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 India |  Syria |
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Bilateral relations between the India and Syria are historic where the two have ancient civilisational ties. Both countries were on the silk route through which civilisational exchanges took place for centuries. India has an embassy in Damascus. [1] Syria has an embassy in New Delhi. Both countries are members of Non-Aligned Movement. [2] Syria supports the Indian stance on the Kashmir conflict, while India supports the Syrian claim to the Golan Heights. [3] [4]
Aramaic edict of King Ashoka mentions a trade route connecting India with mediterranean basin through city of Palmyra, Syria. Both countries were on the Silk Road through which civilizational exchanges took place for centuries. Syriac Christianity, originating in ancient Syria, spread further to the East and created the first Christian communities in ancient India. The ancient Syriac language among the Syrian Christians of Kerala was also brought to Kerala by Thomas the Apostle in the 1st century CE. The Syriac language continues to be taught in colleges, universities and Syrian churches in Kerala.
Both countries established diplomatic relations in May 1950. [5] The urge to pursue relations with the Muslim world in general, and the Arab world in particular, was strengthened in light of the partition of India on religious grounds. Religious partitions aside. the same perspective brought support for the Palestinian cause. Additionally, India pursued a pro-Arab policy regarding the Arab-Israeli conflict in order to counteract Pakistani influence in the region as well as to secure access to Western Asian petroleum resources. [6]
On 14 July 1957, Indian first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru visited Damascus on his way to the United States. During the visit, a main street (where Umayyad Square is currently located) was named in his honour in order to "immortalise Syrian-Indian relations." [7]
A common nationalism and secular orientation, membership of NAM and similar perceptions on many issues further strengthened a bond between the two states. India supported "Syria’s legitimate right to regain the occupied Golan Heights." In turn, this was reciprocated with Syrian recognition that Kashmir is a bilateral issue as well as general support of India's concerns and even candidature at various international forums. [8]
The Indian Minister of State for Information & Broadcasting, Arun Jaitley, visited Syria in January 2000. A senior Minister, Murali Manohar Joshi participated in the funeral ceremonies of the former President Hafez Al-Assad in June 2000. The Minister of State for Science and Technology, BS Rawat visited Syria in November 2000. Jaswant Singh also visited Syria in January/February 2001 and Yashwant Sinha visited Syria in August 2003.
Syrian Deputy PM & Foreign Minister Farouk Al-Shara visited India in August 2002.[ citation needed ] Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee travelled with a delegation including his Minister of External Affairs, National Security Adviser and senior officials for a 3-day official visit to Syria, which was the first visit of an Indian prime minister after 15 years.[ when? ] On the trip Vajpayee and Assad jointly inaugurated the Syrian National Bio-technology Centre, that was established with Indian assistance, where Vajpayee announced a special grant of US$1 million for the centre. The two countries also decided to set up a Joint Hydrocarbon Committee. Vajpayee also announced a credit line of US$25 million for the development of bilateral trade. For their part, Syria also supported a resolution of India-Pakistan issues bilaterally through dialogue based on the Simla Agreement (1972) and the Lahore Declaration (1999), while Vajpayee reiterated India's "principled support for the Palestinian and Syrian causes and for the legitimate rights and aspirations in the framework of the UNSC Resolutions as well as the 'land for peace' principle." [8] Later, the Syrian foreign minister did not visit India[ when? ] and was followed a year later by President al-Assad.[ when? ] After Al-Assad's son became president in July 2000, his first ministerial delegation that went abroad was to India, led by the then Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs and included the Ministers of Planning, Industry, Science & Technology and Higher Education.
