A rectangle, <4>, is a convex direct equiangular polygon, containing four 90° internal angles.
A concave indirect equiangular polygon, <6-2>, like this hexagon, counterclockwise, has five left turns and one right turn, like this tetromino.
A skew polygon has equal angles off a plane, like this skew octagon alternating red and blue edges on a cube.
Direct
Indirect
Counter-turned
A multi-turning equiangular polygon can be direct, like this octagon, <8/2>, has 8 90° turns, totaling 720°.
A concave indirect equiangular polygon, <5-2>, counterclockwise has 4 left turns and one right turn. (-1.2.4.3.2)60°
An indirect equiangular hexagon, <6-6>90° with 3 left turns, 3 right turns, totaling 0°.
In Euclidean geometry, an equiangular polygon is a polygon whose vertex angles are equal. If the lengths of the sides are also equal (that is, if it is also equilateral) then it is a regular polygon. Isogonal polygons are equiangular polygons which alternate two edge lengths.
For clarity, a planar equiangular polygon can be called direct or indirect. A direct equiangular polygon has all angles turning in the same direction in a plane and can include multiple turns. Convex equiangular polygons are always direct. An indirect equiangular polygon can include angles turning right or left in any combination. A skew equiangular polygon may be isogonal, but can't be considered direct since it is nonplanar.
A spirolateralnθ is a special case of an equiangular polygon with a set of n integer edge lengths repeating sequence until returning to the start, with vertex internal angles θ.
Construction
An equiangular polygon can be constructed from a regular polygon or regular star polygon where edges are extended as infinite lines. Each edges can be independently moved perpendicular to the line's direction. Vertices represent the intersection point between pairs of neighboring line. Each moved line adjusts its edge-length and the lengths of its two neighboring edges.[1] If edges are reduced to zero length, the polygon becomes degenerate, or if reduced to negative lengths, this will reverse the internal and external angles.
For an even-sided direct equiangular polygon, with internal angles θ°, moving alternate edges can invert all vertices into supplementary angles, 180-θ°. Odd-sided direct equiangular polygons can only be partially inverted, leaving a mixture of supplementary angles.
Every equiangular polygon can be adjusted in proportions by this construction and still preserve equiangular status.
This convex direct equiangular hexagon, <6>, is bounded by 6 lines with 60° angle between. Each line can be moved perpendicular to its direction.
This concave indirect equiangular hexagon, <6-2>, is also bounded by 6 lines with 90° angle between, each line moved independently, moving vertices as new intersections.
Equiangular polygon theorem
For a convex equiangularp-gon, each internal angle is 180(1-2/p)°; this is the equiangular polygon theorem.
For a direct equiangular p/qstar polygon, densityq, each internal angle is 180(1-2q/p)°, with 1<2q<p. For w=gcd(p,q)>1, this represents a w-wound (p/w)/(q/w) star polygon, which is degenerate for the regular case.
A concave indirect equiangular (pr+pl)-gon, with pr right turn vertices and pl left turn vertices, will have internal angles of 180(1-2/|pr-pl|))°, regardless of their sequence. An indirect star equiangular (pr+pl)-gon, with pr right turn vertices and pl left turn vertices and q total turns, will have internal angles of 180(1-2q/|pr-pl|))°, regardless of their sequence. An equiangular polygon with the same number of right and left turns has zero total turns, and has no constraints on its angles.
Notation
Every direct equiangular p-gon can be given a notation <p> or <p/q>, like regular polygons {p} and regular star polygons {p/q}, containing p vertices, and stars having densityq.
Convex equiangular p-gons <p> have internal angles 180(1-2/p)°, while direct star equiangular polygons, <p/q>, have internal angles 180(1-2q/p)°.
A concave indirect equiangular p-gon can be given the notation <p-2c>, with c counter-turn vertices. For example, <6-2> is a hexagon with 90° internal angles of the difference, <4>, 1 counter-turned vertex. A multiturn indirect equilateral p-gon can be given the notation <p-2c/q> with c counter turn vertices, and q total turns. An equiangular polygon <p-p> is a p-gon with undefined internal angles θ, but can be expressed explicitly as <p-p>θ.
The sum of distances from an interior point to the sides of an equiangular polygon does not depend on the location of the point, and is that polygon's invariant.
A cyclic polygon is equiangular if and only if the alternate sides are equal (that is, sides 1, 3, 5, ... are equal and sides 2, 4, ... are equal). Thus if n is odd, a cyclic polygon is equiangular if and only if it is regular.[3]
For prime p, every integer-sided equiangular p-gon is regular. Moreover, every integer-sided equiangular pk-gon has p-fold rotational symmetry.[4]
An ordered set of side lengths gives rise to an equiangular n-gon if and only if either of two equivalent conditions holds for the polynomial it equals zero at the complex value it is divisible by [5]
Direct equiangular polygons by sides
Direct equiangular polygons can be regular, isogonal, or lower symmetries. Examples for <p/q> are grouped into sections by p and subgrouped by density q.
