Dollar vans in the New York metropolitan area

Last updated

A dollar van in Union City, New Jersey 10.2.09UnionCityDollarVanByLuigiNovi.jpg
A dollar van in Union City, New Jersey

In the New York metropolitan area, dollar vans are a form of semi-formal public transportation. Dollar vans serve major corridors in Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx that lack adequate subway and bus service. A variant of the dollar van, the jitney, also serves areas in eastern New Jersey and transports them to Manhattan.

Contents

Within the New York City area, the term "dollar van" originates from the vans which charged one dollar during the 1980 New York City transit strike. Drivers capitalized on the lack of transportation available and subsequently needed throughout the city. Today, dollar vans can still be seen across multiple boroughs. However, prices now typically range from two to six dollars per fare. Often, dollar vans serve what are known as transit deserts, areas that are made up of poor modes of travel and often have many gaps in their transit systems. These "transit deserts" result from a lack of service from MTA Regional Bus Operations routes, or the removal of such service.

Traditionally, the operation of dollar vans has been by immigrants who bring their own culture stateside. Usually Caribbean and Haitian immigrants operate in eastern Queens and Brooklyn, while Chinese immigrants operate within New York City's Chinatowns. Often, drivers modify their vans to add additional amenities, usually inspired from one's culture. The dollar vans have numerous benefits in that they can transport passengers efficiently, and provide a sense of community to the ethnic groups that use them. However, dollar vans also provide competition to licensed drivers, which cannot pick up passengers at MTA bus stops, and are generally more flexible in operations. While permits are available via application through New York City's government, intense licensing requirements and an especially high cost of insurance results in many drivers staying unlicensed and unregulated. [1]

Operations

Dollar vans started operating after the 1980 New York City transit strike, when all transit operated by New York City Transit Authority was stopped. Residents of transit-deprived parts of New York City started a share taxi service with minibuses and their own private vehicles. The fare on each of these share taxis was one dollar. Even after the strike ended, share taxis continued to operate, evolving into higher-capacity "dollar vans" with seats for up to 13 people. [2] During the 2005 New York City transit strike, dollar vans were also used. [3] [4]

Dollar vans and other jitneys mainly serve low-income, immigrant communities in transit deserts, which lack sufficient bus and subway service. Although dollar vans are often dependably punctual and frequent, they often do not have any websites, brochures, stops, or customer service booths. Most riders become familiar with dollar vans either by word of mouth or by actually seeing the vans in public. [2] The vans can pick up and drop off anywhere along a route, and payment is made at the end of a trip. During periods when even limited public mass transit is unavailable, such as the January 2005 Green Bus Lines and Command Bus Company strike or the December 2005 transit strike, dollar vans may become the only feasible method of transportation for many commuters. In such situations, city governments may pass legislation to deter price gouging. [5] However, many such vans are low-priced anyway, often cheaper than the subway or bus. [2]

In New Jersey, 6,500 jitney buses are registered, and are required to have an "Omnibus" license plate, which denotes the vehicle's federal registration. They are also required to undergo inspection by the state MVC mobile inspection team on the vehicles' companies' property twice a year, and be subject to surprise inspection. Drivers of jitneys are required to qualify for a Class B or Class C Commercial Drivers License (CDL), depending on whether the vehicle seats up to 15 or 30 passengers. Violations against a driver's CDL must be resolved and result in payment of fines prior to resumption of driving on the driver's part, with retesting required if the driver waits longer than three years to resolve the issues. [6]

The New York City-area dollar van system is highly used, and in 2011, it was rated the 20th most used "bus system" in the United States. [7] The dollar van and jitney system has been praised as "quietly disruptive" as compared to other vehicle for hire services such as Uber. This has allowed the vans to operate without being restricted by the Taxi and Limousine Commission (TLC). [8]

Areas served

Chinese-operated dollar vans (which are distinct from, and not to be confused with, Chinatown bus lines), go from Manhattan's Chinatown to places in Sunset Park, Brooklyn; Elmhurst, Queens; and Flushing, Queens. There is also a service from Flushing to Sunset Park that does not pass through Manhattan. At $2.50, a ride on Chinatown dollar vans is usually cheaper than on the subway and bus systems. The vans, which are mostly in the Chinese language, are used mainly by non-English-speaking Chinese immigrants in Queens and Brooklyn, who have moved to the outer boroughs because living in Manhattan is too expensive. The dollar vans, which take about half as long to travel as the subway does between the same two points, allow Chinese communities in New York City to be closely connected to each other. [2] [7] Some Chinese vans may make stops at places pre-arranged by the customer. [9]

