Elaeagnus angustifolia

Last updated

Elaeagnus angustifolia
Korina 2012-05-15 Elaeagnus angustifolia 1.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Elaeagnaceae
Genus: Elaeagnus
Species:
E. angustifolia
Binomial name
Elaeagnus angustifolia
L.
Synonyms [1]
List
    • Elaeagnus argentea Moench (1794)
    • Elaeagnus caspica (Sosn.) Grossh. (1949)
    • Elaeagnus dactyliformis Schltdl. (1857)
    • Elaeagnus erivanensis Fisch. ex Schltdl. (1857)
    • Elaeagnus hortensis M.Bieb. (1808)
    • Elaeagnus igda (Servett.) Tzvelev (2002)
    • Elaeagnus iliensis (Musch.) Musch. (1966)
    • Elaeagnus incana Lam. (1779)
    • Elaeagnus inermis Mill. (1756)
    • Elaeagnus litoralis (Servett.) Kozlowsk. (1958)
    • Elaeagnus moorcroftii Wall. ex Schltdl. (1860)
    • Elaeagnus orientalis L. (1767)
    • Elaeagnus oxycarpa Schltdl. (1860)
    • Elaeagnus songarica (Bernh. ex Schltdl.) Schltdl. (1860)
    • Elaeagnus spinosa L. (1756)
    • Elaeagnus tifliensis Vis. (1842)
    • Elaeagnus tomentosa Moench (1794)
    • Elaeagnus turcomanica Kozlowsk. (1954)

Elaeagnus angustifolia, commonly called Russian olive, [2] silver berry, [3] oleaster, [3] or wild olive, [3] is a species of Elaeagnus , native to Asia and limited areas of eastern Europe. It is widely established in North America as an introduced species. [4] [5]

Contents

Description

Elaeagnus angustifolia is a thorny tree growing to 35 feet (11 metres) in height. [6] Its stems, buds, and leaves have a dense covering of silvery to rusty scales. The leaves are alternate, lanceolate, 4–9 centimetres (1+123+12 inches) long and 1–2.5 cm (38–1 in) broad, with a smooth margin. The plants begin to flower and fruit from 3 years old. The highly aromatic flowers, produced in clusters of one to three, are 1 cm long with a four-lobed creamy yellow calyx; they appear in early summer and are followed by clusters of fruit, a small cherry-like drupe 1–1.7 cm (3858 in) long, orange-red covered in silvery scales. The fruits are about 1 cm wide [7] and sweet, though with a dryish, mealy texture. [8] [9] [10]

The species is established and reproduced primarily by seed, with some vegetative propagation also occurring. [11] The branches have thorns that can be 2–7 cm (342+34 in) long.

Taxonomy

The species was described as Zizyphus cappadocica by John Gerard, and was grown by John Parkinson by 1633. [12] Its common name comes from its similarity in appearance to the olive (Olea europaea), in a different botanical family, the Oleaceae.

Range

The native range of oleaster trees is from Ukraine and Turkey in the west and then eastwards through southern Russia and Central Asia into China. In the eastern Mediterranean this includes the East Aegean Islands, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, and Israel. Further east in Asia the native range stretches into Afghanistan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and the nations of the Caucasus. In India they are found in the western Himalayas. There is a disjunct population in Myanmar and Assam. Neighboring Russia and China they grow natively in Mongolia and in China they are found in the north-central, southeast, Inner Mongolia, Manchuria, Qinghai, and Xinjiang. [1]

Ecology

Russian olive invading a rare cienega in New Mexico, United States Cienega2.jpg
Russian olive invading a rare ciénega in New Mexico, United States

The shrub can fix nitrogen in its roots, [13] enabling it to grow on bare mineral substrates.

The caterpillars of the high altitude alpine moth Lachana alpherakii use it as a host plant. [14] The fruit is readily eaten and the seeds disseminated by many species of birds.

Invasive behavior

The species was introduced into North America by the late 19th century, and was both planted and spread through the consumption of its fruits (which seldom ripen in England), [15] by birds, which disperse the seeds. [11] Russian olive is considered to be an invasive species in many places in the United States because it thrives on poor soil, has high seedling survival rates, matures in a few years, and out-competes the native vegetation. It often invades riparian habitats where the canopy of cottonwood trees has died. Its quick-spreading root system can make it pest-like.

