Following a history of significant changes to UK national police reporting standards and systems, accurate trend data for many police-reported crimes in London has not been availabe until about 2002.[3]
Greater London is generally served by three police forces; the MPS which is responsible for policing the vast majority of the capital, the City of London Police which is responsible for The Square Mile of the City of London and the British Transport Police, which polices the national rail network and the London Underground. A fourth police force in London, the Ministry of Defence Police, do not generally become involved with policing the general public. London also has a number of small constabularies for policing parks. Within the Home Office crime statistics publications, Greater London is referred to as the London Region.
Since the late 1990's, there have been multiple changes to the way the Metropolitan and national police forces in the UK gather, compile and report crime statistics. Until approximately 2012, trend analysis over multi-year periods was very difficult, particularly for violent crimes.[4] From 2013, reporting standards have been more effectively managed by the Home Office[5], and the Metropolitan Police Service note recent changes to their reporting on their monthly Crime Dashboard,[3] and (from 2024) combines what were multiple data sets into one place using the MPS's CONNECT system.[6]
In addition to their Monthly Crime Dashboard, The Metropolitan Police publish statistics over multi-year periods (mostly comparable from 2012) using a number of dashboards and datasets available to the public. These include dedicated collections of data for specific areas of crime such as business offenses and violence as well as stop and search data.[7]
The Mayor's Office for Policing & Crime (MOPAC) publishes quarterly performance reports for the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) in the Greater London area, with crime statistics categorised under the London Policing Board's "Less Crime" objective.[8][3]
The Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) also provides a measure of crime that is not reported to or recorded by the police. This provides a reliable long-term view of trends over time (the methodology has remained predominantly the same since 1982). However, while data for London residents is included, sample size is currently too small to provide precise estimates of the number of crimes in London alone, or for individual local areas within London.[9][2]
Current trends
MOPAC's Q1 2025/26 showed that rates of violence were lower in London than for England and Wales, and both have been reducing. Robbery, knife and theft rates were the highest nationally, but also reducing. Similarly, violence against women and girls (VAWG) were lower than in the rest of England and Wales, with positive outcomes higher than in previous years.[8] Figures for hate crime and domestic abuse pre- and post-March 2024 are not directly comparable due to differences in how the new system records this data.[3]
In 2025, His Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services (HMICFRS) independently assessed the percentage of overall crime the police had recorded as having risen from 80.5% in 2014 to 94.8%.[10] Increases in recorded crime over that period may therefore be partly credited to improvements in the recording of reported crime across London, rather than simply an increase in crime experienced by residents and visitors. Consequently, the ONS does not consider police recorded crime to be a good indicator of general trends in crime over long periods.[11]
A report that London crime had risen five times faster than the rest of the country since Sadiq Khan became Mayor in 2016 was debunked[12] by the independent fact checker Full Fact.[13] The misinformation is credited to Dan Wootton in The Sun on 1 October 2020,[12] who may have misinterpreted an article in the Evening Standard on 17 July 2020[14] claiming the "over-arching figure for the total number of offences recorded by Metropolitan Police in the last financial year rose by five per cent in 2018".
Public attitudes to crime and the police
MOPAC supplements data on police reported crime with public surveys into attitudes and experience with the police and crime overall. Summaries for these are published quarterly in the form of its "Public Voice" packs which refer to trends greater than 12-month periods.[15]
Violent crime
Offences categorised as "violent crime" by the Home Office are violence against the person,[16] including robbery and sexual offences; it sometimes includes kidnapping. It was announced in September 2018 that the city planned to emulate Scotland's public health approach, inspired by Cure Violence in Chicago, to violent crime. This saw the murder rate in Glasgow drop by more than a half between 2004 and 2017. In 2018, Sadiq Khan announced funding of £500,000 for a Violence Reduction Unit, although this was criticised as insufficient.[17]
Nevertheless, in comparison to other cities London is relatively safe. The UK as a whole has a "high state of peace" on the Global Peace Index, above that of Sweden and Norway. Violent crime in London has also generally been decreasing over the last 10 years in line with an overall reduction in crime for the UK.[18] In the twelve months to March 2025, there were 26.40 recorded violence against the person offences per 1,000 population in the Met area, which was below the national average of 31.88 per 1,000 population.[19] However, a disparity between the trend data from the Crime Survey for England and Wales and that of police reported crime has been noted, particularly in recent years.[20][21] This highlights the problems inherent in measuring crime overall.[22]
Homicide
In 2018, due to a spike in violent crime, London’s murder rate overtook that of New York City,[23] but figures from 2023 showed these were almost seven times lower than in Los Angeles, and four times lower than in New York. This was also lower than Berlin but higher than Toronto.[24]
London homicide rates 2008 - 2023
Homicide rates for years between 2009-2007 averaged 174 per year in that period,[n 1] but with lower population in the earlier years.[38] From 2008 to 2023, the number of homicides recorded by police in London has averaged significantly lower at 124 per year, or approximately 1.2 per 100,000 people. The highest number recorded was in 2008 with 155, peaking again in 2019 with 153 and the lowest year being 2014 with 94.[39] 2021 broke the record set in 2008 for teen homicide,[40] reportedly the highest rate since World War II.[41]
In the year to June 2025, the figure for all homicides was 101, with Croydon and Lambeth having the highest levels for that period.[42] In October 2025, MOPAC published a summary of data showing homicides at their lowest since monthly records began, a fall of almost 60% compared to 2003.[43]
From 2014 there was a noted rise in robberies and assaults committed by individuals riding mopeds; crime involving mopeds rose by more than 600% in London between 2014 and 2016.[44] Since then, moped offences in London fell 56% from the high of July 2017 following a joint police operation[45] which reduced the total number of moped crimes to approximately 14,300. The number was further reduced to around 9,200 in 2019.