In central Brooklyn, there are many dollar vans that are operated mainly by Haitians and other Caribbean immigrants. One account described these vans as "dollar vans with Haitian flags tied to their antennae, Bible scriptures in colorful decals across their windshields, advertisements for local reggae concerts pasted on their side windows, and forests of rainbow-colored air fresheners dangling from their rearview mirrors." Routes run from Flatlands, Kings Plaza, and Midwood to the Crown Heights – Utica Avenue subway station, Fulton Mall, and Barclays Center, with other vans ferrying people from Flatbush Avenue to Utica Avenue. [2] These dollar vans, which serve the West Indian communities of Crown Heights, Flatbush, East Flatbush, and Prospect Lefferts Gardens, usually cost $2 a fare. They pick up passengers at pre-designated stops, which are sometimes at bus stops. [10] They also provide alternatives to bus routes such as the B41 and B46. [11]

In Jamaica, Queens, vans go to southeast Queens and Far Rockaway. Most vans operate from the Jamaica Center – Parsons/Archer subway terminal. In Queens, the van system is more official; there are fewer unlicensed vans and twice as many licensed vans as in Brooklyn, and several dedicated loading spots have been allocated to these vans. The Jamaica Center-based vans provide an alternative mode of transportation to bus routes such as the Q4 to Cambria Heights, the Q113 to Far Rockaway, and the Q5 and Q85 to Green Acres Mall. [11] [2]

When the MTA discontinued some bus routes on June 27, 2010, operators of commuter vans were allowed to take over certain discontinued bus routes. [11] [12] Such routes included the Q74 and Q79 in Queens, as well as the B23, B39, and B71 in Brooklyn. [13]

In Edenwald, Bronx, a van takes passengers 1 mile (1.6 km) to the subway at 233rd Street for $2; the fare is halved for school-age kids. Many passengers and van drivers know each other, and most van drivers are Caribbean. For an additional 25 cents, van drivers drop riders off directly at their homes; help older passengers to their doorways; and assist patrons in carrying packages. This dollar van route was founded in 1984 after the Bx16 bus stopped serving Edenwald Avenue. [2]

Denser urban areas of northern New Jersey, such as Hudson, Bergen and Passaic County, are also served by dollar vans, [2] [14] [15] which are commonly known as jitneys, and most of which are run by Spanish Transportation and Community Line, Inc. [16] Nungessers, along the Anderson Avenue-Bergenline Avenue transit corridor is a major origination/termination point, as are 42nd Street in Manhattan, Newport Mall and Five Corners in Jersey City, and GWB Plaza in Fort Lee. [17] These interstate vans are under the purview of the federal government. [2]

Criticism

Travelers cite safety, comfort, reliability and cost as factors in choosing larger bus service over jitneys. Hudson County commuters who prefer NJ Transit buses, for example, cite senior citizen discounts and air conditioning among their reasons, which has led some jitney operators to display bumper stickers advertising air conditioning aboard their vehicles in order to lure passengers. Some who prefer the buses will nonetheless take the jitneys if they arrive before the buses, as they pass bus stops more frequently than the buses and are cheaper. [6] [18] Others choose buses because, they claim, jitney drivers are less safe, and are prone to using cell phones and playing loud music while driving. Although Union City jitney driver Samuel Martinez has complained that authorities unfairly target them and not the larger buses, North Bergen Patrol Commander Lt. James Somers has contended that jitneys are less safe, and sometimes exhibit higher levels of aggressive driving in order to pick up passengers, which has led to arguments among drivers. Somers also stated that police can only stop a vehicle that appears to have an obvious problem, and that only certified inspectors from the state MVC can stop a vehicle for less apparent, more serious problems. [6]

