliber gun located in an elevated tub between the number three and four 5-inch gun mounts and six Oerlikon 20 mm cannons (two in front of and below the bridge and four amidships). In June 1942, the 1.1" gun was replaced by a twin Bofors 40 mm gun mount; in some ships, another twin mount may have been added on the fantail between the depth charge racks. In February 1943, the fantail-mounted Bofors was removed and one twin mount was placed on each side of the aft funnel, bringing the total number of 40 mm guns to six.

In 1942 and 1943, the number of Oerlikon cannons was steadily increased, with ships modified before leaving the shipyard with a seventh 20 mm mount in front of the bridge behind the number two 5" gun mount and anywhere from one to three mounts on the flying bridge depending upon the configuration of the ship. In combat, commanders often requisitioned additional guns with some ships mounting up to thirteen 20 mm cannons. In June and July 1943, two more twin Bofors mounts were added in place of the 20 mm cannons in front of and below the bridge, giving a total of ten 40 mm barrels. With this modification, the Oerlikon cannons were rearranged and their number was standardized at seven; four amidships and three in a heart-shaped mount on the fantail.

Due to the increasing threat from kamikaze attacks, beginning in July 1945 some ships returning to the United States for refits received further anti-aircraft modifications. The forward set of torpedo tubes was removed, providing space to replace the two amidships twin 40 mm guns with two quadruple mountings (for a total of fourteen guns). The seven single 20 mm guns were replaced with six twin mounts (four amidships and two on the fantail.

Three (Pringle, Stevens and Halford) were modified during construction by deleting the rear torpedo tube mount and the number 3 5-inch gun mount and putting an aircraft catapult in the space. This alteration was not a success and was not repeated. These three destroyers were later converted to the regular Fletcher-class configuration.

Service

Kamikaze damage to Newcomb following action off Okinawa, 1945

Nineteen Fletchers were lost during World War II; a further six more were severely damaged, evaluated as constructive total losses, and not repaired. ^[1] Postwar, the remainder were decommissioned and put into reserve. Of the 25 Fletchers sunk or deemed as constructive total losses, 17 were lost between March and July 1945 off Okinawa.

Ships lost

• De Haven, sunk by Japanese aircraft off Savo Island, 1 February 1943
• Strong, sunk by a torpedo fired by Niizuki operating in the Kula Gulf from 11 miles away, believed to have been the longest range torpedo kill in history, 5 July 1943
• Chevalier, scuttled after being torpedoed by a Japanese destroyer and accidentally rammed in the Naval Battle of Vella Lavella, 6 October 1943
• Brownson, sunk by Japanese aircraft off Cape Gloucester, 26 December 1943
• Hoel, sunk by Japanese surface ships, primarily from Japanese battleship Yamato in the Battle off Samar, 25 October 1944
• Johnston, sunk by Japanese surface ships, primarily from Japanese battleship Yamato in the Battle off Samar, 25 October 1944
• Abner Read, sunk by kamikazes in Leyte Gulf, 1 November 1944
• Spence, foundered in Typhoon Cobra, 18 December 1944
• Halligan, lost to a mine off Okinawa, 26 March 1945
• Bush, sunk by kamikazes off Okinawa, 6 April 1945
• Colhoun, sunk by kamikazes off Okinawa, 6 April 1945
• Pringle, sunk by kamikazes off Okinawa, 16 April 1945
• Little, sunk by kamikazes off Okinawa, 3 May 1945
• Luce, sunk by kamikazes off Okinawa, 4 May 1945
• Morrison, sunk by kamikazes off Okinawa, 4 May 1945
• Longshaw, scuttled after running aground and receiving heavy shore fire south of Naha, Okinawa, 18 May 1945
• William D. Porter, sunk by a kamikaze off Okinawa, 10 June 1945
• Twiggs, sunk by kamikazes off Okinawa, 16 June 1945
• Callaghan, sunk by Yokosuka K5Y kamikaze biplanes off Okinawa, 28 July 1945
• Newcomb, damaged by kamikazes off Okinawa, 6 April 1945. Decommissioned, 20 November 1945. Sold for scrap, 28 March 1946.
• Leutze, damaged by kamikazes off Okinawa, 6 April 1945. Decommissioned, 6 December 1945. Sold for scrap, 17 June 1947.
• Hutchins, damaged by a suicide boat off Okinawa, 27 April 1945. Decommissioned, 30 November 1945. Sold for scrap, January 1948.
• Haggard, damaged by kamikazes off Okinawa, 29 April 1945. Decommissioned, 1 November 1945. Sold for scrap, 3 March 1946.
• Evans, damaged by kamikazes off Okinawa, 11 May 1945. Decommissioned, 7 November 1945. Sold for scrap, 11 February 1947.
• Thatcher, damaged by kamikazes off Okinawa, 20 May 1945. Decommissioned, 23 November 1945. Sold for scrap, 23 January 1948.

