New York-class battleship

Last updated

USS New York-1.jpg
New York, the lead ship of the class, shortly after entering service in 1915
Class overview
NameNew York-class battleship
Builders
OperatorsFlag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States Navy
Preceded by Wyoming class
Succeeded by Nevada class
Built1911–1914
In commission1914–1946
Planned2
Completed2
Retired2
Preserved1
General characteristics [1]
Type Super-dreadnought battleship
Displacement
Length
Beam95 ft 2.5 in (29.020 m)
Draft
  • 28 ft 6 in (8.69 m) (mean)
  • 29 ft 7 in (9.02 m) (max)
Installed power
Propulsion2 × screw propellers; 2 × triple-expansion steam engines
Speed21  kn (39 km/h; 24 mph)
Range7,060  nmi (13,080 km; 8,120 mi) at 10 kn (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Complement1,042 officers and men
Sensors and
processing systems
Armament
Armor

The New York class was a pair of super-dreadnought battleships built for the United States Navy between 1911 and 1914. The two ships of the class, New York and Texas, saw extensive service beginning in the occupation of Veracruz, World War I, and World War II.

Contents

Designed as a more heavily armed improvement over the previous Wyoming class, the New York class was the first battleship to feature the 14-inch (356 mm)/45 caliber gun and the first American super-dreadnought, but was one of the last battleship classes designed with a five-turret layout and coal for fuel. The class also suffered several deficiencies such as a lack of anti-aircraft weaponry and armor layout, which were addressed with the subsequent Nevada class. Because of these deficiencies, both ships saw several extensive overhauls over the course of their careers which greatly changed their appearance.

Both New York and Texas entered service in 1914 and immediately served in the occupation of Veracruz, and service reinforcing the Royal Navy's Grand Fleet in the North Sea during World War I, during which time New York is believed to have sunk a U-boat in an accidental collision. Both ships undertook numerous training exercises and overhauls during the interwar era, and joined the Neutrality Patrol at the beginning of World War II. Outmoded by more advanced battleships in service, both ships served primarily as convoy escorts and naval artillery during the war. New York supported Operation Torch in North Africa, undertook convoy patrols and training in the Atlantic, and supported the Battle of Iwo Jima and the Battle of Okinawa. Texas supported Operation Torch, Operation Overlord, the bombardment of Cherbourg, Operation Dragoon and the battles at Iwo Jima and Okinawa. Following the war, New York was used as a target ship in Operation Crossroads and sunk as a target in 1948, while Texas was converted into a museum ship, and was moored in San Jacinto State Park till being moved to a drydock in Galveston, Texas in August 2022 for restoration operations.

Background

The New York class was the fifth of 11 separate classes planned by the United States Navy between 1906 and 1919, a total of 29 battleships and 6 battlecruisers. Virtually the entire American battle line was being designed from pre-dreadnought experience and observation of foreign designs. [2] The design of the New York-class battleship originated in the 1908 Newport Conference, which resulted in a new method for battleship design, with the General Board taking a more active role in the design process of ships, and the navy's Board on Construction would implement the design instead of creating it. While the New York class was mostly designed by the Board on Construction, lessons learned on the class allowed the General Board to take the lead on the following Nevada-class battleships. [3]

The Newport Conference established a general consensus among leaders that US Navy ships should carry larger batteries in response to the increasing caliber of battleships in other countries, notably the BL 13.5 inch Mk V naval gun which had been introduced by the Royal Navy's Orion class, as well as the German Navy's shift from 28-centimetre (11 in) to 30.5-centimetre (12 in) guns. There was debate at the time as to whether the Florida-class battleships, laid down in 1909, should carry heavier armament than the 12-inch (305 mm)/45 caliber Mark 5 gun. [3] Ultimately, on 30 March 1909, US Congress approved the construction of two "Design 601" battleships, also known as Battleship 1910 with six 12-inch turrets, which the General Board had selected over two 14-inch designs in 1909. These would become the Wyoming class. [4] At the same time, the General Board began planning for the next class of ships, and on 21 April 1909 decided on two battleships with similar sizes, and after some debate about main guns approval of two battleships was granted on 24 June 1910. [5] In 1911 the US Senate's Naval Affairs Committee suggested reducing the size of the ships as part of a $24,000,000 budget reduction, but Secretary of the Navy George von Lengerke Meyer fought to keep the original design and the ships were not altered. [6]