Dollar vans may change ownership over the course of decades, and the mostly immigrant drivers are subject to police searches. Between 1994 and 2015, the TLC issued 418 van licenses, although the vast majority of vans are unlicensed. Licensed vans cannot pick up at New York City bus stops, and all pick-ups must be predetermined and all passengers logged. Additionally, in the 1980s and 1990s, the predominantly black and mostly immigrant dollar van drivers stated that they were harassed "day and night" by the New York City Police Department (NYPD), with some van drivers having their keys confiscated and thrown away by NYPD officers. [2]

Regulation

In 2006, the New York City Council began debate on greater industry regulation, including requiring all dollar vans to be painted in a specific color to make them easier to recognize, similar to the public light buses in Hong Kong. [19] [20]

Over the course of the 2000s, surprise inspections in Hudson County have been imposed on jitney operators, whose lack of regulation, licensing or regular scheduling has been cited as the cause for numerous fines. A series of such inspections of the vans on Bergenline Avenue in June 2010 resulted in 285 citation violations, including problems involving brake lights, bald tires, steering wheels, suspensions, exhaust pipes, and emergency doors welded shut. An early July 2010 surprise inspection by the Hudson County Prosecutor's Office, which receives federal funding for regulating jitneys, found 23 out of 33 jitneys to be unsafe, which were taken out of service. [6] [21] Claims have also been made that jitneys cause congestion and undermine licensed bus service. [22] Drivers of these vans have also developed a reputation for ignoring traffic laws in the course of competing for fares, picking up and dropping off passengers at random locations, and driving recklessly. [18]

In 2012, four Chinatown vans were seized for carrying too many passengers over the legal limit of 19. [9] In 2014, over 1,000 dollar vans were seized by TLC and NYPD inspectors for illegal dollar van operations. However, most vans were returned to their owners within relatively short periods of time. [23]

On July 30, 2013, an accident occurred at 56th Street and Boulevard East in West New York, New Jersey, in which Angelie Paredes, an 8-month-old North Bergen resident, was killed in her stroller when a full-sized [24] jitney bus belonging to the New York-based Sphinx company toppled a light pole. The driver, Idowu Daramola of Queens, was arrested and charged with a number of offenses, including using a cell phone while driving. [25] [26] [27] Officials also stated that he was speeding; [18] however, this was later disputed by an investigator to the scene who concluded that there was insufficient evidence to determine the speed of the bus. [24] At an August 6 press conference, legislators including U.S. Representative Albio Sires, New Jersey State Senator Nicholas Sacco, State Assembly members Vincent Prieto, Charles Mainor and Angelica Jimenez, West New York Mayor Felix Roque, Weehawken Mayor Richard Turner, Guttenberg Mayor Gerald Drasheff, Freeholder Junior Maldonado and Hudson County Sheriff Frank Schillari, noted that problems with jitneys existed since the 1980s, and called for stricter regulations for drivers and bus companies. This included increased monitoring and enforcement, and heightened participation by the public in identifying poor drivers, [27] as jitneys had been exempt from regulations imposed on buses and other forms of transportation. [28] In February 2014, Governor Chris Christie signed Angelie's Law, which strengthens regulations on commuter buses. [29] [30]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metro-North Railroad</span> Commuter rail service in New York and Connecticut

Metro-North Railroad, trading as MTA Metro-North Railroad, is a suburban commuter rail service operated by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), a public authority of the U.S. state of New York. Metro-North serves the New York Metropolitan Area, running service between New York City and its northern suburbs in New York and Connecticut, including Port Jervis, Spring Valley, Poughkeepsie, Yonkers, New Rochelle, Mount Vernon, White Plains, Southeast and Wassaic in New York and Stamford, New Canaan, Danbury, Bridgeport, Waterbury, and New Haven in Connecticut. Service in Connecticut is operated under contract with the Connecticut Department of Transportation. Metro-North also provides local rail service within the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NJ Transit</span> Public transportation system

New Jersey Transit Corporation, branded as NJ Transit or NJTransit and often shortened to NJT, is a state-owned public transportation system that serves the U.S. state of New Jersey and portions of the states of New York and Pennsylvania. It operates buses, light rail, and commuter rail services throughout the state, connecting to major commercial and employment centers both within the state and in its two adjacent major cities, New York City and Philadelphia. In 2023, the system had a ridership of 209,259,800.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Newark Light Rail</span> Light rail system

