Gyroporus cyanescens

Last updated

Gyroporus cyanescens
2007-08-15 Gyroporus cyanescens.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Gyroporaceae
Genus: Gyroporus
Species:
G. cyanescens
Binomial name
Gyroporus cyanescens
(Bull.) Quél. (1886)
Synonyms [1]

Boletus cyanescensBull. (1788)
Boletus constrictusPers. (1801)
Leccinum constrictum(Pers.) Gray (1821)
Suillus cyanescens(Bull.) P.Karst. (1882)
Leucoconius cyanescens(Bull.) Beck (1923)

Contents

Gyroporus cyanescens
Information icon.svg
Pores icon.pngPores on hymenium
Convex cap icon.svgFlat cap icon.svg Cap is convex or flat
NA cap icon.svg Hymenium attachment is irregular or not applicable
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is cream to yellow
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgEcology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Choice.pngEdibility is choice

Gyroporus cyanescens, commonly known as the bluing bolete or the cornflower bolete, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Gyroporaceae. First described from France in 1788, the species is found in Asia, Australia, Europe, and eastern North America, where it grows on the ground in coniferous and mixed forests.

The yellowish to buff cap surface is fibrous and roughened, and reaches up to 12 cm (4.7 in) in diameter. The thick stem, roughly the same color as the cap or lighter, is hollowed out into chambers. All parts of the mushroom turn an intense blue color within a few moments of bruising or cutting. The mushroom is edible, despite its hard stem. A less common variety occurs where the color change is to deep violet rather than blue. The bluing reaction results from the oxidation of a chemical called gyrocyanin.

Taxonomy

The species was first described scientifically by French botanist Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard in his 1788 Herbier de la France. [2] Later synonyms include Boletus constrictus by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1801, [3] Leccinum constrictum by Samuel Frederick Gray in 1821, [4] Suillus cyanescens by Petter Karsten in 1882, [5] and Leucoconius cyanescens by Günther Beck von Mannagetta und Lerchenau in 1923. [6] The variety violaceotinctus was described by Roy Watling in 1969 from collections made in Michigan, USA. [7]

The specific epithet is derived from the Ancient Greek κύανoς, meaning "dark blue", [8] while the varietal epithet violaceotinctus means "having a violet tinge". [9] It is commonly known as the bluing bolete [10] or the cornflower bolete. [11]

Description

Illustration from Bulliard's original description Gyroporus cyanescens bull.jpg
Illustration from Bulliard's original description

The cap of G. cyanescens is initially convex, but flattens out in maturity, sometimes becoming shallowly depressed; [11] it reaches a diameter of 4–12 cm (1.6–4.7 in). The cap is dry, and ranges in color from buff to yellowish to pale olive, occasionally with darker streaks of color. [10] Its surface is uneven, sometimes with wrinkles and pits. [11] The cap margin is initially curved inward, and sometimes splits in maturity. [12] The flesh is whitish to pale yellow, and has a brittle texture. On the underside of the cap, the pore surface is white to yellowish, sometimes with olive or tan tinges. There are roughly two circular pores per millimeter, and the tubes that comprise the pores are 5–10 mm (0.2–0.4 in) deep, but depressed around the top of the stem. Injury to the pores will cause them to stain first greenish yellow, then greenish blue or blue. [10]

When bruised, the variety violaceotinctus stains dark lilac (seen in left vertical line) that quickly changes color to blue. Gyroporus cyanescens 37226.jpg
When bruised, the variety violaceotinctus stains dark lilac (seen in left vertical line) that quickly changes color to blue.

The stem is 4–10 cm (1.6–3.9 in) long by 1–2.5 cm (0.4–1.0 in) thick, and is either roughly equal in width throughout its length, or has a basal or middle swelling. The stem tissue is hard and brittle; it is initially stuffed with a soft pith that develops cavities, or becomes entirely hollow in maturity. Roughly the same color as the cap or lighter, the stem surface is dry and lacks reticulations. It is initially covered in coarse hairs that tend to disappear in maturity to leave a relatively smooth surface. All parts of the fruit body stain blue when cut or injured. The variety G. cyanescens var. violaceotinctus is nearly identical in appearance, but stains dark lilac to indigo when bruised. [10] The odor and taste of the fruit bodies is indistinct. [13]

The color of the spore print is pale yellow. Spores are ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline (translucent), and have dimensions of 8–10 by 5–6  μm. [10] The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club shaped, two- to four-spored, and measure 24–30 by 8–10 μm. Pleurocystidia (cystidia on the inner walls of the tubes) are light yellow brown in color, club shaped, infrequent, and measure 25–38 by 5.5-7.2 μm; the cheilocystidia (found on the tube edge) are colorless, numerous, and measure 32–47 by 7–10 μm. Clamp connections are present in the hyphae. [14]

Similar species

Although there are a few lookalike species with similar overall appearance, in the field, Gyroporus cyanescens is typically readily recognized by its characteristic straw-yellow color and nearly instantaneous dark blue bruising. G. phaeocyanescens is smaller, with a dull brownish-yellow cap. Although its flesh has a bluing reaction to injury, its yellow pore surface does not. It has larger spores, measuring 9–15 by 5–7 μm. G. umbrinosquamosus , found along the Gulf Coast of the United States, is similar in appearance, but lacks the bluing reaction. [10] Newly described from China in 2003, G. brunneofloccosus closely resembles G. cyanescens, and was frequently confused with that species. It has a smaller fruit body, with a brownish cap up to 8 cm (3.1 in) in diameter. Its staining reaction involves a change from light turquoise to dark turquoise or dark blue. Its spores are 5–8.5 by 4–5.3 μm. [15] Suillus tomentosus has brownish pores that undergo a slower blue staining reaction. [11] If the fruit bodies are not uprooted and only the top of the cap is examined, G. cyanescens can be confused with young Russula fellea mushrooms. [16]

