Cuscuta epithymum

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Cuscuta epithymum
Dodder on gorse.jpg
Dodder parasitizing gorse ( Ulex europaeus )
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Solanales
Family: Convolvulaceae
Genus: Cuscuta
Species:
C. epithymum
Binomial name
Cuscuta epithymum
(L.) L. [1] [2]
Synonyms

Lepimenes epithymum (L.) Raf. [3]
Cuscuta europaea var. epithymum L. [4] [5]

Contents

Flowers of C.epithymum Cuscuta epithymum 140808b.jpg
Flowers of C.epithymum

Cuscuta epithymum (dodder, lesser dodder, hellweed, strangle-tare) is a parasitic plant assigned to the family Cuscutaceae or Convolvulaceae, depending on the taxonomy. It is red-pigmented, not being photosynthetically active. It has a filiform habit, like a group of yarns. Its leaves are very small, like flakes. Its flowers, disposed in little glomerules, have a white corolla, with the androecium welded to the corolla.

In Eurasia, this species of dodder would often attach itself to the Conehead thyme (Thymus capitatus), taking on the plant's pungency. This gave rise to its specific name, which means upon thyme and from whence it also derived its host's Arabic name, al-ṣaʿitrah. [6]

Description

C.epithymum is a rootless holoparasitic plant. It has thin (0.25–0.40 mm) hairless filiform (thread-like) stems that are pink, red, yellow or purple. Its leaves are very small and scale-like on the stems. It attaches to the host plant via haustoria. The flowers are white or pink in groups of 7–25, growing directly on the stems. The flowers have five petals and sepals. The petals are joined together forming a cup-like corolla, which is longer than the sepals. The flowers are replaced by small round fruits topped with withered petals. The fruits contain up to four seeds, each about 1 mm long. [3] [7]

Six different varieties of C.epithymum have been described, based on the number, grouping and structure of the flowers. [3]

Distribution

As a native species C.epithymum occurs from Macaronesia in the west throughout most of Europe to as far east as Xinjiang in Northwest China. It is also present in parts of western North Africa. [3]

Invasive species

C.epithymum has been unintentionally introduced into North and South America, Southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand and Primorsky Krai (southeastern Russia). [3] Such introductions probably occurred from the import of contaminated seed from crops that it parasitizes, such as alfalfa. [8]

Host species

C.epithymum parasitizes a wide range of plant species. In Hungary alone it has 391 different host species, 191 of which it was the only Cuscuta species to parasitize. The commonest (>20% affected) host plants are Achillea millefolium (Yarrow), Galium verum (Lady's bedstraw), Arrhenatherum elatius (False oat grass), Plantago lanceolata (Ribwort plantain), Lotus corniculatus (Bird's foot trefoil), Sanguisorba minor (Salad burnet), Festuca rupicola (Furrowed fescue), Teucrium chamaedrys (Wall germander), Daucus carota (Wild carrot) and Convolvulus arvensis (Field bindweed). [9] In northwestern Europe the main host species are dry heathland species such as Ulex europaeus (Gorse), Clover and Calluna vulgaris (Common heather). [3] In Spain it parasitizes Hormathophylla spinosa (Spiny madwort). [10]

Life cycle

C.epithymum is generally regarded as annual and grows from seeds that germinate when conditions are right. The seeds have evidence of both physiological and physical dormancy, allowing them to survive in the soil for several years. [11] Shoots must find a host plant quickly as the seed contains only minimal nutrition. Once the shoot has found a host plant it quickly climbs over it, twisting in a counter-clockwise fashion around the host stems. It then tightens and sends out haustoria that penetrate through the epidermis into the underlying xylem, allowing the parasite to draw both water and nutrients from the host. The stems of the parasite are tightly coiled around the host while other stems remain loosely coiled, allowing them to seek out other parts of the host or a new host. The plant flowers and is either pollinated by insects or, if necessary, is self-pollinated. The seeds are dispersed on the ground beneath the host to await future germination. On some perennial hosts it forms small galls, where parasitic tissue can survive the winter, from which new shoots can grow the following spring. [3]

