Diiron nonacarbonyl

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Diiron nonacarbonyl
Diiron nonacarbonyl Fe2(CO)9noFeFe.png
Diiron nonacarbonyl
Diiron nonacarbonyl Diiron-nonacarbonyl-from-xtal-1974-3D-balls.png
Diiron nonacarbonyl
Sample of diiron nonacarbonyl Fe2(CO)9closeUp.png
Sample of diiron nonacarbonyl
Names
IUPAC name
Diiron nonacarbonyl, tri-μ-carbonyl-bis(tricarbonyliron)(Fe—Fe)
Other names
Iron enneacarbonyl
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.035.765 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • 239-359-5
PubChem CID
  • InChI=1S/9CO.2Fe/c9*1-2;; Yes check.svgY
    Key: JCXLZXJCZPKTBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Yes check.svgY
  • InChI=1/9CO.2Fe/c9*1-2;;
    Key: JCXLZXJCZPKTBW-UHFFFAOYAN
  • O=C1[Fe]2(=C=O)(=C=O)(=C=O)C(=O)[Fe]1(=C=O)(=C=O)(=C=O)C2=O
Properties
Fe2C9O9
Molar mass 363.78 g/mol
Appearanceorange crystals
Density 2.08 g/cm3
Melting point decomposes at 100 °C [1]
insoluble
Structure
0 D
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards
Toxic, flammable
GHS labelling:
GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg GHS-pictogram-skull.svg
Danger
Related compounds
Related iron carbonyls
 Iron pentacarbonyl
Triiron dodecacarbonyl
Related compounds
 Dimanganese decacarbonyl
Dicobalt octacarbonyl
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Diiron nonacarbonyl is an organometallic compound with the formula Fe2(CO)9. This metal carbonyl is a reagent in organometallic chemistry and of occasional use in organic synthesis. [2] It is a more reactive source of Fe(0) than Fe(CO)5. This micaceous orange solid is virtually insoluble in all common solvents.

Contents

Synthesis and structure

Following the original method, [3] photolysis of an acetic acid solution of Fe(CO)5 produces Fe2(CO)9 in good yield: [4] [5]

2 Fe(CO)5 → Fe2(CO)9 + CO

Fe2(CO)9 consists of a pair of Fe(CO)3 centers linked by three bridging CO ligands. Although older textbooks show an Fe-Fe bond consistent with the 18 electron rule (8 valence electrons from Fe, two each from the terminal carbonyls, one each from the bridging carbonyls and one from the other Fe atom in the metal-metal bond), theoretical analyses have consistently indicated the absence of a direct Fe-Fe bond: [6] this latter model proposes an Fe-C-Fe three-center-two-electron "banana bond" for one of the bridging carbonyls. The minor isomer has been crystallized together with C60. The iron atoms are equivalent and octahedral molecular geometry. Elucidation of the structure of Fe2(CO)9 proved to be challenging because its low solubility inhibits growth of crystals. The Mößbauer spectrum reveals one quadrupole doublet, consistent with the D3h-symmetric structure.

Reactions

Fe2(CO)9 is a precursor to compounds of the type Fe(CO)4L and Fe(CO)3(diene). Such syntheses are typically conducted as tetrahydrofuran (THF) slurries. In these conversions, it is proposed that small amounts of Fe2(CO)9 dissolve according to the following reaction: [4] [7]

Fe2(CO)9 ⇌ Fe(CO)5 + Fe(CO)4(THF)

Alkene complexes arise by direct reaction of a suspension in warm benzene: [8]

Fe2(CO)9 + RCH=CRH → Fe(CO)5 + Fe(CO)4(RCH=CRH)

In related reaction (benzylideneacetone)iron tricarbonyl, with the formula (C6H5CH=CHC(O)CH3)Fe(CO)3 is prepared by the reaction of diiron nonacarbonyl with benzylideneacetone. [9] This complex is a source of the Fe(CO)3 fragment. Oxidative addition of allyl bromide to diiron nonacarbonyl gives the allyl iron(II) derivative: [10]

Fe2(CO)9 + BrCH2CH=CH2 → FeBr(CO)3(C3H5) + CO + Fe(CO)5

Cyclobutadieneiron tricarbonyl is prepared similarly using 3,4-dichlorocyclobutene, as described in the following idealized equation: [11]