Korean War

With the outbreak of the Korean War many were returned to active duty. During this time 39 were refitted under project SCB 74A, reducing their overall main armament and the number of torpedo tubes to accommodate other weapons. A new ahead-throwing weapon called Weapon Alpha was installed in many of the ships. Others carried trainable Hedgehogs. Eighteen ships were redesignated as escort destroyers (DDE), optimized for anti-submarine warfare; these reverted to destroyer (DD) designation in 1962.

Other navies

Many of the ships were sold to other navies during the mid-1950s, including:

Number of Fletcher-class destroyers sold to other navies

Country	No. sold
Argentina	5 [a] (see Brown-class destroyer )
Brazil	7 (see Pará-class destroyer )
Chile	2
Colombia	1
Greece	7
Italy	3 (see Fante-class destroyer )
Japan	2 (see Ariake-class destroyer )
Mexico	2
Peru	2
South Korea	3 (see Chungmu-class destroyer )
Spain	5 (see Lepanto-class destroyer )
Republic of China (Taiwan)	4
Turkey	4
West Germany	6 (see Zerstörer 1-class destroyer )

Any remaining were broken up in the 1970s. The last Fletcher in service, BAM Cuitlahuac (ex-John Rodgers), left the Mexican navy in 2001, meaning the total service life of the Fletchers stretched over almost six decades and into the 21st century. ^[1]