Assault with injury
Violence Rates for London (1981–2009)
Multiple changes in police recording practices have led to significant discontinuity in recorded crime figures for violence over time. This has meant police-reported longitudinal statistics are difficult if not impossible to compare before 2012.[3] In particular, Violence Against the Person now supersedes the old Assault With Injury category, which in turn replaced Actual Bodily Harm (ABH) and Grievous Bodily Harm (GBH) categories in 2002-3.[47] As of October 2025, Violence With Injury offences now include Death or Serious Injury Caused by Illegal Driving.[3]
In 2008-09, there were 70,962 Assault with Injury offences in London with a rate of 9.5 per 1,000 residents.[48] This was slightly higher than the total rate for England and Wales, which was 7.0 per 1,000 residents.[49] This compares to 2021-25, when 69,867 Violence with Injury offences were recorded using the latest classification.[50]
Gun and knife crime
An anti-knife crime demonstration in Wood Green north London, October 2019
The Metropolitan Police have a number of operations that concentrate on knife and gun crime. These include Operation Trident and Trafalgar, which deal with fatal and non-fatal shootings across London, and Operation Blunt, which was initially launched across 12 boroughs in 2004 to tackle knife crime. Operation Blunt was subsequently rolled out across 32 boroughs in 2005 after early successes[51] and re-launched as Operation Blunt II in 2008 with the aim of tackling serious youth violence.[52] In addition to this there is the Specialist Firearms Command formerly known as SO19.
Gun crime
The MPS publishes information on gun crime as part of its Crime Data Dashboard[53] with underlying data available monthly at the London DataStore. The classification of a gun crime is used when a firearm is "involved" in an offence when it is either fired (discharged), used as a blunt instrument, used as a threat, or which includes where a victim is convinced of the presence of a firearm (even if concealed) and there is evidence of the suspect intending to create that impression.[54]
Since 2000, there has been consistent fluctuations in the number of gun-enabled crimes recorded by the Metropolitan Police, which peaked in 2003 when there were 4,444 recorded offences. The lowest number of offences recorded was potentially in 2008, where there were just 1,980 gun crimes between December 2007 and November 2008, an unusually low figure in comparison to other years.[55][56] Since then, however, gun-enabled crime has increased, with the number of recorded offenses being 2,017 between September 2024-25, at an average of 136 offenses per month from 2021. However, the sub-category of Lethal Barrel Discharge (where a gun has been fired) has shown a decreasing trend since 2022 with an average of 15 per month from a peak of 36 in 2022 to a low of 5 in 2024.[53]
Knife crime
As of April 2015, the MPS maintains historic data on knife-enabled crime updated monthly with summaries and analysis published as part of quarterly bulletins.[57] The data contains a breakdown of the characteristics of each crime, including where a knife or sharp instrument was used or threatened. There is also a note on whether the crime was also part of domestic abuse.
Knife crime offenses 2021-25
As of 2025, the majority of knife-enabled offences are robbery (60% of offences) and victims are mainly male, about half being under 25. Knife-enabled crime levels to August 2025 were lower than those reported in 2024, with a consistent pattern of reductions in all but the North East, which saw a small increase.[57]
Following an increase in knife crime from April 2010 (1,093) to November 2018 (1,208),[59] the Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, said that offenders would be tagged with tracking GPS devices for a year upon their release from the prison, recording their movements against the location of reported crimes, reverting to police with the information.[60] Between 2016 and 2023, knife crime rose 54% in London, from 9,086 incidents in the year ended 31 March 2016, to 14,000 in the year ended 30 September 2023.[61]
Robbery
Statistics for Robbery (stealing from a person) and Burglary (breaking and entering to commit theft) are reported separately by the Metropolitan Police, sub-divided by residential and business with subgroups for these (eg burglary from unconnected buildings). Theft offences recorded by the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) includes all personal and household crime where items are stolen, but police data are preferred for robbery offences. This is because CSEW results for London are not only sub-sets of national data, but are subject to high year-to-year volatility due to the small number of victims found in the sample.[62]
Following changes in counting rules of crimes, and the later introduction of the National Crime Recording Standard, offences of robbery rose both nationally and within London.[63] In London, offences increased by 25% in 1999, compared with 1998, peaking in 2001/02 when the robbery rate in London reached 7.1 offences per 1,000 population.