The class is generally referred to as the New York class, [1] [4] but it is also occasionally called the Texas class because New York was completed several months after her sister, Texas. [7]

Design

General characteristics

As designed, the ships had a standard displacement of 27,000 long tons (27,433  t ) and a full-load displacement of 28,367 long tons (28,822 t). They were 573  ft (175  m ) in length overall, 565 ft (172 m) at the waterline, and had a beam of 95 ft 6 in (29.11 m) and a draft of 28 feet 6 inches (8.69 m). [1] The ships underwent significant changes and increases in armor and armament over their operational lives. Following her fourth and final refit in 1943, New York increased her displacement to 29,340 long tons (29,810 t) standard and 34,000 long tons (35,000 t) full-load. [8] The final refit for Texas came in 1945, after which she displaced 29,500 long tons (30,000 t) standard and 32,000 long tons (33,000 t) at full load. [9] As designed, the ships had a crew complement consisting of 1,042 officers and enlisted men. [1] By 1945, Texas was carrying 1,723 officers and enlisted men with the addition of crews for additional weapons as well as a new complement of Marines. [10]

Armament

Turrets 1 and 2 aboard Texas, showing the 14-inch guns. The New York class was the first US Navy ship type to carry this heavy gun. USS Texas13a.jpg
Turrets 1 and 2 aboard Texas, showing the 14-inch guns. The New York class was the first US Navy ship type to carry this heavy gun.

The main battery of the class consisted of ten 14-inch/45 caliber guns, arrayed in five 2-gun turrets designated 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, and able to elevate to 15 degrees. The class was the last to feature a turret mounted amidships. [11] [12] In 1910 the US Navy's Bureau of Ordnance had successfully designed and tested its 14-inch naval gun. [1] The gun proved to have remarkable accuracy and uniformity of pattern. The New York class was the fifth class of US dreadnought battleship design created, and work had already started on the sixth design, the Nevada class. By 1910 no US dreadnought type battleship had yet hit the water, as all were either at some stage of building or in design. Virtually the entire US Navy battle line was being designed by drawing on experience from pre-dreadnought designs or from observation of foreign battleship designs. [2]

As built, both ships also carried 21 5-inch (127 mm)/51 caliber guns arrayed ten to a side with one in the stern, primarily for defense against destroyers and torpedo boats. [11] Many of the 5-inch guns were poor in accuracy in rough seas due to being mounted near the ends of the ship and below the main deck. [13] [14] The ships were not designed with anti-aircraft (AA) defense in mind, and with the development of naval aviation, this was seen as a serious drawback to the class. [11] The New York class was the first US battleship to mount anti-aircraft guns, with two 3-inch (76 mm)/50 caliber guns mounted on platforms on top of the boat cranes of Texas in 1916. [1] In 1918, the secondary armament was reduced to 16 5-inch/51 caliber guns, eight to a side, as the guns near the ends of the ship were difficult to work in any kind of sea. When both ships were refitted 1925–26, AA defense was increased with eight 3-inch/50 caliber guns arrayed four to a side. [11] Six of the sixteen remaining 5-inch guns were relocated higher in the ship to new casemates on the main deck. [1] The New York class also initially featured four torpedo tubes, 1 each on the port side bow and stern and starboard bow and stern, for the Bliss-Leavitt Mark 3 torpedo, instead of the previous two, because of advances in torpedo performance increasing the prominence of the weapon. The torpedo rooms held 12 torpedoes total, plus 12 naval defense mines. [15] However, the torpedo tubes were removed in the 1925-26 refit. [6]

Magazine and machinery spaces were enclosed in the protected hull. Magazine volume was reduced for increased machinery, with each magazine accommodating 75 to 80 shells and charges, while more shells were carried in their turrets and handling rooms. [16]

In 1937 eight 1.1-inch (28 mm)/75 caliber AA guns in two quadruple mounts were added to improve the light AA armament. The ships were more extensively refitted with large amounts of light AA guns at the expense of the 5-inch/51 caliber guns in 1942, as the attack on Pearl Harbor had shown pre-war light AA armament to be inadequate. The 1.1 inch quad mounts were removed and 24 Bofors 40 mm guns were added in six quadruple mounts (later increased to 40 guns), while 42 Oerlikon 20 mm guns in single mounts were also added. The 3-inch AA gun armament was increased to 10 guns, while the 5-inch gun armament was reduced to 6 guns.

Armor

The ships continued the armor suite of the Wyoming class with minor improvements. The deck armor scheme would continue to remain distinctly inferior to the succeeding Nevada class with their all or nothing armor scheme. However the leap forward in range provided by improved fire control was not yet envisioned and had it been there would not have been time to include it within the current design. The ship provided a 12 in (305 mm) belt tapering to 10 in (254 mm) and 6.5 in (165 mm) casemate armor with internal partitioning. [17] The New York class was the first to incorporate an armored central plotting room below decks, but atop the protective deck, and enclosed in a thin box of splinter armor. [16]

Armor on the New York class consisted of belt armor from 10 to 12 inches thick. Their lower casemates had between 9 in (229 mm) and 11 in (279 mm) of armor, and their upper casemate had 6 in (152 mm) of armor. Deck armor was 2 in (51 mm) thick, and turret armor was 14 inches on the face, 4 in (102 mm) on the top, 2 inches on the sides, and 8 in (203 mm) on the rear. Armor on her barbettes was between 10 and 12 inches. Conning towers were protected by 12 inches of armor, with 4 inches of armor on the tops. [1] In all, the armor totaled 261.67 t (257.54 long tons; 288.44 short tons) on the upper casemate, 1,680.33 t (1,653.79 long tons; 1,852.25 short tons) on the lower casemate, 1,549.16 t (1,524.69 long tons; 1,707.66 short tons) along the belt, 127.42 t (125.41 long tons; 140.46 short tons) on the bulkheads, 1,322.11 t (1,301.23 long tons; 1,457.38 short tons) on the splinter deck, 2,085.39 t (2,052.45 long tons; 2,298.75 short tons) on the barbettes, and 856.11 t (842.59 long tons; 943.70 short tons) on the conning tower for a total protection of 8,120.62 t (7,992.37 long tons; 8,951.45 short tons). [18]

Propulsion

The ships were powered by 14 Babcock & Wilcox coal-fired boilers driving two dual-acting triple expansion reciprocating steam engines, with 28,100  shp (20,954  kW ) producing a maximum speed of 21  kn (39  km/h ; 24  mph ). They had a range of 7,060 nmi (8,120 mi; 13,080 km) at 10 kn (19 km/h; 12 mph). [1] Initially, designs called for a 14 percent increase in power to 32,000 shp (24,000 kW) over the 28,000 shp (21,000 kW) of the preceding class. [16] However, it was discovered that greater propulsive efficiency of the reciprocating engine allowed a reduction in installed power, needing only 28,100 shp to make 21 knots. [19]

The New York class was the final class of US battleship to be powered by coal. The class was designed to carry 2,850 long tons (2,900 t) of coal, the most of any battleship class. In 1910, the succeeding battleships of the Nevada class were designed with fuel oil in mind. [20] Both ships were converted to carry fuel oil in 1926, and had a capacity of 5,200 long tons (5,300 t) of oil. Six new Bureau Express oil-fired boilers replaced the fourteen older design coal-fired boilers at that time with no loss of power. [10]

Construction

New York under construction in 1912 New York 2405649896 ab66402479 o.jpg
New York under construction in 1912

Funding for the battleships was authorized by a 24 June 1910 act, which called for the ships to cost no more than $6,000,000. The act also specified new labor policies for their construction which put strict limits on labor hours and working conditions for shipyard employees. [21] Bids were solicited only for Battleship No. 35, Texas, on 27 September 1910, while Battleship No. 34, New York, was to be built by New York Navy Yard. Bids opened for No. 35 on 1 December. [6] Ultimately Newport News Shipbuilding Company won the contract with a bid of $5,830,000. [22] Battleship No. 35 began construction first, on 17 April 1911, launched 18 May 1912, and completed on 12 March 1914. Battleship No. 34 was laid down on 11 September 1911, launched on 30 October 1912, and completed on 15 April 1914. [1]

By 1926, the New York class was considered obsolete compared with other battleships in service, so both ships received a complete refit. While several other battleships in service, including Utah and Florida, were converted to training ships or scrapped, New York and Texas were chosen to be overhauled to increase their speed, armor, and armament, in accordance with the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. [23]