List of Fletcher-class destroyers sold to other navies

Country	Pennant	Ship name	Former name	Acquired	Fate
Argentina	D-20	ARA Almirante Brown	USS Heermann	14 August 1961	Scrapped in 1982
	D-21	ARA Espora	USS Dortch	16 August 1961	Scrapped in 1977
	D-22	ARA Rosales	USS Stembel	7 August 1961	Scrapped in 1982
	D-23	ARA Almirante Domecq Garcia	USS Braine	17 August 1971	Sunk as a target on 7 October 1983
	D-24	ARA Almirante Storni	USS Cowell	17 August 1971	Scrapped in 1982
Brazil	D27	Para	USS Guest	5 June 1959	struck in 1978, sunk as a target on 23 February 1983
	D28	Paraiba	USS Bennett	15 December 1959	struck and scrapped in 1978
	D29	Paraná	USS Cushing	20 July 1961	struck in 1973 and scrapped in 1982
	D30	Pernambuco	USS Hailey	20 July 1961	sunk as a target about 1982
	D31	Piaui	USS Lewis Hancock	1 August 1967	struck and scrapped in 1989
	D32	Santa Catarina	USS Irwin	10 May 1968	struck in 1988 and sunk as a target in 1990
	D33	Maranhao	USS Shields	1 July 1972	struck and scrapped in 1990
Chile	D-14	Blanco Encalada	USS Wadleigh	26 July 1962	struck in 1982, sunk as a target on 28 September 1991
	D-15	Cochrane	USS Rooks	26 July 1962	struck in 1983, scrapped
	N/A	—	USS Charles J. Badger	10 May 1974	scrapped and cannibalized
Colombia	DD-01	ARC Antioquia	USS Hale	23 January 1961	struck in 1973, scrapped
Germany	D 170	Zerstörer 1	USS Anthony	1 January 1958	struck in 1976, sunk as a target on 16 May 1979
	D 171	Zerstörer 2	USS Ringgold	14 July 1959	transferred to Hellenic Navy on 18 September 1981
	D 172	Zerstörer 3	USS Wadsworth	6 October 1959	transferred to Hellenic Navy on 15 October 1980
	D 178	Zerstörer 4	USS Claxton	16 December 1959	transferred to Hellenic Navy in February 1981
	D 179	Zerstörer 5	USS Dyson	17 February 1960	transferred to Hellenic Navy in February 1982
	D 180	Zerstörer 6	USS Charles Ausburne	12 April 1960	scrapped in October 1968
Greece	D-06	Aspis	USS Conner	15 September 1959	struck in 1991, scrapped in 1997
	D-16	Velos	USS Charrette	16 June 1959	Active - In commission as museum ship since 1991
	D-28	Thyella	USS Bradford	27 September 1962	struck in 1981, scrapped in 1981
	D-42	Kimon	USS Ringgold	18 September 1981	struck in 1993, scrapped in 1993
	D-56	Lonchi	USS Hall	9 February 1960	struck on 10 October 1990, scrapped in 1997
	D-63	Navarinon	USS Brown	27 September 1962	struck in 1981, scrapped in 1981
	D-65	Nearchos	USS Wadsworth	15 October 1980	struck in 1991, scrapped in 1991
	D-85	Sfendoni	USS Aulick	21 August 1959	struck in 1991, scrapped in 1997
	N/A	—	USS Claxton	February 1981	scrapped and cannibalized
	N/A	—	USS Dyson	February 1982	scrapped and cannibalized
Italy	D-560	Lanciere	USS Taylor	2 July 1969	struck in 1971 and cannibalized to provide spare parts for her sisters in Italian service
	D-561	Fante	USS Walker	2 July 1969	struck and broken up for scrap in 1977
	D-555	Geniere	USS Prichett	17 January 1970	struck and broken up for scrap in 1975
Japan	DD-183	JDS Ariake	USS Heywood L. Edwards	10 March 1959	struck in 1974, scrapped in 1976
	DD-184	JDS Yūgure	USS Richard P. Leary	10 March 1959	struck in 1974, scrapped on 1 July 1976
Mexico	E-01	ARM Cuauhtémoc	USS Harrison	19 August 1970	Dismantled
	E-02	ARM Cuitláhuac	USS John Rodgers	19 August 1970	Scrapped in 2011
Spain	D21	Lepanto	USS Capps	15 May 1957	struck in 1985, scrapped
	D22	Almirante Ferrandíz	USS David W. Taylor		struck in 1987, scrapped
	D23	Almirante Valdés	USS Converse	1 July 1959	struck in 1986, scrapped in 1988
	D24	Alcalá Galiano	USS Jarvis	3 November 1960	struck in 1988, scrapped
	D25	Jorge Juan	USS McGowan	1 December 1960	struck in 1988, scrapped
South Korea	DD-91	ROKS Chung Mu	USS Erben	16 May 1963	possibly scrapped
	DD-92	ROKS Seoul	USS Halsey Powell	27 April 1968	struck in 1982, scrapped in 1982
	DD-93	ROKS Pusan	USS Hickox	15 November 1968	struck in 1989, scrapped in 1989
Taiwan (Republic of China)	DDG-108	ROCS Kwei Yang	USS Twining	16 August 1971	struck in 1999, scrapped
	DDG-109	ROCS Ching Yang	USS Mullany	6 October 1971	struck in 1999, sunk as a target on 1 November 2001
	DDG-918	ROCS An Yang	USS Kimberly	1 June 1967	struck in 1999, sunk as a target on 14 October 2003
	DDG-919	ROCS Kuen Yang	USS Yarnall	10 June 1968	struck in 1999, scrapped

Surviving ships

The former USS Cassin Young preserved as a museum ship in 2007

Four Fletcher-class destroyers are preserved as museum ships. Three are in the United States and one is in Greece, although only Kidd retains her World War II configuration.