 | This section needs to be updated.(June 2018) |
Beyond commercial ties, India and Syria also have professional exchanges. In addition to a large Syrian student population in India, each year five scholarships under the CEP programme are offered to Syrian students for pursuing higher studies in India, as well as 14 scholarships to Syrian scholars under the General Cultural Scholarship Scheme (GCSS). Syria also offers five scholarships to Indian students for studying Arabic language and literature. [8] [ needs update ] The two countries have also signed agreements[ when? ] to cooperate in scientific and technical education. [9] [ needs update ]
In 2007, Assad called on India to take a more active role in the Middle East peace process. The Syrian Foreign Minister also made a similar comment saying, "India must play its role in the international arena. The situation in the Middle East directly influences India. It is in India's interest to see a resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict. India needs to invest in its relations with the US to convince the US administration that stability in the Middle East is in the interests of the US and Israel. India should also persuade other Non-Aligned Movement countries to back the peace process in the Middle East and the establishment of a Palestinian state. India can do a lot in this field. As long as India continues its independent foreign policy, relations between India and Syria will grow to mutual advantage." [10] In 2008, then Indian President Pratibha Patil called on the two states to strengthen relations with increasing trade and encouraging people-to-people contacts. While hosting Syrian president Syrian President Bashar al-Assad she said that "Our civilisational and historical links are well known and well documented. We look forward to intensifying our relations with Syria as we believe that our historical links are just as important to our peoples as our common endeavours in the path of modernisation." [11] In 2010, on a visit to Syria patil called on Israel to return the Golan Heights: ""India has consistently supported all just Arab causes. I would also like to reiterate our strong support for Syria's legitimate right to the Golan Heights and for its very early and full return to Syria." Syrian President Bashar al-Assad held a press conferenced with Patil where he lambasted Israel for obstructing peace and said: "We expressed our hope that Syrian-Indian relations together with international efforts will help put an end to the sufferings of the Palestinian people, blockaded by an apartheid wall." [12] [13]
| This section needs to be updated.(February 2019) |
In 2017, The Indian Foreign Ministry described the two countries' economic relations as having "bright prospects and harbour great potential." [14]
| Trade data | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Exports | Imports | |||
| 1995-96 | US$30 million | US$8.29 million | |||
| 1996-97 | US$48 million | US$21 million | |||
| 1997-98 | US$53 million | US$7.3 million | |||
| 1998-99 | US$60.76 million | US$17.89 million | |||
| 1999-00 | US$65.67 million | US$11.82 million | |||
| 2000-01 | US$72.91 million | US$6.5 million | |||
| 2001-02 | US$95.94 million | US$7.23 million | |||
| 2002-03 | US$122.02 million | US$8.9 million | |||
Before the Syrian Civil War, Indian exports to Syria consisted primarily of man-made fabrics and yarns (21%), machinery and transport equipment (20%), pharmaceuticals & chemicals (8%), manufacture of metals (6%), jute and jute products (4%). Its imports consisted of rock phosphates, pulses, spices, raw cotton and raw wool however, more scope was seen for increasing exports of traditional items like jute/jute products, non-basmati rice, tea, coffee, and other agricultural goods. [15]
In the first decade of the 21st century, India and Syria also announced areas of mutual benefit to focus more attention on: rock phosphates and fertilisers, cement, the power sector, information technology, education and agro-industries were such areas. [16] India additionally expressed interest in expanding its industrial engagements in the form of investments and joint-ventures. [17] In 2009, Indian Petroleum Minister Murli Deora and Syrian Minister of Petroleum and Natural Resources Sufian Al-Alaw signed an agreement at the Petrotech India 2009 conference paving the way for ONGC Videsh, the foreign arm of the upstream Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, to explore for oil and natural gas in Syria. [18] Until then most Indian investment in Syria had been on a small scale. In 2006, Syria received investments from India worth US$84 million out a total of US$800 million. India was, therefore, the third highest investor (behind Iran's lead) in the country and ahead of Germany's with US$24 million (while the EU as a whole put in US$155 million). [19] At the time, the trade balance was in favour of India, though it was speculated that this could change with the new oil and gas contracts. Many Indian companies have also for important contracts from Syria.[ when? ] KEC (I) Ltd completed a contract of around US$48 million for building electricity transmission towers/network for the Jordan-Syria sector. BEML is a regular supplier of earthmoving equipment to Syria and concluded an order of around US$6 million. IRCON got an order of around US$9 million for electric sub-stations. ABB (India) won a contract of around US$51.5 million to supply nine power sub-stations. The ONGC Videsh-led consortium was awarded an exploration contract (block 24, which is potentially rich in oil). The Indian Electrical & Electronics Manufacturers’ Association also for US$40 million worth of contracts. [8]
The first Christian presence in India was that of the Church of the East. The ancient Syriac language among the Syrian Christians of Kerala was also brought to Kerala by St Thomas in the 1st century CE. [8] Even today the language continues to be taught in colleges and universities in Kerala. [8]
| Bilateral visits [14] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Title | Name | Nationality | Year | Reason | |
| President | Shukri al-Quwatli | Syrian | 17 January 1957 | State visit | |
| Prime Minister | Jawaharlal Nehru | Indian | 14 July 1957 | State visit | |
| Prime Minister | Jawaharlal Nehru | Indian | 1960 | State visit | |
| President | Hafez al-Assad | Syrian | 1978 & 1983 | State visit | |
| Vice-President | Zuhair Masharqa | Syrian | 1991 [20] | ||
| Foreign Minister | Farouk al-Sharaa | Syrian | 1998 [20] | ||
| Law Minister | Arun Jaitley | Indian | January 2000 [20] | ||
| Human Resources Development Minister | Murali Manohar Joshi [20] | Indian | June 2000 | Funeral of Hafez al-Assad | |
| