Harpactea Temporal range: | |
---|---|
![]() | |
H. rubicunda | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
Class: | Arachnida |
Order: | Araneae |
Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
Family: | Dysderidae |
Genus: | Harpactea Bristowe, 1939 [1] |
Type species | |
H. hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | |
Species | |
188, see text |
Harpactea is a genus of woodlouse hunting spiders that was first described by W. S. Bristowe in 1939. [2] They are non-web building predators that forage on the ground and on tree trunks at night, mainly in xerothermic forests. During the day, they hide in silk retreats they build under rocks or bark. [3]
H. sadistica was found to use traumatic insemination, the arthropod behavior of directly inserting its sperm into the body cavity of females. It is the first time it has ever been observed in spiders. [4]
H. hombergi is the only member of its genus that occurs in Great Britain. [5]
Like all woodlouse hunters, Harpactea have six eyes. The type species, H. hombergi , can grow up to a body length of 6 millimetres (0.24 in). Males and females are similar, but the female has no epigyne. [5]
Like the rest of their family, they are nocturnal. Unlike them, Harpactea do not specialize on hunting woodlice. H. rubicunda also hunts Drassodes and other spiders, but most Harpactea feed on insects in addition to woodlice.
Almost all species of this genus appear to be endemic to small regions of the Mediterranean. [3] As of January 2022 [update] it contains 188 species from Europe and Northern Africa to Turkmenistan and Iran: [1]
Dysderidae, also known as woodlouse hunters, sowbug-eating spiders, and cell spiders, is a family of araneomorph spiders first described by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1837. They are found primarily in Eurasia, extending into North Africa with very few species occurring in South America. Dysdera crocata is introduced into many regions of the world.
Tegenaria is a genus of fast-running funnel weavers that occupy much of the Northern Hemisphere except for Japan and Indonesia. It was first described by Pierre André Latreille in 1804, though many of its species have been moved elsewhere. The majority of these were moved to Eratigena, including the giant house spider and the hobo spider.
Zodarion is a genus of ant-eating spiders from the family Zodariidae. 169 species from Eurasia, North Africa and North America have been described as of November 2022.
Dysdera is a genus of woodlouse hunting spiders that was first described by Pierre André Latreille in 1804. They originated from Central Asia to Central Europe.
Enoplognatha is a genus of comb-footed spiders that was first described by P. Pavesi in 1880. They have both a large colulus and a subspherical abdomen. Males usually have enlarged chelicerae. It is considered a senior synonym of Symopagia.
Troglohyphantes is a genus of sheet weavers that was first described by G. Joseph in 1881. The genus name is a combination of the Ancient Greek τρώγλη, meaning "cave (dweller)", and -hyphantes, a common ending for linyphiid genera.
Histopona is a genus of funnel weavers first described as a sub-genus of Hadites by Tamerlan Thorell in 1870. It was elevated to genus by Brignoli in 1972.
Dasumia is a genus of woodlouse hunting spiders that was first described by Tamerlan Thorell in 1875.
Lepthyphantes is a genus of dwarf spiders that was first described by Anton Menge in 1866.
Hahnia is a genus of dwarf sheet spiders that was first described by C. L. Koch in 1841.
Brachythele is a genus of spiders in the family Nemesiidae. It was first described in 1871 by Ausserer. As of 2022, it contains 10 species from eastern Europe.
Haplodrassus is a genus of ground spiders that was first described by R. V. Chamberlin in 1922. They range from 3 to 10 millimetres. H. signifer is the most widespread species, found across North America except for Alaska and northern Canada.
Araeoncus is a genus of dwarf spiders that was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1884. They closely resemble members of Diplocephalus; both genera have a uniquely shaped of the cephalothorax and a species-specific modification of the tibial apophysis of the pedipalp.
Centromerus is a genus of dwarf spiders that was first described by David B. Hirst in 1886.
Palliduphantes is a genus of dwarf spiders that was first described by Michael I. Saaristo & A. V. Tanasevitch in 2001.
Kut is a genus of Middle Eastern woodlouse hunting spiders. The type species was first described by Paolo Brignoli from a male found in Turkey, and it was placed with Harpactocrates. In a 1988 study, Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold expressed doubt of the holotype's placement, but it wasn't transferred to its own genus until 2019. Two other species were identified, all with the same distinctive pedipalp features, including a pear-shaped tegulum with an otherwise featureless embolus. As of April 2022 it contains only three species: K. dimensis, K. izmiricus, and K. troglophilus.