The Newark Light Rail (NLR) is a light rail system serving Newark, New Jersey, and surrounding areas, owned by New Jersey Transit and operated by its bus operations division. The service consists of two segments, the original Newark City Subway (NCS), and the extension to Broad Street station. The City Subway opened on May 16, 1935, while the combined Newark Light Rail service was officially inaugurated on July 17, 2006.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Proposed expansion of the New York City Subway</span>

Since the opening of the original New York City Subway line in 1904, and throughout the subway's history, various official and planning agencies have proposed numerous extensions to the subway system. The first major expansion of the subway system was the Dual Contracts, a set of agreements between the City of New York and the IRT and the BRT. The system was expanded into the outer reaches of the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Queens, and it provided for the construction of important lines in Manhattan. This one expansion of the system provided for a majority of today's system.

A share taxi, shared taxi, taxibus, or jitney or dollar van in the US, or marshrutka in former Soviet countries, is a mode of transport which falls between a taxicab and a bus. Share taxis are a form of paratransit; they are vehicles for hire are typically smaller than buses and usually take passengers on a fixed or semi-fixed route without timetables, sometimes only departing when all seats are filled. They may stop anywhere to pick up or drop off their passengers. They are most common in developing countries or inner cities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Port Authority Bus Terminal</span> Bus station in Manhattan, New York

The Port Authority Bus Terminal is a bus terminal located in Manhattan in New York City. It is the busiest bus terminal in the world by volume of traffic, serving about 8,000 buses and 225,000 people on an average weekday and more than 65 million people a year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Secaucus Junction</span> NJ Transit and Metro-North Railroad station

Secaucus Junction is an intermodal transit hub served by New Jersey Transit and Metro-North Railroad in Secaucus, New Jersey. It is one of the busiest railway stations in North America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hoboken Terminal</span> Commuter station in Hoboken, New Jersey

Hoboken Terminal is a commuter-oriented intermodal passenger station in Hoboken, Hudson County, New Jersey. One of the New York metropolitan area's major transportation hubs, it is served by eight NJ Transit (NJT) commuter rail lines, an NJ Transit event shuttle to Meadowlands Sports Complex, one Metro-North Railroad line, various NJT buses and private bus lines, the Hudson–Bergen Light Rail, the Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) rapid transit system, and NY Waterway-operated ferries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Newark Penn Station</span> Transportation center in Newark, New Jersey

Newark Penn Station is an intermodal passenger station in Newark, New Jersey. One of the New York metropolitan area's major transportation hubs, Newark Penn Station is served by multiple rail and bus carriers, making it the seventh busiest rail station in the United States, and the fourth busiest in the New York City metropolitan area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NY Waterway</span> Ferry company

NY Waterway, or New York Waterway, is a private transportation company running ferry and bus service in the Port of New York and New Jersey and in the Hudson Valley. The company utilizes public-private partnership with agencies such as the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, New Jersey Transit, New York City Department of Transportation, and Metropolitan Transportation Authority to provide service and maintain docking facilities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transportation in New York City</span>

The transportation system of New York City is a network of complex infrastructural systems. New York City, being the most populous city in the United States, has a transportation system which includes one of the largest and busiest subway systems in the world; the world's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel; and an aerial tramway. New York City is home to an extensive bus system in each of the five boroughs; citywide and Staten Island ferry systems; and numerous yellow taxis and boro taxis throughout the city. Private cars are less used compared to other cities in the rest of the United States.

Transportation in New York is made up of some of the most extensive and one of the oldest transportation infrastructures in the country. Engineering difficulties because of the terrain of the State of New York and the unique issues of New York City brought on by urban crowding have had to be overcome since the state was young. Population expansion of the state generally followed the path of the early waterways, first the Hudson River and then the Erie Canal. Today, railroad lines and the New York State Thruway follow the same general route.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of transportation in New York City</span>

Transportation in New York City has ranged from strong Dutch authority in the 17th century, expansionism during the industrial era in the 19th century and half of the 20th century, to cronyism during the Robert Moses era. The shape of New York City's transportation system changed as the city did, and the result is an expansive modern-day system of industrial-era infrastructure. New York City, being the most populous city in the United States, has a transportation system which includes one of the largest subway systems in the world; the world's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel; and an aerial tramway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hampton Jitney</span> Motorcoach company in Southampton, NY, USA

