Hillstar

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Hillstar
Andean Hillstar (Oreotrochilus estella) perched.jpg
female Andean hillstar (Oreotrochilus estella)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Clade: Strisores
Order: Apodiformes
Family: Trochilidae
Tribe: Lesbiini
Genus: Oreotrochilus
Gould, 1847
Type species
Trochilus estella [1]
d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838
Species

see text

The hillstars are hummingbirds of the genus Oreotrochilus. They are native to the Andes in South America.

Contents

The Urochroa hillstars are not closely related.

Species list

Their genus contains seven species: [2]

Description

The birds are approximately 13 centimetres (5.1 in) in length with fairly long, slightly decurved black bills. They are sexually dimorphic. The male usually has an iridescent green throat, or bluish-purple in the Ecuadorian hillstar, with dull greenish upperparts and pale flanks. The central underparts are usually black, but are brown in the Andean hillstar. The tail is usually dark with a contrasting white pattern; the pattern is cinnamon in the wedge-tailed hillstar, and the tail is entirely dark in the black-breasted hillstar. The female is duller, with a whitish throat densely spotted with green, white, buff, or cinnamon underparts, and a dark tail with a white pattern.

Behaviour

These highly territorial hummingbirds are found in temperate and alpine grassland, scrub and woodland at altitudes of 1,200 to 5,200 metres (3,900 to 17,100 ft). The Ecuadorian hillstar has been observed nesting at high altitudes on the cliffs of Cotopaxi. [3] This species is known to nest colonially. [4]

Many hillstars feed mainly on shrubs of the Andean plant genus Chuquiraga , and some species may be limited to them. [5]

The genus has undergone allopatric speciation.

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Puffleg</span> Hummingbird

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<i>Eriocnemis</i> Genus of birds

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wedge-tailed hillstar</span> Species of hummingbird

The wedge-tailed hillstar is a species of hummingbird in the "coquettes", tribe Lesbiini of subfamily Lesbiinae. It is found in Argentina and Bolivia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ecuadorian hillstar</span> Species of bird

The Ecuadorian hillstar or Chimborazo hillstar is a species of hummingbird. It is native to the Andes of Ecuador and extreme southern Colombia. Its main habitat type is high-altitude mountain grassland between 3500 and 5200 meters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andean hillstar</span> Species of hummingbird

The Andean hillstar is a species of hummingbird in the "coquettes", tribe Lesbiini of subfamily Lesbiinae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-sided hillstar</span> Species of hummingbird

The white-sided hillstar is a species of hummingbird in the "coquettes", tribe Lesbiini of subfamily Lesbiinae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black-breasted hillstar</span> Species of hummingbird

The black-breasted hillstar is a species of hummingbird in the "coquettes", tribe Lesbiini of subfamily Lesbiinae. It is endemic to Peru.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black-throated hermit</span> Species of hummingbird

The black-throated hermit is a species of hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rufous-gaped hillstar</span> Species of hummingbird

The rufous-gaped hillstar, formerly included in the white-tailed hillstar, is a species of hummingbird in the "brilliants", tribe Heliantheini in subfamily Lesbiinae. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Green-headed hillstar</span> Species of bird

The green-headed hillstar is a species of hummingbird found in the Andes of southern Ecuador and northern and central Peru. It is one of 6 species in the genus Oreotrochilus, and can be distinguished from its relatives by subtle differences in plumage coloration. The green-headed hillstar received its name due to its bronze and green crown and gorget of bright emerald green plumage. The species was first discovered by English ornithologist Osbert Salvin in 1895 and named after Polish ornithologist Jean Stanislaus Stolzmann.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Curve-winged sabrewing</span> Species of hummingbird

The curve-winged sabrewing is a species of hummingbird in the "emeralds", tribe Trochilini of subfamily Trochilinae. It is endemic to Mexico.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue-throated hillstar</span> Species of bird

The blue-throated hillstar is a hummingbird found only in a small portion of the southwestern Andes in Ecuador. It was discovered in 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Green-backed hillstar</span> Species of hummingbird

The green-backed hillstar, formerly included in the white-tailed hillstar, is a species of hummingbird in the "brilliants", tribe Heliantheini in subfamily Lesbiinae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

References

  1. "Trochilidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
  2. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2020). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  3. Smith, G. T. (1969). A high altitude hummingbird on the volcano Cotopaxi. Ibis 111(1), 17-22.
  4. Solano-Ugalde, A. (2008). High in the Andes: Colonial nesting of Ecuadorean Hillstar (Oreotrochilus chimborazo: Trochilidae) under a bridge. Ornitología Colombiana 6, 86-88.
  5. Bleiweiss, R. (1982). The northern limit of the hummingbird genus Oreotrochilus in South America. The Auk 99(2), 376-78.