Medicinal use

This dodder species is widely used in traditional medicine to treat a large variety of ailments. It has been used as a purgative and to treat insanity, depression, leprosy, diabetes, jaundice, liver disorders, spleen disorders, urinary tract disorders, vision problems, syphilis and rheumatism. [6] [3] [7] There are indications of hepatotoxicity when used in high doses over long periods. [12]

Impact on agriculture

Due to the wide range of hosts, its ability of its seeds to lie dormant for long periods and the damage caused to the host plants, C.epithymum is of major economic concern in agriculture, both within its native range and in many places where it has been introduced. In some cases infestation can lead to total loss of the crop. In Romania, all leguminous fodder crops are attacked by this dodder. It is also known to be involved in the transmission of plant viruses to crops, including sugar beet and potato. [8] [13]

Control of this parasite is by a mixture of prevention, such as the removal of dodder seeds from the crop seeds, mechanical control, such as by shallow tillage and biological control, using fungi such as colletotrichum destructivum . [8]

Related Research Articles

<i>Cuscuta</i> Genus of parasitic plants

Cuscuta, commonly known as dodder or amarbel, is a genus of over 201 species of yellow, orange, or red parasitic plants. Formerly treated as the only genus in the family Cuscutaceae, it now is accepted as belonging in the morning glory family, Convolvulaceae, on the basis of the work of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. The genus is found throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the world, with the greatest species diversity in subtropical and tropical regions; the genus becomes rare in cool temperate climates, with only four species native to northern Europe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Convolvulaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Convolvulaceae, commonly called the bindweeds or morning glories, is a family of about 60 genera and more than 1,650 species. These species are primarily herbaceous vines, but also include trees, shrubs and herbs. The tubers of several species are edible, the best known of which is the sweet potato.

<i>Striga</i> Genus of flowering plants belonging to the broomrape family

Striga, commonly known as witchweed, is a genus of parasitic plants that occur naturally in parts of Africa, Asia, and Australia. It is currently classified in the family Orobanchaceae, although older classifications place it in the Scrophulariaceae. Some species are serious pathogens of cereal crops, with the greatest effects being in savanna agriculture in Africa. It also causes considerable crop losses in other regions, including other tropical and subtropical crops in its native range and in the Americas. The generic name derives from Latin strī̆ga, "witch".

<i>Cassytha</i> Genus of flowering plants

Cassytha is a genus of some two dozen species of obligately parasitic vines in the family Lauraceae. Superficially, and in some aspects of their ecology, they closely resemble plants in the unrelated genus Cuscuta, the dodders. When fruit and flowers are absent in the field, the physical resemblance is so close that few people without technical training can discern the difference. In this respect and in their ecology the two genera present a spectacular example of convergent evolution. Nonetheless, Nickrent comments that "Cassytha is uneqivocally assigned to Lauraceae based on (both) morphological and molecular data." In its divergence from habits typical of the Lauraceae, Cassytha also presents examples of mosaic evolution

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parasitic plant</span> Type of plant that derives some or all of its nutritional requirements from another living plant

A parasitic plant is a plant that derives some or all of its nutritional requirements from another living plant. They make up about 1% of angiosperms and are found in almost every biome. All parasitic plants develop a specialized organ called the haustorium, which penetrates the host plant, connecting them to the host vasculature – either the xylem, phloem, or both. For example, plants like Striga or Rhinanthus connect only to the xylem, via xylem bridges (xylem-feeding). Alternately, plants like Cuscuta and some members of Orobanche connect to both the xylem and phloem of the host. This provides them with the ability to extract resources from the host. These resources can include water, nitrogen, carbon and/or sugars. Parasitic plants are classified depending on the location where the parasitic plant latches onto the host, the amount of nutrients it requires, and their photosynthetic capability. Some parasitic plants can locate their host plants by detecting volatile chemicals in the air or soil given off by host shoots or roots, respectively. About 4,500 species of parasitic plants in approximately 20 families of flowering plants are known.

