Florida gubernatorial election, 1994

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Florida gubernatorial election, 1994
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  Lawton Chiles Governor portrait (cropped).jpg Jeb Bush 1999 (cropped).jpg
Nominee Lawton Chiles Jeb Bush
Party Democratic Republican
Running mate Buddy MacKay Tom Feeney
Popular vote2,135,0082,071,068
Percentage50.8%49.2%
Florida Governor Election Results by County, 1994.svg
County results
Governor before election

Lawton Chiles
Democratic

Elected Governor

Lawton Chiles
Democratic

An election for governor of Florida was held on November 8, 1994. Incumbent governor Lawton Chiles, a Democrat, survived a strong challenge from businessman Jeb Bush, a Republican, to win re-election. This race was the second-closest gubernatorial election in Florida history since Reconstruction due to the strong Republican wave of 1994.

Lawton Chiles Chairman of the Senate Special Committee on Aging

Lawton Mainor Chiles Jr. was an American politician from the U.S. state of Florida. He served as a United States Senator from 1971 to 1989 and as the 41st Governor of Florida from 1991 to 1998.

Democratic Party (United States) political party in the United States

The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison's Democratic-Republican Party, the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson, making it the world's oldest active political party.

Jeb Bush American politician, former Governor of Florida

John Ellis "Jeb" Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd Governor of Florida from 1999 to 2007. Bush, who grew up in Houston, is the second son of former President George H. W. Bush and former First Lady Barbara Bush, and a younger brother of former President George W. Bush. He graduated from Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, and attended the University of Texas, where he earned a degree in Latin American affairs. In 1980, he moved to Florida and pursued a career in real estate development, and in 1986 became Florida's Secretary of Commerce until 1988. At that time, he joined his father's successful campaign for the Presidency.

Contents

Democrats held the Governor's Mansion until 1999. As of 2018, this is the most recent election in which a Democrat was elected Governor of Florida.

Background

Incumbent Lawton Chiles was eligible to run for a second four-year term under the Constitution of Florida. In late 1991, Chiles's disapproval rating rose significantly after he cut funds for education in his first budget. Around 75% of Floridians gave him a fair or poor performance rating. [1] The following year, Chiles's approval rating fell to only 22% and his disapproval reached 76% after the state's inadequate response to Hurricane Andrew. [2] His disapproval rating remained as high as 71% into 1993. As a result, some Democrats suggested that U.S. Senator Bob Graham run for a third, non-consecutive term as governor. [1]

Constitution of Florida

The Constitution of the State of Florida is the document that establishes and describes the powers, duties, structure and function of the government of the U.S. state of Florida, and establishes the basic law of the state. The current Constitution of Florida was ratified on November 5, 1968.

Hurricane Andrew Category 5 Atlantic hurricane in 1992

Hurricane Andrew was a destructive Category 5 Atlantic hurricane that struck the Bahamas, Florida, and Louisiana in mid-to-late August 1992. It was the most destructive hurricane to ever hit Florida until Hurricane Irma surpassed it 25 years later. It was the strongest in decades and the costliest hurricane to make landfall anywhere in the United States until it was surpassed by Katrina in 2005. Andrew caused major damage in the Bahamas and Louisiana, but the greatest impact was felt in South Florida, where the storm made landfall as a Category 5 hurricane, with sustained wind speeds as high as 165 mph (270 km/h). Passing directly through the city of Homestead in Dade County, Andrew stripped many homes of all but their concrete foundations. In total, Andrew destroyed more than 63,500 houses, damaged more than 124,000 others, caused $27.4 billion in damage, and left 65 people dead.

United States Senate Upper house of the United States Congress

The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, which along with the United States House of Representatives—the lower chamber—comprises the legislature of the United States. The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol, in Washington, D.C.