Hampton Jitney is a commuter bus company based in Southampton, New York. It operates three primary routes from the east end of Long Island to New York City. Hampton Jitney also operates charter and tour services, along with local transit bus service in eastern Suffolk County under contract with Suffolk County Transit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transportation in New Jersey</span>

Transportation in New Jersey utilizes a combination of road, rail, air, and water modes. New Jersey is situated between Philadelphia and New York City, two major metropolitan centers of the Boston-Washington megalopolis, making it a regional corridor for transportation. As a result, New Jersey's freeways carry high volumes of interstate traffic and products. The main thoroughfare for long distance travel is the New Jersey Turnpike, the nation's fifth-busiest toll road. The Garden State Parkway connects the state's densely populated north to its southern shore region. New Jersey has the 4th smallest area of U.S. states, but its population density of 1,196 persons per sq. mi causes congestion to be a major issue for motorists.

The Broadway Bus Terminal is a major local and regional bus terminal in Paterson, New Jersey operated by New Jersey Transit. It is located on Broadway between Memorial Drive and West Broadway in Downtown Paterson, putting it near Passaic County Community College and a few blocks from Paterson City Hall and the Great Falls Historic District, including the Great Falls.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nungessers</span> Junction in Bergen and Hudson counties, New Jersey, US

Nungessers is the name of the confluence of roads that meet at the Hudson and Bergen county line at North Bergen and Fairview in northeastern New Jersey. The area is the former site of the Nungesser's Gutenberg Racetrack, a late 19th-century gaming and gambling venue. The neighborhood just south of Nungesser's is called the Racetrack Section and the municipality of Guttenberg is nearby. A White Castle, an early drive-in fast-food chain, originally built in the 1930s has long been a landmark in the neighborhood, as has adjacent North Hudson Park.

Spanish Transportation, officially Spanish Transportation Service Corporation, and operating under the name Express Service, is a privately operated bus company, which leases minibuses to individual operators, who provide service in and between various communities in northeastern New Jersey and to Manhattan in New York City. The fleet consists mostly of jitneys, often called "the Spanish bus" or "dollar vans" by their English-speaking users, or guaguas by their majority-Spanish clientele.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bus rapid transit in New Jersey</span>

Bus rapid transit (BRT) in New Jersey comprises limited-stop bus service, exclusive bus lanes (XBL) and bus bypass shoulders (BBS). Under the banner Next Generation Bus NJ Transit (NJT), the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT), and the metropolitan planning organizations of New Jersey (MPO) which recommend and authorize transportation projects are undertaking the creation of several additional BRT systems in the state.

OMNY is a contactless fare payment system, currently being implemented for use on public transit in the New York metropolitan area. OMNY can currently be used to pay fares at all New York City Subway and Staten Island Railway stations, on all MTA buses, AirTrain JFK, Metro North's Hudson Rail Link, and on the Roosevelt Island Tram; when completely rolled out, it will also replace the MetroCard on Bee-Line buses, and NICE buses. OMNY will also expand beyond the current scope of the MetroCard to include the Long Island Rail Road and Metro-North Railroad.