<i>Cuscuta californica</i> Species of flowering plant

Cuscuta californica is a species of dodder known by the common names chaparral dodder and California dodder. This is an annual parasitic plant that may resemble fine strands of spaghetti or twine strewn across other species in its habitat. A mature plant of this species may fulfill all of its food and water needs from the host plant, but they rarely kill their host. It is native to western United States and Baja California in Mexico.

<i>Cuscuta europaea</i> Species of flowering plant

Cuscuta europaea, the greater dodder or European dodder, is a parasitic plant native to Europe, which belongs to the family Convolvulaceae, but was formerly classified in the family Cuscutaceae. It grows on Asteraceae, Cannabaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Fabaceae, Urticaceae and other herbaceous plants, including garden plants such as Coleus and Impatiens, and more occasionally on Humulus. It is a notable parasite of lucerne. In many regions, including the Nepal Eastern Himalayas, this species are used as traditional medicine to treat hepatic diseases.

<i>Cuscuta approximata</i> Species of flowering plant

Cuscuta approximata is a species of dodder known by the common name alfalfa dodder. It is native to Eurasia and Africa, but it is also found in North America, where it is an introduced species and uncommon noxious weed. It is a parasitic vine which climbs other plants and takes nutrition directly from them via a haustorium. The dodder resembles a pile of light yellow to orange-red straw wrapped tightly around its host plant. It is mostly stem; the leaves are reduced to scales on the stem's surface, since they are not needed for photosynthesis while the dodder is obtaining nutrients from its host. It bears clusters of tiny yellowish bell-shaped flowers which are only about 3 millimeters wide. The dodder reproduces by seed, with each plant capable of producing over 10,000 seeds at once. This plant is a weed of alfalfa, clover, and tomatoes, as well as other crop plants and native flora. This species is sometimes treated as a subspecies of Cuscuta epithymum.

<i>Cuscuta salina</i> Species of flowering plant

Cuscuta salina is a species of dodder known by the English name salt marsh dodder and is a native plant of western North America. The habitat includes coastal tidal wetlands in California, as well as saline habitats away from the coast, such as vernal pools and salt flats. Salt Marsh Dodder is a parasitic plant, wrapping orange-colored stems around natural wetland vegetation and absorbing nutrients of host plants via their specialized structures called haustoria.

<i>Cuscuta campestris</i> Species of flowering plant

Cuscuta campestris, with the common names field dodder, golden dodder, large-seeded alfalfa dodder, yellow dodder and prairie dodder, is a parasitic plant which belongs to the family Convolvulaceae. It was formerly classified in the family Cuscutaceae.

<i>Cuscuta japonica</i> Species of flowering plant

Cuscuta japonica, commonly known as Japanese dodder, is a parasitic vine. It has been listed by the State of California as a noxious weed. It has a range of effects on its host and has repeatedly been introduced to the United States of America. C. japonica looks very similar to other vines, making it difficult to distinguish.

<i>Thymus capitatus</i> Species of flowering plant

Thymus capitatus is a compact, woody perennial native to Mediterranean Europe and Turkey, more commonly known as conehead thyme, Persian-hyssop and Spanish oregano. It is also known under the name Thymbra capitata.

<i>Cassytha pubescens</i> Species of plant

Cassytha pubescens is a native Australian hemiparasitic vine species, in the Laurel family. Common names for the species include devils twine, dodder-laurel, spilled devil's twine, snotty gobble or downy dodder-laurel. It is a widespread and common species in south eastern Australia. The species was first formally described in 1810 by the Scottish botanist Robert Brown in Prodromus Flora Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen. Leaves are reduced to scales and photosynthesis is achieved through chlorophyll contained in the plants stems. Stems are between 0.5mm and 1.5mm in diameter and the haustoria are between 2 and 3 mm long.