Velos is the only vessel still in commission. Velos alongside G. Averof are ceremonially commissioned by the Hellenic Navy having Palaio Faliro as their base. Their crew are active Officers of Hellenic Navy. Velos still retains its complete armament and equipment (as modernized in 1950s). In September 2019 its crew took her to Thessaloniki for a short 3-month stay. As of October 2020 ^[update] , she remains in Thessaloniki and she has been visited by over 157.000 visitors.

All three American museum ships have been designated as National Historic Landmarks. ^{[11] [12] [13]}

Surviving ships

• USS The Sullivans (DD-537), in Buffalo, New York
• USS Kidd (DD-661), in Baton Rouge, Louisiana
• USS Cassin Young (DD-793), in Boston, Massachusetts
• Velos (D16), in Palaio Faliro, Greece

Surviving parts

• USS Fletcher (DD-445), in National Museum of the United States Navy, Washington, D.C. ^[14]
• USS Radford (DD-446), in USS Orleck Naval Museum, Louisiana ^[15]
• USS Nicholas (DD-449), in the Veterans Memorial Museum in Chehalis, Washington ^[16] and at Center House, Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C. ^[17]
• USS Renshaw (DD-499), in Portsmouth Naval Shipyard Museum, Virginia
• USS Foote (DD-511), in National Museum of the Pacific War, Texas ^[18]
• USS Hailey (DD-556), on a naval base in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• USS Smalley (DD-565), in Freedom Park, Omaha, Nebraska
• USS Dyson (DD-572), in Heritage Veterans Memorial Plaza, Texas ^[19]
• USS Izard (DD-589), in Ohio State University, Ohio ^[20]
• USS Caperton (DD-650), aboard USS Kidd (DD-661), in Baton Rouge, Louisiana
• USS Knapp (DD-653), in Columbia River Maritime Museum, Oregon ^[21]
• USS Chauncey (DD-667), aboard USS Kidd (DD-661), in Baton Rouge, Louisiana
• USS Monssen (DD-798), in Freedom Park, Nebraska
• Zerstörer 1 (D170) or Zerstörer 6 (D180), in Bundeswehr Military History Museum, Dresden ^[22]
• Zerstörer 6 (D180), in Marbeck-Heiden train station, Marbeck ^[23]
• ROCS Ching Yang (DD-9), in Yuanzhiluxiuxian Park, Tainan City ^[24] and Táinán jūn shǐ gōngyuán Park, Tainan City
• ROKS Chungmu (DD-91), in Yongsan War Memorial, Seoul ^{[25] [26]}
• TCG İçel (D-344), in Derince Naval Base, Kocaeli, Turkey.

Notes

In 2018, Kidd was used as the filming location for the fictional USS Keeling DD-548 (codenamed Greyhound), from C. S. Forester's novel The Good Shepherd, in her appearance in the book's 2020 cinematic adaptation, Greyhound. ^{[27] [28]}

On 14 April 2022, museum ship USS The Sullivans sank at her pier in the Buffalo Naval Park. The depth of water prevented complete sinking. Since then, the ship has been refloated and restoration of the ship's electric system and interior spaces is ongoing. ^[29]

On 29 March 2023, the Museum of Antidictatorial Struggle HS Velos D-16 sustained damage caused by a storm while docked at Nea Paralia, Thessaloniki. Two tug boats were sent out to prevent further damage by holding her in place. After an investigation by the Ministry of Shipping, ^[30] the damage was deemed non-threatening to the stability and durability of the ship. ^[31] Similarly on 19 November 2023 strong gales caused its stern to slam onto the promenade of Nea Paralia resulting in the stern being breached. The day after repair operations began. ^{[31] [32]}