Candidates

Democratic

John Gargan was an American financial consultant who became the second chairman of the Reform Party started by Ross Perot. He was ousted from this position by a 109–31 vote in February 2000. He asked his supporters to boycott the illegally-called convention. He is also known for the creation of Throw the Hypocritical Rascals Out (T.H.R.O.), an organization whose platform was to vote out all incumbent members of congress and to set term limits on all members of Congress. He is considered the "father" of the American term limits movement.

Republican

President of the United States Head of state and of government of the United States

The President of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.

George H. W. Bush 41st president of the United States

George Herbert Walker Bush was an American politician who served as the 41st president of the United States from 1989 to 1993 and the 43rd vice president of the United States from 1981 to 1989. A member of the Republican Party, he held posts that included those of congressman, ambassador, and CIA director. Until his son George W. Bush became the 43rd president in 2001, he was usually known simply as George Bush.

Ander Crenshaw American politician

Alexander Mann "Ander" Crenshaw is an American banker, attorney, and politician who served as the U.S. Representative for Florida's 4th congressional district from 2001 to 2017. He is a member of the Republican Party. Crenshaw retired from Congress when his term ended on January 3, 2017.

Others

Primary results

Democratic primary

Democratic primary results [4]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Lawton Chiles(Incumbent)603,65772.17%
Democratic Jack Gargan232,75727.83%
Total votes836,414100.00%

Republican primary

A runoff primary election was scheduled to be held between leading candidate Jeb Bush and second-place candidate James C. Smith because no candidate received a majority of the vote. However, Smith dropped out of the race a few days later, leaving Bush as the Republican nominee for governor.

Republican primary results [5]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Jeb Bush411,68045.68%
Republican Jim Smith165,86918.40%
Republican Tom Gallagher117,06712.99%
Republican Ander Crenshaw109,14812.11%
Republican Kenneth L. Connor83,9459.31%
Republican Josephine A. Arnold8,3260.92%
Republican Bob Bell5,2020.58%
Total votes901,237100.00%

General election campaign

Opinion poll sourceDateChiles (D)Bush (R)
Associated Industries of Florida [6] Nov. 3-4, 199448%43%
Mason-Dixon Nov. 1-3, 199448%45%
New York Times Oct. 30-Nov. 3, 199447%41%
Orlando Sentinel Nov. 1, 199448%45%
Associated Industries of Florida [6] Oct. 30, 199445%45%
St. Petersburg Times Oct. 16, 199439%49%
Mason-Dixon Oct. 7, 199443%48%
Mason-Dixon Sep. 1-3, 199443%48%
Mason-Dixon Aug. 1-3, 199444%41%
Mason-Dixon July 1–3, 199446%35%
Mason-Dixon Feb. 1-3, 199442%38%
Mason-Dixon Oct. 1-3, 199341%32%

Bush ran as a political conservative, and tried to paint Chiles as beholden to liberal interests. At one point, when asked what he would do for African Americans, Bush responded: "It's time to strive for a society where there's equality of opportunity, not equality of results. So I'm going to answer your question by saying: probably nothing." [7]

The final weeks of the campaign was described as "one of the nastiest in Florida political history." [8]

On October 18, a debate that was broadcast by 36 radio stations was held at Walt Disney World in Orlando. Bush and Chiles stood behind two lecterns decorated with Mickey Mouse ears. [9]

Another debate between Bush and Chiles was conducted by the League of Women Voters of Florida at Tampa Performing Arts Center on November 1. Early in the debate, Chiles again criticized Bush's ad about the death penalty, stating that Bush had outdone his father's ad about Willie Horton and saying "You knew [the ad] was false. You admitted it was false. And I am ashamed that you would use the loss of a mother in an ad like this." Later, during a discussion about school vouchers, Chiles quipped "My mama told me, 'sticks and stones will break my bones,' but names will never hurt me. But let me tell you one other thing about the old liberal. The old He-Coon walks just before the light of day." This referenced Chiles' Florida cracker roots, and served as a deliberate contrast with the more urbane Bush. [10]