<i>Cassytha glabella</i> Species of plant

Cassytha glabella, commonly known as the slender devil's twine, is a common twining plant of the Laurel family, found in many of the moister parts of Australia. A hemi-parasitic climber. The specific epithet glabella is from Latin, referring to the lack of hairs. The fruit are sweet and mucousy to taste. The Devil's Twine and Cassytha melantha are similar, but with thicker hairier stems.

<i>Cuscuta pacifica</i> Species of flowering plant

Cuscuta pacifica is a species of dodder. Its common name is goldenthread.

<i>Cuscuta denticulata</i> Species of flowering plant

Cuscuta denticulata, commonly known as desert dodder or small-toothed dodder, is a thin, yellow to orange, parasitic annual vine in the morning glory family (Convulvulaceae), native to the deserts of the south-western United States and northern Mexico.

<i>Cuscuta compacta</i> Species of flowering plant

Cuscuta compacta, the compact dodder, is a parasitic plant that specializes on woody plants. This species is distributed across the Eastern and Midwestern USA, Eastern Canada, and Mexico.

<i>Cuscuta australis</i> Species of flowering plant

Cuscuta australis, commonly known as Australian dodder, is a herb in the family Convolvulaceae.

<i>Cuscuta gronovii</i> Species of flowering plant

Cuscuta gronovii is a yellow vine that grows as a parasite off other plants. It is a dicot.

<i>Cuscuta glomerata</i> Species of flowering plant

Cuscuta glomerata is a parasitic plant in the morning glory family, Convolvuaceae. It is commonly known by the name rope dodder.

References

  1. "Systema vegetabilium ed 13". Linnean Collections. 1774. p. 140. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  2. "IPNI Cuscuta epithymum". International Plant Name Index. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Govaerts, R.; et al. (2018). "Plants of the World online Cuscuta epithymum". Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  4. "APNI Cuscuta epithymum". Australian Plant Name Index. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  5. Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum 1: 124
  6. 1 2 Amar, Z.; Serri, Yaron (2004). The Land of Israel and Syria as Described by al-Tamimi – Jerusalem Physician of the 10th Century (in Hebrew). Ramat-Gan. pp. 70–72 (note 230). ISBN   965-226-252-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) -- ( OCLC   607157392)
  7. 1 2 Chabra, A.; Monadi, T.; Azadbakht, M.; Haerizadeh, S.I. (2019). "Ethnopharmacology of Cuscuta epithymum: A comprehensive review on ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity". Journal of Ethnopharmocology. 231: 555–569. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2018.10.016.
  8. 1 2 3 "Cuscuta epithymum (alfalfa dodder)". CABI Digital Library. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  9. Baráth, K.; Csiky, J. (2012). "Host range and host choice of Cuscuta species in Hungary". Acta Botanica Croatica. 71 (2): 215–227. eISSN   1847-8476. ISSN   0365-0588.
  10. Gomez, J.M. (1994). "Importance of Direct and Indirect Effects in the Interaction between a Parasitic Angiosperm (Cuscuta epithymum) and Its Host Plant (Hormathophylla spinosa)". Oikos. 71: 97–106.
  11. Meulebrouck, K.; Ameloot, E.; Van Assche, J.A.; Verheyen, K.; Hermy, M.; Baskin, C.C. (2008). "Germination ecology of the holoparasite Cuscuta epithymum". Seed Science Research. 18 (1): 25–34. doi:10.1017/S0960258508871139.
  12. Abedini, M.R.; Paki, S.; Mohammadifard, M.; Foadoddini, M.; Vazifeshenas-Darmiyan, K.; Hosseini, M. (2021). "Evaluation of the in vivo and in vitro safety profile of Cuscuta epithymum ethanolic extract". Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine. 11 (6): 645–656. doi:10.22038/AJP.2021.18529.
  13. Tǎnase, M. (2018). "Cuscuta Epithymum L. (Convulvulacae), The most widespread species in southern Transylvania, Romania". Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development. 18 (4): 369–374. eISSN   2285-3952. ISSN   2284-7995.