In March 2002, the government launched the 'Street Crime Initiative' with the aim of reducing robbery in the most affected police forces.[64] In London, robbery reduced by 27% from 53,547 in 2001/02 to 39,033 in 2004/05. After the initiative had finished, robbery offences increased and stayed at a rate of around 6.0 per 1,000 for the next two financial years, with a steady annual decline across London since 2006/07. The increases in robbery were largely attributed to the rise in youth on youth robberies across London with particular focus around schools and transport interchanges and increased usage and ownership of items such as mobile phones, one of the most commonly stolen items. The increases that followed the end of the street crime initiative were thought somewhat to be a result of the increased mobility of young people when the introduction of oyster cards to provide under-16s free travel on London's transport network was introduced.[65]
Between September 2024-25, there were 54,064 crimes of Robbery (up 8.7% from the previous 12 months) and 36,100 crimes of Burglary (down 6.3%).[3] The theft of mobile phones, while not given its own category in police-reported crime statistics, has been growing. In 2019 there were 91,481 recorded thefts compared to 117,211 in 2024.[66] Demand for second-hand phones, combined with the relative ease with which stolen phones can be re-sold by criminal gangs, are thought to be the main drivers.[67]
Bicycle theft
In 2014, the number of bicycles reported stolen came to 17,809.[68] This compares to 16,187 in the 12 months ending September 2025, down 9.2% from the previous 12 month period.[69] However, the true number of bicycle thefts may be much larger as many victims do not report it to the police. According to the British Crime Survey and Transport for London, only one in four victims of bicycle thefts actually report the crime.[70]
London is significantly more diverse than England as a whole. 46% of Londoners are Black and Minority Ethnic, compared to 14% in the rest of England,[71] and the connections between race and crime have been the subject of multiple studies.
In 2022, the Metropolitan Police published statistics for the racial demographics for various offences committed in London:[72]
Crime
White
Black
Asian
Other
Unknown
Gun offences
26.42%
64.15%
4.40%
2.52%
2.52%
Homicide
29.12%
59.34%
9.34%
1.65%
0.55%
Robbery
32.58%
52.86%
9.12%
3.50%
1.95%
Knife offences
36.50%
47.40%
11.56%
2.49%
2.05%
Black and sometimes other racial minorities in London are both more likely to be stopped by the police as well as to be identified as perpetrators of crime, while less likely to be found guilty than whites
Between July 2017 to June 2018 black people were two times more likely to be stopped than white people. When stopped, whites were more unwilling to state their ethnicity than other racial groups. The most common reason for a search was suspected drugs possession.[73]
In the same year, Asians were most commonly stopped in relation to drugs (66%), followed by blacks (62%). Whites were subjected to a lower level of drug searches (50%). Despite this, whites had the lowest rate of No Further Action (NFA). For Asians, 60% of individuals were NFA and 28% were arrested. For blacks, roughly 61% of individuals were NFA and 20% were arrested. For whites, only 53% were NFA while the arrest rate was 27%. Overall, blacks had the lowest arrest rate and the highest NFA rate - despite being subjected to twice as many searches as whites. When stopped, whites were the most likely to be found in breach of drug laws, having the lowest corresponding no further action rate.[73]
Also in 2017, it was found that white people were more likely to be carrying drugs when stopped and searched - despite being searched up to eight times less than black people.[74] The conviction rate for black suspects in that year was 78.7, compared to the Asian average of 80.3 in the same year and the white conviction rate of 85.3.[75] An MPS report from the same year showed that 38% of acid attack suspects in London were of African Caribbean background and 25% of the victims.[76]
In 2018, statistics showed that black people were over-represented as victims of homicide and in homicide convictions in London, with 48% of murder suspects being black, compared to 13% of the population.[77] However, black people tended to have slightly lower conviction rates, so arrests from accusations were slightly less likely to result in a corresponding conviction.
In 2019, The Guardian quoted figures showing that black people in London are more than four times as likely to be stopped and searched as white people. The Met defended this by saying those from an “African-Caribbean heritage” were more likely than whites to be knife attackers or victims. Despite this, Dr Krisztián Pósch, from the London School of Economics commented: "The data shows that police are not just stopping black people more disproportionately, but are less likely to detect crime when they do compared to when they stop white people”.[78]
In 2020, the National Crime Agency (NCA) identified human trafficking in the UK as a rapidly growing issue with criminal, labour and sexual as the most common forms of exploitation.[79] The Joint Committee On Human Rights state human traffickers tend to be "split between people from the Far East, the Chinese gangs, and Eastern European gangs",[80] with an estimated 70% of London's brothels controlled by Albanians.[81] Albanain gangs were also reported as largely controlling the UK cocaine market.[82]
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