In a poll conducted by Associated Industries of Florida between November 3 and November 4, Chiles led Bush by 48%-43%, with a margin of error of 3.5%. [6]

On the day before the election, a bloc of Chiles' campaign used get-out-the-vote phone calls to about 70,000 people. These calls alleged that Bush was a "tax cheat" and that his running mate Tom Feeney planned to destroy Social Security. The information was falsely attributed to a "tax fairness" and a senior citizen advocacy organizations. Chiles denied authorizing the phone calls but still later apologized [1] when the media discovered top officials in his campaign had authorized them. When the Florida legislature investigated the calls, Chiles claimed he was "out of the loop." [11]

Throughout the campaign, Bush raised approximately $7 million, more than half of which came from fundraisers featuring his parents and out-of-state fundraisers sponsored by his family and friends. On each of Barbara and George H. W. Bush's visits to Florida, they raked in about $1 million for the campaign. [12] Chiles limited contributions to $100 per person and raised $6.23 million, which included $2 million in public money. [1]

Results

Chiles prevailed against Bush, winning 2,135,008 votes against Bush's 2,071,068 – a margin of about 1.52%. Additionally, write-in candidates G. G. Boone and C. C. Reed garnered 556 and 27 votes, respectively. With the election occurring during the 1994 Republican Revolution, Chiles was one of only two Democratic governors nationwide in close competitive races to hold onto his seat that night (the other being Zell Miller). In Florida alone, Republicans took over the State Senate for the first time in over a century, U.S. Senator Connie Mack III was re-elected in a landslide, Sandra Mortham defeated Ron Saunders for Secretary of State, Gerald A. Lewis was ousted by Robert Milligan for Comptroller, and Frank Brogan, who would run as Bush's running mate in 1998, was re-elected as Commissioner of Education. Also following in the conservative tone of the night, a statewide ballot initiative to legalize casino gambling was defeated in a 62%-38% landslide. [13] [14]

During the course of the campaign, Chiles again successfully carried out his "Dixie-Dade Strategy"—winning both Dixie and Dade (now known as Miami-Dade) counties. Chiles also carried the other two major metropolitan counties in the South Florida – Broward and Palm Beach. However, he failed to win the Cuban voters in Miami. In comparison with the 1990 election, Chiles performed significantly worse in North and Central Florida, where he lost his native Polk County. Although he lost several counties in the Panhandle, Chiles' largest margin of victory was in Gadsden County – the only predominantly African-American county in Florida. Bush received his highest percentages of victory in several rural counties in the northern portion of the state, especially Baker, Clay, and Union counties.

Florida gubernatorial election, 1994 [15]
PartyCandidateVotes%±
Democratic Lawton Chiles (Incumbent)2,135,00850.75%-5.76%
Republican Jeb Bush 2,071,06849.23%+5.75%
Write-ins5830.0%0%
Majority63,9401.52%-11.51%
Turnout 4,206,659
Democratic hold Swing

