Pentadecagon

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Regular pentadecagon
Regular polygon 15 annotated.svg
A regular pentadecagon
Type Regular polygon
Edges and vertices 15
Schläfli symbol {15}
Coxeter–Dynkin diagrams CDel node 1.pngCDel 15.pngCDel node.png
Symmetry group Dihedral (D15), order 2×15
Internal angle (degrees)156°
Properties Convex, cyclic, equilateral, isogonal, isotoxal
Dual polygon Self

In geometry, a pentadecagon or pentakaidecagon or 15-gon is a fifteen-sided polygon.

Contents

Regular pentadecagon

A regular pentadecagon is represented by Schläfli symbol {15}.

A regular pentadecagon has interior angles of 156°, and with a side length a, has an area given by

Construction

As 15 = 3 × 5, a product of distinct Fermat primes, a regular pentadecagon is constructible using compass and straightedge: The following constructions of regular pentadecagons with given circumcircle are similar to the illustration of the proposition XVI in Book IV of Euclid's Elements. [1]

Regular Pentadecagon Inscribed in a Circle.gif

Compare the construction according to Euclid in this image: Pentadecagon

In the construction for given circumcircle: is a side of equilateral triangle and is a side of a regular pentagon. [2] The point divides the radius in golden ratio:

Compared with the first animation (with green lines) are in the following two images the two circular arcs (for angles 36° and 24°) rotated 90° counterclockwise shown. They do not use the segment , but rather they use segment as radius for the second circular arc (angle 36°).

01-Funfzehneck.svg 01-FunfzehneckAnimation.gif

A compass and straightedge construction for a given side length. The construction is nearly equal to that of the pentagon at a given side, then also the presentation is succeed by extension one side and it generates a segment, here which is divided according to the golden ratio:

Circumradius Side length Angle

01-Funfzehneck-Seite.svg
Construction for a given side length
01-FunfzehneckSeite-Animation.gif
Construction for a given side length as animation,

Symmetry

The symmetries of a regular pentadecagon as shown with colors on edges and vertices. Lines of reflections are blue. Gyrations are given as numbers in the center. Vertices are colored by their symmetry positions. Symmetries of pentadecagon.png
The symmetries of a regular pentadecagon as shown with colors on edges and vertices. Lines of reflections are blue. Gyrations are given as numbers in the center. Vertices are colored by their symmetry positions.

The regular pentadecagon has Dih15 dihedral symmetry, order 30, represented by 15 lines of reflection. Dih15 has 3 dihedral subgroups: Dih5, Dih3, and Dih1. And four more cyclic symmetries: Z15, Z5, Z3, and Z1, with Zn representing π/n radian rotational symmetry.

On the pentadecagon, there are 8 distinct symmetries. John Conway labels these symmetries with a letter and order of the symmetry follows the letter. [3] He gives r30 for the full reflective symmetry, Dih15. He gives d (diagonal) with reflection lines through vertices, p with reflection lines through edges (perpendicular), and for the odd-sided pentadecagon i with mirror lines through both vertices and edges, and g for cyclic symmetry. a1 labels no symmetry.

These lower symmetries allows degrees of freedoms in defining irregular pentadecagons. Only the g15 subgroup has no degrees of freedom but can be seen as directed edges.

Pentadecagrams

There are three regular star polygons: {15/2}, {15/4}, {15/7}, constructed from the same 15 vertices of a regular pentadecagon, but connected by skipping every second, fourth, or seventh vertex respectively.

There are also three regular star figures: {15/3}, {15/5}, {15/6}, the first being a compound of three pentagons, the second a compound of five equilateral triangles, and the third a compound of three pentagrams.

The compound figure {15/3} can be loosely seen as the two-dimensional equivalent of the 3D compound of five tetrahedra.

Picture Regular star polygon 15-2.svg
{15/2}
CDel node 1.pngCDel 15.pngCDel rat.pngCDel 2x.pngCDel node.png
Regular star figure 3(5,1).svg
{15/3} or 3{5}
Regular star polygon 15-4.svg
{15/4}
CDel node 1.pngCDel 15.pngCDel rat.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.png
Regular star figure 5(3,1).svg
{15/5} or 5{3}
Regular star figure 3(5,2).svg
{15/6} or 3{5/2}
Regular star polygon 15-7.svg
{15/7}
CDel node 1.pngCDel 15.pngCDel rat.pngCDel 7.pngCDel node.png
Interior angle 132°108°84°60°36°12°

Isogonal pentadecagons

Deeper truncations of the regular pentadecagon and pentadecagrams can produce isogonal (vertex-transitive) intermediate star polygon forms with equal spaced vertices and two edge lengths. [4]

Petrie polygons

The regular pentadecagon is the Petrie polygon for some higher-dimensional polytopes, projected in a skew orthogonal projection:

14-simplex t0.svg
14-simplex (14D)

Uses

3.10.15 vertex.png
A regular triangle, decagon, and pentadecagon can completely fill a plane vertex. However, due to the triangle's odd number of sides, the figures cannot alternate around the triangle, so the vertex cannot produce a semiregular tiling.

See also

Related Research Articles

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References

  1. Dunham, William (1991). Journey through Genius - The Great Theorems of Mathematics (PDF). Penguin. p. 65. Retrieved 2015-11-12 via the University of Kentucky College of Arts & Sciences Mathematics.
  2. Kepler, Johannes, translated and initiated by MAX CASPAR 1939 (2006). WELT-HARMONIK (in German). Oldenbourg Verlag. p. 44. ISBN   978-3-486-58046-4 . Retrieved 2015-12-07 via Google Books.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Retrieved on June 5, 2017
  3. John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strauss, (2008) The Symmetries of Things, ISBN   978-1-56881-220-5 (Chapter 20, Generalized Schaefli symbols, Types of symmetry of a polygon pp. 275-278)
  4. The Lighter Side of Mathematics: Proceedings of the Eugène Strens Memorial Conference on Recreational Mathematics and its History, (1994), Metamorphoses of polygons, Branko Grünbaum