C4H4Cl2 + Fe2(CO)9 → (C4H4)Fe(CO)3 + FeCl2 + 6 CO

Fe2(CO)9 has also been employed in the synthesis of cyclopentadienones via a net [2+3]-cycloaddition from dibromoketones, known as the Noyori [3+2] reaction. [12]

Low temperature (15 K) UV/vis photolysis of Fe2(CO)9 yields the unsaturated complex Fe2(CO)8, which exists as both CO-bridged and unbridged isomers. [13]

Safety

Metal carbonyls are typically treated as if they are highly toxic. [4]

References

  1. ↑ Dewar, J., & Jones, H. O. (1907). On a New Iron Carbonyl, and on the Action of Light and of Heat on the Iron Carbonyls. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 79(527), 66–80. doi:10.1098/rspa.1907.0015
  2. ↑ Elschenbroich, C.; Salzer, A. (1992). Organometallics : A Concise Introduction (2 ed.). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN   3-527-28165-7.
  3. ↑ Edmund Speyer; Hans Wolf (1924). "Über die Bildungsweise von Eisen-nonacarbonyl aus Eisen-pentacarbonyl". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 60 (6): 1424–1425. doi:10.1002/cber.19270600626.
  4. 1 2 3 King, R. B. Organometallic Syntheses. Volume 1 Transition-Metal Compounds; Academic Press: New York, 1965. ISBN   0-444-42607-8.
  5. ↑ E. H. Braye; W. Hübel (1966). "Diiron Enneacarbonyl". Inorganic Syntheses. 8: 178–181. doi:10.1002/9780470132395.ch46.
  6. ↑ Jennifer C. Green, Malcolm L. H. Green, Gerard Parkin "The occurrence and representation of three-centre two-electron bonds in covalent inorganic compounds" Chem. Commun. 2012, 11481-11503. doi : 10.1039/c2cc35304k
  7. ↑ Cotton, F. Albert; Troup, Jan M. (1974). "Reactivity of diiron nonacarbonyl in tetrahydrofuran. I. Isolation and Characterization of Pyridinetetracarbonyliron and Pyrazinetetracarbonyliron". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 96 (11): 3438–3443. Bibcode:1974JAChS..96.3438C. doi:10.1021/ja00818a016.
  8. ↑ Weiss, E.; Stark, K.; Lancaster, J. E.; Murdoch, H. D. (1963). "π-Olefin-eisentetracarbonyl-Komplexe mit Liganden der Malein-, Fumar-, Acryl-, Methacryl- und Zimtsäure-Reihe". Helvetica Chimica Acta. 46: 288–297. doi:10.1002/hlca.19630460128.
  9. ↑ Domingos, A. J. P.; Howell, J. A. S.; Johnson, B. F. G.; Lewis, J. (1990). "Reagents for the Synthesis of η-Diene Complexes of Tricarbonyliron and Tricarbonylruthenium". Inorganic Syntheses. 28: 52–55. doi:10.1002/9780470132593.ch11. ISBN   9780470132593.
  10. ↑ Putnik, Charles F.; Welter, James J.; Stucky, Galen D.; d'Aniello, M. J.; Sosinsky, B. A.; Kirner, J. F.; Muetterties, E. L. (1978). "Metal Clusters in Catalysis. 15. A Structural and Chemical Study of a Dinuclear Metal Complex, Hexacarbonylbis(η3-2-propenyl)diiron(Fe-Fe)". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 100 (13): 4107–4116. doi:10.1021/ja00481a020.
  11. ↑ Pettit, R.; Henery, J. (1970). "Cyclobutadieneiron Tricarbonyl". Organic Syntheses. 50: 21. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.050.0021.
  12. ↑ R. Noyori; Yokoyama, K.; Hayakawa, Y. (1988). "Cyclopentanones from α,α'-Dibromoketones and Enamines: 2,5-Dimethyl-3-Phenyl-2-Cyclopenten-1-one". Organic Syntheses ; Collected Volumes, vol. 6, p. 520.
  13. ↑ Susan C. Fletcher; Martyn Poliakoff; James J. Turner (1986). "Structure and Reactions of Fe2(CO)8: An IR Spectroscopic Study Using 13C Photolysis with Plane-Polarized Light, and Matrix Isolation". Inorg. Chem. 25 (20): 3597. doi:10.1021/ic00240a014.
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