An additional 3,000 long tons (3,000 t) were added for defense against aerial targets and submarines. Her fourteen coal-fired boilers were replaced by six Bureau Express oil-fired boilers and the twin funnels were trunked into one, aft of the forward superstructure. Tripods were fitted in place of the lattice masts, and atop the forward tripod a control tower was installed. A tower was built amidships that contained additional fire control to backup the system on the foremast. A new aircraft catapult was installed atop turret Number 3, and cranes were installed on either side of the funnel for boat and aircraft handling. Additional deck protection was added, and each ship's beam was widened. The ships were fitted with anti-torpedo bulges, though these made maneuvering harder at low speeds and both rolled badly, and gunfire accuracy was reduced in rough seas. [8]

Service history

USS New York

New York (right) during training in 1932 USS New York (BB-34), USS Nevada (BB-36) and USS Oklahoma (BB-37) underway during maneuvers, in 1932 (NH 48138).jpg
New York (right) during training in 1932

Shortly after commissioning, New York became flagship for the United States occupation of Veracruz in 1914. [24] During World War I, she became flagship of Battleship Division 9, commanded by Rear Admiral Hugh Rodman. [25] Sent to reinforce the British Grand Fleet in the North Sea, she conducted blockade and escort duties. [26] She twice came into contact with German U-boats, and is believed to have accidentally sunk one. [27] [28] She returned to the United States at the end of the war, and began taking on patrol and training duties. [23] New York was fitted with XAF RADAR in February 1938, including the first United States duplexer so a single antenna could both send and receive. [29]

She was a part of the Neutrality Patrol following the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, and spent the beginning of the war escorting convoys between New York and Iceland. [30] [31] She saw action supporting Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of North Africa, where she targeted shore batteries threatening the landings in November 1942. [31] [32] She remained in convoy patrol and training for several years, [33] [34] until she was moved to the Pacific Fleet late in the war and supported landings on Iwo Jima in February 1945, [34] and later the invasion of Okinawa in April 1945. [35] She was lightly damaged by a kamikaze attack in this battle. [36] Following the war, she was used as a target ship during the two atomic bomb tests of Operation Crossroads, and was subsequently studied for its effects, before being sunk as a target off Hawaii in 1948. [37] [38]

USS Texas

Texas at San Jacinto State Park, where she resided as a museum ship until 2022 USS Texas BB-35.jpg
Texas at San Jacinto State Park, where she resided as a museum ship until 2022

Texas also participated in the occupation of Veracruz for several months in 1914, [39] before conducting training and upgrades to become the first ship of the US Navy to mount anti-aircraft weapons. [40] She conducted convoy patrols early in World War I and was the first US ship to fire on a German one during a convoy mission in 1917. [39] She joined other US battleships in reinforcing the British fleet near the end of the war and was present for the German surrender. [39] In the inter-war period she became one of the first battleships to launch and operate aircraft, [41] and frequently alternated her time between the Atlantic and Pacific waters on training exercises. [42]

She was part of the Neutrality Patrol at the beginning of World War II and supported Allied landings at North Africa, and then conducted convoy patrol duty to North African and European ports throughout 1943. [43] On 6 June 1944, she supported Operation Overlord, covering Allied landings on the beaches of Normandy, France, [7] in particular the battle at Pointe du Hoc. [44] Later that month on 25 June, she supported the bombardment of Cherbourg and there was damaged when she was hit with a German artillery shell. [45] In July she moved to support Operation Dragoon, the Allied invasion of southern France. Following extensive repairs and training, she moved to the Pacific and supported the invasion of Iwo Jima in February 1945. She then moved to support landings on Okinawa in April. [46] Following the end of the war, Texas was decommissioned, and in 1948 she was moved to San Jacinto State Park and converted into a museum ship, where she remained till August 31, 2022. She was floated to a drydock in Galveston, Texas for $35,000,000 restoration project estimated to last for 12–18 months. Her new home in Texas is still undetermined as of the date of the move. [47]

Ships in class

New York-class battleship on the reverse of a 1918 US two dollar bill. US-$2-FRBN-1918-Fr.749.jpg
New York-class battleship on the reverse of a 1918 US two dollar bill.
Construction data
Ship nameHull no.BuilderLaid downLaunchedCommissionedDecommissionedFate
New York BB-34 Brooklyn Navy Yard 11 September 191130 October 191215 May 191429 August 1946Struck 13 July 1948; Sunk as target, 8 July 1948
Texas BB-35 Newport News Shipbuilding 17 April 191118 May 191212 March 191421 April 1948Struck 30 April 1948; Museum ship undergoing substantial restoration with limited public viewing, new home undetermined.