Uses

Gyroporus cyanescens is edible, and considered "choice" by several sources. [17] [18] [19] The fruit bodies, even if mature, are typically free of insect larvae. Specimens collected in sandy soil, however, are difficult to clean, [9] but cleaning may be facilitated by washing the fruit bodies in a bowl of water so that the sand sinks to the bottom. The blue color largely disappears after two minutes of sautéing. Cooked mushrooms have a meaty texture, and mild nutty flavor that is enhanced if fried to crispness. Drying the mushrooms strengthens the taste. [19]

The variety violaceotinctus is used in mushroom dyeing, and produces a light yellow, beige, gold, or brownish-orange color depending on the mordant used. [20]

Ecology and distribution

Gyroporus cyanescens is an ectomycorrhizal species that has a broad host range. [21] Fruit bodies of Gyroporus cyanescens grow singly or scattered on the ground in deciduous and mixed forests. Often found in association with birch and poplar, the fungus tends to prefer sandy soil, [10] and also frequents road banks and woodland edges. [22] Fruiting occurs in summer and early autumn. [18] Fruit bodies can be parasitized by the mold Sepedonium ampullosporum . [23] Infection results in necrosis of the mushroom tissue, and a yellow color caused by the formation of large amounts of pigmented aleurioconidia (single-celled conidia produced by extrusion from the conidiophores). [24]

Gyroporus cyanescens is found in Asia, Australia, North America, and Europe. In China, it is known from Guangdong and Yunnan. [14] The fungus appears in eucalypt woodland in Australia. [25] In North America, it is widespread east of the Rocky Mountains. [13] The geographical distribution ranges from eastern Canada to Florida, and west to Minnesota, [10] although it has been occasionally reported from the Pacific Northwest, [19] and one collection has been made in the Sky Islands of southern Arizona. [26] G. cyanescens var. violaceotinctus has been reported from Japan. [27]

Chemistry

The bluing reaction is caused by oxidation of gyrocyanin. Gyroporus cyanescens 91659.jpg
The bluing reaction is caused by oxidation of gyrocyanin.

The identity of the chemical causing bluing upon tissue injury was reported in 1973. [28] The molecule, gyrocyanin, is a highly oxidized bis-phenol-substituted cyclopentenone that develops a blue color when it is oxidized. In contrast, the bluing of other boletes has been attributed to the oxidation of variegatic or xerocomic acid. [29] Gyrocyanin is biosynthesized from intermediates supplied by the shikimate pathway, a metabolic route used by fungi for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids. [30]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<i>Exsudoporus frostii</i> Species of fungus in the family Boletaceae found in North America

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<i>Rubroboletus rhodoxanthus</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Butyriboletus regius</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Aureoboletus russellii</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Tylopilus tabacinus</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Boletus rubroflammeus</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Boletus curtisii</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Pulveroboletus ravenelii</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Tylopilus rhoadsiae</i> Species of fungus

Tylopilus rhoadsiae, commonly known as the pale bitter bolete, is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae native to the eastern United States.

<i>Harrya chromapes</i> Species of fungus

Harrya chromapes, commonly known as the yellowfoot bolete or the chrome-footed bolete, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. The bolete is found in eastern North America, Costa Rica, and eastern Asia, where it grows on the ground, in a mycorrhizal association with deciduous and coniferous trees. Fruit bodies have smooth, rose-pink caps that are initially convex before flattening out. The pores on the cap undersurface are white, aging to a pale pink as the spores mature. The thick stipe has fine pink or reddish dots (scabers), and is white to pinkish but with a bright yellow base. The mushrooms are edible but are popular with insects, and so they are often infested with maggots.

References

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  2. ↑ Bulliard JBF. (1788). Herbier de la France (in French). Vol. 8. Paris, France: Chez l'auteur, Didot, Debure, Belin. p. plate 369. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.5365.
  3. ↑ Persoon CH. (1801). Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (in Latin). Göttingen, Sweden: H. Dieterich. p. 508.
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  24. ↑ Neuhof T, Berg A, Besl H, Schweche T, Dieckmann R, von Döhren H (2007). "Peptaibol production by Sepedonium strains parasitizing Boletales". Chemistry & Biodiversity. 4 (6): 1103–15. doi:10.1002/cbdv.200790099. PMID   17589879. S2CID   40865857.
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  27. ↑ Nagasawa E. (2001). "Taxonomic studies of Japanese boletes. I. The genera Boletinellus, Gyrodon and Gyroporus". Reports of the Tottori Mycological Institute (in Japanese). 1 (39): 1–27. ISSN   0388-8266.
  28. ↑ Besl H, Bresinsky A, Steglish W, Zipfel K (1973). "Pilzpigmente, XVII. Über Gyrocyanin, das blauende Prinzip des Kornblumenröhrlings (Gyroporus cyanescens), und eine oxidative Ringverengung des Atromentins" [Fungus pigments .17. Gyrocyanin, blueing principle of Gyroporus cyanescens, and an oxidative ring contraction of atromentin]. Chemische Berichte/Recueil (in German). 106 (10): 3223–9. doi:10.1002/cber.19731061012.
  29. ↑ Nelson SF. (2010). "Bluing components and other pigments of Boletes" (PDF). FUNGI. 3 (4): 11–4.
  30. ↑ Steglich W. (1975). "Pilzarbstoffe". Chemie in unserer Zeit (in German). 9 (4): 117–23. doi:10.1002/ciuz.19750090404.
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