References

  1. ↑ Goldwyn, Eric Louis (2017). An Informal Transit System Hiding in Plain Sight: Brooklyn's Dollar Vans and Transportation Planning and Policy in New York City (Thesis). Columbia University. doi:10.7916/d8w959rp.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Reiss, Aaron. "New York's Shadow Transit". The New Yorker . Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
  3. ↑ Henderson, Christopher (December 22, 2005). "Crowds Overrun LIRR Station While Traffic Crawls In Jamaica" Archived 2018-01-26 at the Wayback Machine . Queens Chronicle
  4. ↑ Joiner, Bryan (January 20, 2005). "Long Stalemate Expected After Union Quits Strike Negotiations" Archived 2018-03-16 at the Wayback Machine . Queens Chronicle.
  5. ↑ Richardson, Lynda (December 12, 1999). "As Transit Strike Looms, 'Dollar Vans' and Ferries Are Poised to Cash In". The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 23, 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Tirella, Tricia (July 25, 2010). "Fierce competition surrounds jitney buses" Archived 2016-05-20 at the Wayback Machine . The Union City Reporter . pp. 1 and 9
  7. 1 2 Margonelli, Lisa (October 5, 2011). "The (Illegal) Private Bus System That Works". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on October 8, 2015. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
  8. ↑ Holmes, David (July 8, 2014). "Anti-Uber: The quiet disruption of NYC dollar vans". Pando. Archived from the original on August 3, 2015. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  9. 1 2 "The Brief Wondrous Life of the One Dollar Bus". Flushing Exceptionalism. August 19, 2012. Archived from the original on May 28, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  10. ↑ Romeo, Speedy (December 6, 2012). "A hail of a ride: A BK dollar van map". Brokelyn. Archived from the original on November 23, 2015. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
  11. 1 2 3 Santos, Fernanda (June 9, 2010). "Licensed and Illegal Vans Fight It Out". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  12. ↑ Chow, Lisa (June 25, 2010). "Up from Underground: Demand Drives Dollar Van Industry". wnyc.org . New York, NY: WNYC. Archived from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  13. ↑ Bernstein, Andrea (July 5, 2010). "Commuter Vans Authorized to Run on Discontinued Bus Routes" Archived 2012-03-10 at the Wayback Machine . WNYC-FM.
  14. ↑ "Minutes of the Meeting Of the Historic New Bridge Landing Park Commission". March 6, 2008
  15. ↑ Cowen, Richard & Bautista, Justo (November 3, 2006). "Police arrest 7 in jitney hijacking". The Bergen Record .
  16. ↑ "Best Things to do in Secaucus NJ New Jersey" Archived 2016-08-11 at the Wayback Machine Hotel Planner; Accessed August 7, 2010
  17. ↑ "Hudson County Bus Circulation and Infrastructure Study" [ permanent dead link ]. HudsonCountyNJ.org. Prepared for Hudson County Division of Planning. June 2007. Accessed August 7, 2010 (PDF file)
  18. 1 2 3 Semple, Kirk (August 13, 2013). "New Jersey Jitney Drivers Squeezed Between Competition and Demands for More Safety". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
  19. ↑ Lueck, Thomas J. (March 30, 2006). "New Yorkers May Soon Be Able to Tell A Van, as They Do a Cab, by Its Color". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 29, 2018. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
  20. ↑ Wohlwend, Lynn (April 6, 2006). "Council Eyes Color Coding To Make 'Dollar Vans' Safer" Archived 2018-07-26 at the Wayback Machine . Queens Chronicle.
  21. ↑ Hague, Jim (May 13, 2007). "Erratic driving, lack of licensing: Prosecutor's Office cracks down on commuter vans". The Hudson Reporter
  22. ↑ "Hudson County Master Plan: Chapter IV: Circulation Plan". HudsonCountyNJ.org. Accessed August 7, 2010
  23. ↑ Kern-Jedrychowska, Ewa (September 23, 2014). "1,000 'Dollar Vans' Seized Since Last Year, But Most Return to Street". DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on October 9, 2015. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
  24. 1 2 Haydon, Tom (June 22, 2016). "Bus driver charged in crash that killed infant breaks down at trial" Archived 2016-06-23 at the Wayback Machine . NJ.com
  25. ↑ "Family Devastated After Death Of Infant In West New York Bus Crash". CBS News. July 31, 2013. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
  26. ↑ Williams, Barbara (August 4, 2013). "Family to hold public prayer vigil for infant girl killed in West New York jitney bus accident" Archived 2014-02-21 at the Wayback Machine . NorthJersey.com.
  27. 1 2 Passantino, Joseph (August 11, 2013). "Never again, legislators say" Archived 2016-08-09 at the Wayback Machine . The Hudson Reporter .
  28. ↑ "Parents of infant killed in jitney accident sue driver, owner". "Briefs". The Union City Reporter. March 9, 2014. pp. 4 and 5.
  29. ↑ "N.J. Pols Introduce 'Angelie's Law' Targeting Distracted Commuter Van Drivers". CBS New York. January 30, 2014. Archived from the original on September 20, 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
  30. ↑ Conte, Michaelangelo (March 5, 2014). "'Angelie's Law' makes jitney victim a hero because of lives that will be saved". NJ.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.