Related Research Articles

USS <i>Washington</i> (BB-47) Cancelled dreadnought battleship of the United States Navy

USS Washington (BB-47), a Colorado-class battleship, was the second ship of the United States Navy named in honor of the 42nd state. Her keel was laid down on 30 June 1919, at Camden, New Jersey, by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation. She was launched on 1 September 1921, sponsored by Miss Jean Summers, the daughter of Congressman John W. Summers of Washington.

USS <i>New York</i> (BB-34) Dreadnought battleship of the United States Navy

USS New York (BB-34) was a United States Navy battleship, the lead ship of her class. Named for New York State, she was designed as the first ship to carry the 14-inch (356 mm)/45-caliber gun.

<i>Wyoming</i>-class battleship Dreadnought battleship class of the United States Navy

The Wyoming class was a pair of dreadnought battleships built for the United States Navy. Wyoming and Arkansas were authorized in early 1909, and were built between 1910 and 1912. These were the fourth dreadnought design of the US Navy, but only an incremental improvement over the preceding Florida class, and the last US battleships to use 12-inch guns. The primary changes were the adoption of a more powerful 12 in (305 mm)/50 caliber Mark 7 gun, addition of a sixth twin-gun turret and improved armor protection, including the first use of a torpedo bulkhead on American battleships. The Navy considered using more powerful 14-inch (356 mm) guns, but this would have caused delays and required larger docks.

<i>New Mexico</i>-class battleship Dreadnought battleship class of the United States Navy

The New Mexico class was a class of three super-dreadnought battleships built for the United States Navy in the late 1910s. The class comprised three ships: New Mexico, the lead ship, Mississippi, and Idaho. Part of the standard series, they were in most respects copies of the Pennsylvania-class battleships that immediately preceded them, carrying over the same main battery arrangement of twelve 14-inch (356 mm) guns, but now increased to 50-caliber. They incorporated several other improvements, including a better arrangement of the secondary battery that increased its usability, a clipper bow that improved seakeeping, and an experimental turbo-electric propulsion system adopted on New Mexico. Like the other standard-type battleships, they had a top speed of 21 knots that allowed the fleet to operate as a tactically homogeneous unit.

<i>Colorado</i>-class battleship Dreadnought battleship class of the United States Navy

The Colorado-class battleships were a group of four United States Navy super-dreadnoughts, the last of its pre-Treaty battleships. Designed during World War I, their construction overlapped the end of that conflict and continued in its immediate aftermath. Though all four keels were laid, only three ships entered service: Colorado, Maryland, and West Virginia. Washington was over 75% completed when she was canceled under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty in 1922. As such, the 16" gun Colorado-class ships were the last and most powerful battleships built by the U.S. Navy until the North Carolina class entered service on the eve of World War II.

<i>Mississippi</i>-class battleship Class of American pre-dreadnoughts

The Mississippi class of battleships comprised two ships which were authorized in the 1903 naval budget: Mississippi and Idaho; these were named for the 20th and 43rd states, respectively. These were the last pre-dreadnought battleships to be designed for the United States Navy, but not the last to be built, because one more ship of a prior design was completed later under the 1904 naval budget. While the quality and technology of the weaponry and armor were first-rate, these ships included a variety of main, intermediate, secondary, and tertiary gun sizes in a predreadnought configuration which became obsolete before the ships were completed.

<i>Florida</i>-class battleship Dreadnought battleship class of the United States Navy

The Florida-class battleships of the United States Navy comprised two ships: Florida and Utah. Launched in 1910 and 1909 respectively and commissioned in 1911, they were slightly larger than the preceding Delaware class design but were otherwise very similar. This was the first US battleship class in which all ships received steam turbine engines. In the previous Delaware-class, North Dakota received steam turbine propulsion as an experiment while Delaware retained triple-expansion engines.