By county

CountyChiles%Chiles#Bush%Bush#Others%Others#Total#
Alachua 61.8%35,03038.2%21,6240%756,661
Baker 31.5%1,65468.5%3,6000%05,254
Bay 43.1%17,81656.9%23,4980%241,316
Bradford 37.1%2,64262.9%4,4701.2%07,112
Brevard 46.6%72,39353.4%82,8780%6155,277
Broward 65.4%261,36834.6%138,3330%11399,712
Calhoun 50.5%1,81149.5%1,7750%03,586
Charlotte 46.3%24,15953.7%27,9650%052,124
Citrus 49.3%20,09450.7%20,6330%540,732
Clay 29.1%9,98670.9%24,2900%134,276
Collier 38.6%22,86061.4%36,3700%059,230
Columbia 41.6%5,28858.3%7,4080%012,696
DeSoto 45.6%2,85654.4%3,4070%06,263
Dixie 50.2%2,00349.7%1,9810%53,989
Duval 42.5%80,94557.2%108,9000%471190,316
Escambia 42.2%33,21057.7%45,2610%178,472
Flagler 52.6%7,95447.4%7,1600%015,114
Franklin 66.6%2,63633.4%1,3240%03,960
Gadsden 69.4%7,75130.6%3,4220%011,173
Gilchrist 47.0%1,70153.0%1,9220%03,623
Glades 51.4%1,38748.6%1,3100%02,697
Gulf 56.7%3,06043.3%2,3390%05,399
Hamilton 50.4%1,45349.6%1,4290%02,882
Hardee 50.4%2,69549.6%2,6490%15,345
Hendry 44.2%2,62355.8%3,3080%05,931
Hernando 50.8%25,33149.2%24,5320%049,863
Highlands 45.7%12,32354.3%14,6170%126,940
Hillsborough 48.6%117,97451.4%124,5610%11242,546
Holmes 42.0%2,13458.0%2,9420%05,076
Indian River 44.3%16,41055.7%20,6300%037,040
Jackson 46.9%5,90753.1%6,6980%012,605
Jefferson 61.3%2,57538.7%1,6250%04,200
Lafayette 45.9%93654.1%1,1050%02,041
Lake 49.5%29,79750.5%30,3940%060,191
Lee 43.8%58,78556.2%75,3650%0134,150
Leon 63.4%47,32336.6%27,2650%174,589
Levy 51.5%4,58848.5%4,3220%08,910
Liberty 49.0%94751.0%9850%01,932
Madison 54.3%2,56445.7%2,1610%14,726
Manatee 49.1%40,47350.9%41,9150%082,388
Marion 44.7%31,34555.3%38,7840%170,129
Martin 45.1%20,70654.9%25,2390%045,945
Miami-Dade 52.0%215,27648.0%198,3710%1413,648
Monroe 56.7%13,23243.3%10,0861.4%123,319
Nassau 34.8%5,33165.2%9,9680%015,299
Okaloosa 34.3%16,45965.7%31,4590%047,918
Okeechobee 49.6%3,49250.4%3,5450%07,037
Orange 48.0%85,09852.0%92,0960%0177,194
Osceola 45.3%15,29254.7%18,4370%133,730
Palm Beach 61.3%198,63838.7%125,2080%3323,849
Pasco 52.4%57,59747.6%52,4180%5110,020
Pinellas 51.0%166,85849.0%160,1150%7326,980
Polk 47.9%58,36452.5%65,4150%0123,779
Putnam 39.8%9,65852.1%10,5050%020,163
Santa Rosa 36.6%11,72663.4%20,3450%432,075
Sarasota 47.4%60,77052.6%67,5310%0128,301
Seminole 44.3%39,32455.7%49,3870%188,712
St. Johns 36.7%12,79163.3%22,0360%034,827
St. Lucie 50.5%27,95649.5%27,4360%055,392
Sumter 51.1%5,60348.9%5,3600%110,964
Suwanee 43.7%3,93556.3%5,0640%08,999
Taylor 49.6%2,97950.4%3,0240%06,003
Union 28.2%79171.8%2,0090%02,800
Volusia 53.2%66,61446.8%58,6320%34125,280
Wakulla 59.7%3,69640.3%2,4920%06,188
Walton 43.8%5,06756.2%6,4930%011,560
Washington 47.8%2,96852.2%3,2400%06,208

Aftermath

After the election, the controversial phone calls were labeled "phonegate." Bill Cotterell of the Tallahassee Democrat believed that the phone calls did not affect the result of the election: "I'm quite sure you know, at least half of them just hung up, never even listened to the message. And those who did probably said, well, that's ridiculous, the governor of Florida ... or the lieutenant governor of Florida can't repeal Social Security." Miami Herald writer Mark Silva also argued that phonegate did not impact the outcome of the election, saying that "[the] campaign was won before that happened. The idea that that somehow tipped the election was a canard, it wasn't true." In November 1995, Bush's campaign manager, J. M. "Mac" Stipanovich noted that "it's quite possible the Chiles campaign stole the election by fraud". Bush himself refused to speculate on the impact of the phone calls. [1]