Ships in class

• See List of Fletcher-class destroyers

See also

• List of destroyer classes of the United States Navy

References

1. destroyerhistory.org: Fletcher class
2. "USS Bush-Fletcher class" . Retrieved 12 April 2007.
3. Friedman, Norman (2004). US Destroyers: An Illustrated Design History (Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 111–112.
4. Friedman p. 472.
5. Friedman pp. 111–112.
6. Friedman, p. 118.
7. Friedman, p. 112.
8. Friedman, pp. 112–113.
9. Friedman, p. 111.
10. George Stewart (31 July 2013). "Life on a Fletcher Class Destroyer in the 1950s".
11. Harry A. Butowsky (May 1985). "USS The Sullivans (DD-537)". National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination. National Park Service.
12. "NHL nomination for USS Kidd". National Park Service. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
13. "NHL nomination for USS Cassin Young (destroyer)". National Park Service. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
14. "USS Fletcher (DD-445, later DDE-445)". NHHC. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
15. "radford-museum – USS Orleck DD-886". Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
16. Celene Fitzgerald. "Veterans' Museum to Receive Historic Navy Ship's Mast". The Chronicle. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
17. "Marine Barracks, Washington Tour Guide - Officer's Walk" (PDF). DVIDS Hub. 4 December 2014. p. 29. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
18. "USS KIDD Veterans Museum". www.facebook.com. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
19. "USS Dyson Bell". www.verduinwebs.com. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
20. "Flag Honors Hall of Fame | Naval ROTC Alumni Society" . Retrieved 21 November 2020.
21. "USS Knapp - bridge: Fujifilm X System / SLR Talk Forum: Digital Photography Review". www.dpreview.com. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
22. "Fletcher-Klasse Mark-30 Turm Walkaround (124) Scalenews". Scalenews (in German). Retrieved 21 November 2020.
23. "Handfestes Phänomen am Bahnhof Marbeck". Fletcher-oldies (in German). Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
24. USS Sullivan Museum's Instagram Page
25. 국방일보. DEMA. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
26. 전쟁기념관 #5 - 용산전쟁기념관 전시실 3. 나혼자닷컴. 26 January 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
27. J. D. Simkins (March 2020). "'Greyhound' trailer puts Tom Hanks at the helm of a Nazi-hunting WWII destroyer". Military Times.
28. Jeremy Krail; Sydney Kern (9 April 2018). "Tom Hanks' WWII drama filming aboard USS Kidd this week". WBRZ. Louisiana Television Broadcasting LLC.
29. Jordan, Erin (11 November 2022). "USS The Sullivans no longer sinking, but set for more repairs". The Gazette (Cedar Rapids, Iowa) . Retrieved 29 January 2023.
30. "Historic destroyer 'Velos' damaged by high winds in Thessaloniki | eKathimerini.com". Kathimerini. 29 March 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2025.
31. "Operation underway to seal breach in the stern of museum ship 'Velos' after bad weather | eKathimerini.com". Kathimerini. 19 November 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2025.
32. ΜΠΕ, ΑΠΕ- (20 November 2023). "Museum-ship 'Velos' towed to Thessaloniki Port facilities for further inspection". Flight.com.gr. Retrieved 22 January 2025.

Bibliography

• Bauer, K. Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991). Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: Major Combatants. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN   0-313-26202-0.
• Davis, Rick E. & Wright, Christopher C. (2010). "USN Aircraft-Handling Destroyers 1919 to 1943, Part I: 1919–1941". Warship International. XLVII (3): 265–278. ISSN   0043-0374.
• Friedman, Norman (2004). US Destroyers: An Illustrated Design History (Revised ed.). Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN   1-55750-442-3.
• Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN   0-83170-303-2.
• Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen (1995). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947-1995. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN   1-55750-132-7.
• Silverstone, Paul H. (1965). U.S. Warships of World War II. London: Ian Allan Ltd. ISBN   0-7110-0157-X.
• Toby, A. Steven (2015). "Note on High Speed Destroyers' Maneuverability". Warship International. LII (1): 24–27. ISSN   0043-0374.
•  This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships .

External links

• Fletcher-class destroyers at Destroyer History Foundation
• Tin Can Sailors @ destroyers.org – Fletcher class destroyer Archived 24 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine
• Destroyers Online, Fletcher class