<i>Delaware</i>-class battleship Dreadnought battleship class of the United States Navy

The Delaware-class battleships of the United States Navy were the second class of American dreadnoughts. With this class, the 16,000 long tons (16,257 t) limit imposed on capital ships by the United States Congress was waived, which allowed designers at the Navy's Bureau of Construction and Repair to correct what they considered flaws in the preceding South Carolina class and produce ships not only more powerful but also more effective and rounded overall. Launched in 1909, these ships became the first in US naval history to exceed 20,000 long tons (20,321 t).

Japanese battleship <i>Satsuma</i> Imperial Japanese Navys Satsuma-class battleship

Satsuma (薩摩) was a semi-dreadnought battleship built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the first decade of the 20th century. Lead ship of her class, she was the first battleship built in Japan. She was named for Satsuma Province, now a part of Kagoshima prefecture. The ship saw no combat during World War I, although she led a squadron that occupied several German colonies in the Pacific Ocean in 1914. Satsuma was disarmed and sunk as a target in 1922–1924 in accordance with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922.

Japanese battleship <i>Aki</i> Imperial Japanese Navys Satsuma-class battleship

Aki (安芸) was one of two Satsuma-class semi-dreadnought battleship built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during the first decade of the 20th century. She was the second battleship built domestically in Japan and the first to use steam turbines for propulsion. The ship was named for Aki Province, now a part of Hiroshima Prefecture. The ship saw no combat during World War I. Aki was disarmed in 1922 and sunk as a target in 1924 in accordance with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922.

<i>South Dakota</i>-class battleship (1920) Cancelled dreadnought battleship class of the United States Navy

The first South Dakota class was a group of six battleships that were laid down in 1920 for the U.S. Navy, but were never completed; designed to achieve 23 knots, they represented an attempt to catch up with the increasing fleet speeds of its main rivals, the British Royal Navy and Imperial Japanese Navy.

Italian battleship <i>Dante Alighieri</i> Dreadnought battleship of the Italian Royal Navy

Dante Alighieri was the first dreadnought battleship built for the Regia Marina and was completed in 1913. The ship served as a flagship during World War I, but saw very little action other than the Second Battle of Durazzo in 1918 during which she did not engage enemy forces. She never fired her guns in anger during her career. Dante Alighieri was refitted in 1923, stricken from the Navy List five years later and subsequently sold for scrap.

<i>Chester</i>-class cruiser Class of American naval ships

The three Chester-class cruisers were the first United States Navy vessels to be designed and designated as fast "scout cruisers" for fleet reconnaissance. They had high speed but little armor or armament. They were authorized in January 1904, ordered in fiscal year 1905, and completed in 1908. In 1920 all scout cruisers were redesignated as "light cruisers" (CL).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dreadnought</span> Early 20th century battleship type

The dreadnought was the predominant type of battleship in the early 20th century. The first of the kind, the Royal Navy's HMS Dreadnought, had such an effect when launched in 1906 that similar battleships built after her were referred to as "dreadnoughts", and earlier battleships became known as pre-dreadnoughts. Her design had two revolutionary features: an "all-big-gun" armament scheme, with an unprecedented number of heavy-calibre guns, and steam turbine propulsion. As dreadnoughts became a crucial symbol of national power, the arrival of these new warships renewed the naval arms race between the United Kingdom and Germany. Dreadnought races sprang up around the world, including in South America, lasting up to the beginning of World War I. Successive designs increased rapidly in size and made use of improvements in armament, armour, and propulsion throughout the dreadnought era. Within five years, new battleships outclassed Dreadnought herself. These more powerful vessels were known as "super-dreadnoughts". Most of the original dreadnoughts were scrapped after the end of World War I under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty, but many of the newer super-dreadnoughts continued serving throughout World War II.

<i>Satsuma</i>-class battleship Class of Japanese semi-dreadnoughts

The Satsuma class was a pair of semi-dreadnought battleships built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the first decade of the 20th century. They were the first battleships to be built in Japan and marked a transitional stage between the pre-dreadnought and true dreadnought designs. They saw no combat during World War I, although Satsuma led a squadron that occupied several German colonies in the Pacific Ocean in 1914. Both ships were disarmed and expended as targets in 1922–1924 in accordance with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922.