Chiles testified under oath before a state legislative committee in December 1995, becoming the first modern governor of Florida to do so. He told the Senate Executive Business, Ethics, and Elections Committee that he had no knowledge of the "scare calls." After apologizing to any Floridians who may have been misled, the attempt to tie him to phonegate was reduced to a one-man operation led by then-State Senator Charlie Crist. Later, Chiles passed a law banning false attributions for get-out-the-vote phone calls. Chiles remained governor of Florida until suffering a fatal heart attack on December 12, 1998, less than a month before his second term expired. [1]

After his father lost re-election for President of the United States in 1992, Jeb planned on running for president in 2000 after serving for six years as Governor of Florida. However, because he lost this election, his brother George, who was elected governor of Texas on the same night, instead ran for president in 2000. [10] Jeb did run for governor again, however; he defeated Chiles' lieutenant governor Buddy MacKay in 1998 and easily won re-election in 2002. [10] [16]

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 John Dos Passos Coggin (November 20, 2012). Walkin' Lawton. Cocoa, Florida: The Florida Historical Society Press. pp. 323–324, 386. ISBN   1886104581.
  2. ↑ Marc Caputo (May 25, 2011). "Poll: Rick Scott one of the nation's least popular governors". Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved October 3, 2015.
  3. 1 2 "Governor". Sun-Sentinel . November 6, 1994. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
  4. ↑ https://doe.dos.state.fl.us/elections/resultsarchive/Index.asp?ElectionDate=9/8/1994&DATAMODE=
  5. ↑ https://doe.dos.state.fl.us/elections/resultsarchive/Index.asp?ElectionDate=9/4/1990&DATAMODE=
  6. 1 2 3 Tim Nickens; Terry Neal; Mark Silva (November 5, 1994). "Chiles Pushes Past Bush in the Latest Poll". Miami Herald . pp. 5B.
  7. ↑ Joel Aberbach; Gillian Peele (2011). Crisis of Conservatism?: The Republican Party, the Conservative Movement, and American Politics After Bush. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 189.
  8. ↑ Mike Williams (November 13, 1994). "Mudslinging campaign tarnishes Chiles' easy-going image". Tallahassee, Florida: The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. p. 4. Retrieved October 3, 2015.
  9. ↑ "The 1994 Campaign: Florida; Governor and Jeb Bush Debate, Exchanging Taunts and Claims of Distorting Truth". The New York Times . Orlando, Florida. October 19, 1994. Retrieved October 3, 2015.
  10. 1 2 3 Steve Kornacki (April 25, 2014). "The He-Coon who changed Jeb Bush's political career". MSNBC . Retrieved October 2, 2015.
  11. ↑ http://www.uvm.edu/~dguber/POLS234/articles/sabato.htm
  12. ↑ Robert E. Crew Jr. (December 2, 2009). Jeb Bush: Aggressive Conservatism in Florida. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. p. 7. ISBN   9780761849841 . Retrieved October 3, 2015.
  13. ↑ Fernandez, John (November 9, 1994). "$16 million ad blitz fails to sway voters (Part 1)". The Palm Beach Post. p. 1. Retrieved September 7, 2016– via Newspapers.com. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  14. ↑ Fernandez, John (November 9, 1994). "Pro-casino group pleges return in '96 (Part 2)". The Palm Beach Post. p. 9. Retrieved September 7, 2016– via Newspapers.com. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  15. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2011-03-26.
  16. ↑ Dana Canedy (November 7, 2002). "The 2002 Elections: Florida; Bush Looks to 2nd Term As Analysts Point to 2004". The New York Times . Miami, Florida. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
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