Equiangular triangles
Equiangular triangles must be convex and have 60° internal angles. It is an equilateral triangle and a regular triangle, <3>={3}. The only degree of freedom is edge-length.
Regular, {3}, r6
Equiangular quadrilaterals
A rectangle dissected into a 2×3 array of squares
Direct equiangular quadrilaterals have 90° internal angles. The only equiangular quadrilaterals are rectangles, <4>, and squares, {4}.
An equiangular quadrilateral with integer side lengths may be tiled by unit squares.[6]
In geometry, a polygon is a plane figure made up of line segments connected to form a closed polygonal chain.
In geometry, a hexagon is a six-sided polygon. The total of the internal angles of any simple (non-self-intersecting) hexagon is 720°.
In geometry, a star polygon is a type of non-convex polygon. Regular star polygons have been studied in depth; while star polygons in general appear not to have been formally defined, certain notable ones can arise through truncation operations on regular simple or star polygons.
In geometry, an octagon is an eight-sided polygon or 8-gon.
In geometry, a decagon is a ten-sided polygon or 10-gon. The total sum of the interior angles of a simple decagon is 1440°.
In Euclidean geometry, a regular polygon is a polygon that is direct equiangular and equilateral. Regular polygons may be either convex, star or skew. In the limit, a sequence of regular polygons with an increasing number of sides approximates a circle, if the perimeter or area is fixed, or a regular apeirogon, if the edge length is fixed.
In geometry, an icosagon or 20-gon is a twenty-sided polygon. The sum of any icosagon's interior angles is 3240 degrees.
In geometry, a dodecagon, or 12-gon, is any twelve-sided polygon.
In geometry, a myriagon or 10000-gon is a polygon with 10000 sides. Several philosophers have used the regular myriagon to illustrate issues regarding thought.
In geometry, a polytope or a tiling is isogonal or vertex-transitive if all its vertices are equivalent under the symmetries of the figure. This implies that each vertex is surrounded by the same kinds of face in the same or reverse order, and with the same angles between corresponding faces.
In geometry, a triacontagon or 30-gon is a thirty-sided polygon. The sum of any triacontagon's interior angles is 5040 degrees.
In geometry, a pentadecagon or pentakaidecagon or 15-gon is a fifteen-sided polygon.
In geometry, a tetradecagon or tetrakaidecagon or 14-gon is a fourteen-sided polygon.
In geometry, a polytope or a tiling is isotoxal or edge-transitive if its symmetries act transitively on its edges. Informally, this means that there is only one type of edge to the object: given two edges, there is a translation, rotation, and/or reflection that will move one edge to the other while leaving the region occupied by the object unchanged.
In mathematics, a hexadecagon is a sixteen-sided polygon.
In geometry, an octadecagon or 18-gon is an eighteen-sided polygon.
In geometry, an icositetragon or 24-gon is a twenty-four-sided polygon. The sum of any icositetragon's interior angles is 3960 degrees.
In geometry, an infinite skew polygon or skew apeirogon is an infinite 2-polytope with vertices that are not all colinear. Infinite zig-zag skew polygons are 2-dimensional infinite skew polygons with vertices alternating between two parallel lines. Infinite helical polygons are 3-dimensional infinite skew polygons with vertices on the surface of a cylinder.
In geometry, an icositrigon or 23-gon is a 23-sided polygon. The icositrigon has the distinction of being the smallest regular polygon that is not neusis constructible.
In Euclidean geometry, a spirolateral is a polygon created by a sequence of fixed vertex internal angles and sequential edge lengths 1,2,3,...,n which repeat until the figure closes. The number of repeats needed is called its cycles. A simple spirolateral has only positive angles. A simple spiral approximates of a portion of an archimedean spiral. A general spirolateral allows positive and negative angles.
↑ De Villiers, Michael, "Equiangular cyclic and equilateral circumscribed polygons", Mathematical Gazette 95, March 2011, 102-107.
↑ McLean, K. Robin. "A powerful algebraic tool for equiangular polygons", Mathematical Gazette 88, November 2004, 513-514.
↑ M. Bras-Amorós, M. Pujol: "Side Lengths of Equiangular Polygons (as seen by a coding theorist)", The American Mathematical Monthly, vol. 122, n. 5, pp.476–478, May 2015. ISSN0002-9890.
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