<i>Kawachi</i>-class battleship Class of Japanese battleships

The Kawachi class was a two-ship class of dreadnought battleships built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the first decade of the 20th century. Both ships bombarded German fortifications at Qingdao during the siege of Qingdao in 1914, but saw no other combat in World War I. Kawachi sank in 1918 after an explosion in her ammunition magazine with the loss of over 600 officers and crewmen. Settsu was disarmed in 1922 and converted into a target ship two years later to meet the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty and served until she was sunk in 1945 by American carrier aircraft. The ship was refloated after the war and scrapped in 1946–1947.

<i>Lexington</i>-class battlecruiser US class of battlecruiser

The Lexington-class battlecruisers were officially the only class of battlecruiser to ever be ordered by the United States Navy. While these six vessels were requested in 1911 as a reaction to the building by Japan of the Kongō class, the potential use for them in the U.S. Navy came from a series of studies by the Naval War College which stretched over several years and predated the existence of the first battlecruiser, HMS Invincible. The fact they were not approved by Congress at the time of their initial request was due to political, not military considerations.

<i>South Carolina</i>-class battleship Dreadnought battleship class of the United States Navy

Two South Carolina-class battleships, also known as the Michigan class, were built for the United States Navy in the early twentieth century. Named South Carolina and Michigan, they were the first American dreadnoughts—powerful warships whose capabilities far outstripped those of the world's older battleships.

<i>Pennsylvania</i>-class battleship Dreadnought battleship class of the United States Navy

The Pennsylvania class consisted of two super-dreadnought battleships built for the United States Navy just before the First World War. Named Pennsylvania and Arizona, after the American states of the same names, the two battleships were the United States' second battleship design to adhere to the "all or nothing" armor scheme. They were the newest American capital ships when the United States entered the First World War.

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 115.
  2. 1 2 Friedman 1985, p. 96.
  3. 1 2 Friedman 1985, p. 85.
  4. 1 2 Friedman 1985, p. 88.
  5. ↑ Friedman 1985, p. 93.
  6. 1 2 3 Friedman 1985, p. 95.
  7. 1 2 Kearns & Morris 1998, p. 414.
  8. 1 2 Banks 2002, p. 33.
  9. ↑ Powers 1993, p. 133.
  10. 1 2 Powers 1993, p. 134.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Bonner 1996, p. 28.
  12. ↑ Friedman 2008, p. 299.
  13. ↑ Bonner 1996, p. 115.
  14. ↑ Friedman 2008, p. 304.
  15. ↑ Friedman 1985, p. 436.
  16. 1 2 3 Friedman 1985, p. 93–94.
  17. ↑ Friedman 1985, p. 97–99.
  18. ↑ Friedman 1985, p. 102.
  19. ↑ Friedman 1985, p. 26.
  20. ↑ Banks 2002, p. 10.
  21. ↑ Banks 2002, p. 27.
  22. ↑ Ferguson 2007, p. 35.
  23. 1 2 Banks 2002, p. 32.
  24. ↑ Bonner 1996, p. 116.
  25. ↑ Bonner 1996, p. 117.
  26. ↑ Bonner 1996, p. 118.
  27. ↑ Banks 2002, p. 31.
  28. ↑ Rodman 1927, p. 271.
  29. ↑ Macintyre 1967, p. 73.
  30. ↑ Bonner 1996, p. 119.
  31. 1 2 Banks 2002, p. 35.
  32. ↑ Bonner 1996, p. 120.
  33. ↑ Bonner 1996, p. 121.
  34. 1 2 Banks 2002, p. 37.
  35. ↑ Bonner 1996, p. 122.
  36. ↑ Banks 2002, p. 40.
  37. ↑ Banks 2002, p. 38.
  38. ↑ Kearns & Morris 1998, p. 293.
  39. 1 2 3 Powers 1993, p. 11.
  40. ↑ Friedman 1985, p. 177.
  41. ↑ Hone & Hone 2006, p. 94–95.
  42. ↑ Powers 1993, p. 17.
  43. ↑ Powers 1993, p. 24.
  44. ↑ Powers 1993, p. 26.
  45. ↑ Harrison 1951, p. 519.
  46. ↑ Powers 1993, p. 31.
  47. ↑ Powers 1993, p. 37.

Sources

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.