Uses

Dried oleaster fruit (senjed) among other fruits as part of haft mewa, an Afghan dish Haft Mewa Afghan Dish.jpg
Dried oleaster fruit (senjed) among other fruits as part of haft mēwa, an Afghan dish

It is widely grown across southern and central Europe as a drought and cold-resistant ornamental plant for its scented flowers, edible fruit, [7] attractive yellow foliage and black bark. [11]

In Iran, the dried powder of the fruit is used mixed with milk for rheumatoid arthritis and joint pains. There is evidence supporting beneficial effects of aqueous extract of Persian olive in reducing the symptoms of osteoarthritis with an efficacy comparable to that of acetaminophen and ibuprofen. [16]

It is one of the seven items used in Haft-sin, a traditional table setting of Nowruz, the traditional Persian spring celebration. The dried fruit, known locally as senjed, is one of seven served in its own syrup in a fruit salad called haft mēwa eaten during Nowruz in Afghanistan. [17] [18]

Chemistry

E. angustifolia contains the alkaloids harmine, harmane, and harmol in the roots and shoot, as well as calligonine in the bark. [19]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elaeagnaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

The Elaeagnaceae are a plant family, the oleaster family, of the order Rosales comprising small trees and shrubs, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, south into tropical Asia and Australia. The family has about 60 species in three genera.

<i>Ptelea trifoliata</i> Species of tree

Ptelea trifoliata, commonly known as common hoptree, wafer ash, stinking ash, and skunk bush, is a species of flowering plant in the citrus family (Rutaceae). It is native to North America, where it is found in Canada, Mexico, and the United States. It is a deciduous shrub or tree, with alternate, trifoliate leaves.

<i>Elaeagnus umbellata</i> Species of flowering plant

Elaeagnus umbellata is known as Japanese silverberry, umbellata oleaster, autumn olive, autumn elaeagnus, spreading oleaster, autumnberry, or autumn berry. The species is indigenous to eastern Asia and ranges from the Himalayas eastwards to Japan. It is a hardy, aggressive invasive species able to readily colonize barren land, becoming a troublesome plant in the central and northeastern United States and Europe.

<i>Elaeagnus</i> Genus of flowering plants in the family Elaeagnaceae

Elaeagnus, silverberry or oleaster, is a genus of about 50–70 species of flowering plants in the family Elaeagnaceae.

Oleaster, signifying a plant like an olive, but less valuable, may be applied to:

<i>Frangula californica</i> Species of tree

Frangula californica is a species of flowering plant in the buckthorn family native to western North America. It produces edible fruits and seeds. It is commonly known as California coffeeberry and California buckthorn.

<i>Elaeagnus multiflora</i> Species of flowering plant

Elaeagnus multiflora, the cherry elaeagnus, cherry silverberry, goumi, gumi, or natsugumi, is a species of Elaeagnus native to China, Korea, and Japan.

<i>Elaeagnus commutata</i> North American species of oleaster

Elaeagnus commutata, the silverberry or wolf-willow, is a species of Elaeagnus native to western and boreal North America, from southern Alaska through British Columbia east to Quebec, south to Utah, and across the upper Midwestern United States to South Dakota and western Minnesota. It typically grows on dry to moist sandy and gravel soils in steppes, meadows or woodland edges.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haft-sin</span> Persian ritual display of items to celebrate the start of spring

Haft Seen or Haft sin is an arrangement of seven symbolic items which names start with the letter "س", the 15th letter in the Persian alphabet; "haft" (هفت) is Persian for "seven". It is traditionally displayed at Nowruz, the Iranian New Year, which is celebrated on the day of the vernal equinox, marking the beginning of spring in the Northern Hemisphere.

<i>Ribes bracteosum</i> Species of currant

Ribes bracteosum, the stink currant, is a species of currant native to western coastal North America from southeastern Alaska to Mendocino County in California.

<i>Rubus ursinus</i> Berry and plant

Rubus ursinus is a North American species of blackberry or dewberry, known by the common names California blackberry, California dewberry, Douglas berry, Pacific blackberry, Pacific dewberry and trailing blackberry.

<i>Populus angustifolia</i> Species of tree

Populus angustifolia, commonly known as the narrowleaf cottonwood, is a species of tree in the willow family (Salicaceae). It is native to western North America, where it is a characteristic species of the Rocky Mountains and the surrounding plains. It ranges north to the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan in Canada and south to the states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, and Sonora in Mexico. Its natural habitat is by streams and creeks between 3,900 to 7,900 feet elevation.

<i>Sambucus racemosa</i> Species of plant

Sambucus racemosa is a species of elderberry known by the common names red elderberry and red-berried elder.

<i>Physalis longifolia</i> Species of flowering plant

Physalis longifolia, known by the common names common groundcherry, longleaf groundcherry, and wild tomatillo, is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family, Solanaceae. It is native to North America, where it is native to eastern Canada, much of the continental United States, and northern Mexico. It has also been noted as an introduced species in other regions, including parts of the United States outside its native range. In some areas, such as California, it is an occasional noxious weed.

<i>Hesperocyparis stephensonii</i> Californian species of western cypress

Hesperocyparis stephensonii is a species of western cypress known as the Cuyamaca cypress that is found only in two very small areas in Southern California and northwestern Baja California.

Wild olive is a common name for several plants and may refer to:

<i>Elaeagnus pungens</i> Species of flowering plant

Elaeagnus pungens is a species of flowering plant in the family Elaeagnaceae, known by the common names thorny olive, spiny oleaster and silverthorn; also by the family name "oleaster". It is native to Asia, including China and Japan. It is present in the southeastern United States as an introduced species, a common landscaping and ornamental plant, and sometimes an invasive species.

<i>Salix eleagnos</i> Species of flowering plant

Salix eleagnos the bitter willow, olive willow, hoary willow, rosemary willow, or elaeagnus willow, is a species of flowering plant in the family Salicaceae, native to central and southern Europe and south west Asia. Growing to 3 m (10 ft) tall by 5 m (16 ft) broad, it is an erect bushy deciduous shrub with narrow grey-green leaves up to 20 cm (8 in) long, which turn yellow in autumn (fall). The green catkins, 3–6 cm (1–2 in) long, appear with the leaves in spring, male catkins having yellow anthers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nowruz in Afghanistan</span> Cultural holiday in Afghanistan

Nowruz is the beginning of springtime and a cultural holiday in Afghanistan. It is also celebrated by the majority of the Afghan diaspora around the world. Farmer's Day, which starts around the same time as the Afghan New Year, is celebrated nationwide alongside Nowruz and usually lasts around two weeks. Among other things, the celebration involves planting saplings and flowers throughout the country.

<i>Elaeagnus latifolia</i> Species of flowering plant

Elaeagnus latifolia, known as the bastard oleaster, or soh-sang, is a species of Elaeagnus native to India and Southeast Asia.

References

  1. 1 2 "Elaeagnus angustifolia L." Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  2. "Russian Olive Species Profile". USDA. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  3. 1 2 3 Bailey, L. H.; Bailey, E. Z.; the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium (1976). Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada . New York: Macmillan. ISBN   978-0-02-505470-7.
  4. Sullivan, Steven. K. (2020). "Elaeagnus angustifolia". Wildflower Search. Retrieved 2020-09-22.
  5. USDA, NRCS. (2020). "Elaeagnus angustifolia". The PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. Retrieved 2020-09-22.
  6. "USDA Plants Database".
  7. 1 2 Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) [1977]. Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees (field guide ed.). Seattle: Mountaineers Books. pp. 287–288. ISBN   978-1-68051-329-5. OCLC   1141235469.
  8. Klinkenberg, Brian, ed. (2020). "Elaeagnus angustifolia". E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Retrieved 2020-09-22.[ permanent dead link ]
  9. Giblin, David, ed. (2020). "Elaeagnus angustifolia". WTU Herbarium Image Collection. Burke Museum, University of Washington. Retrieved 2020-09-22.
  10. "Elaeagnus angustifolia". in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora. Jepson Herbarium; University of California, Berkeley. 2020. Retrieved 2020-09-22.
  11. 1 2 3 Little, Elbert L. (1994) [1980]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region (Chanticleer Press ed.). Knopf. p. 566. ISBN   0-394-50761-4.
  12. Alice M. Coats, Garden Shrubs and Their Histories (1964) 1992, s.v. "Eleagnus".
  13. "Forest Service Fire Ecology". Archived from the original on 2008-04-05. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
  14. Trofimova, Tatyana A. (January 2008). "Systematic notes on Dasorgyia Staudinger, 1881, Dicallomera Butler, 1881, and Lachana Moore, 1888 (Lymantriidae)" (PDF). Nota Lepidopterologica. 31 (2): 273–291. ISSN   0342-7536. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  15. Parkinson noted that it rarely perfected its fruit (noted by Coats 1992).
  16. Panahi, Y.; Alishiri, G. H.; Bayat, N.; Hosseini, S. M.; Sahebkar, A. (2016). "Efficacy of Elaeagnus Angustifolia extract in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial". Excli Journal. 15: 203–210. PMC   4908661 . PMID   27330526.
  17. Sethi, Simran (2022-03-21). "Nowruz is banned in Afghanistan, but families continue to celebrate". NPR. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
  18. Deravian, Naz (2022-03-14). "For Afghans Abroad, Nowruz Is a Chance to Reflect". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2022-04-29.
  19. "Elaeagnus angustifolia | Plant | Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases". phytochem.nal.usda.gov. Retrieved 2024-01-21.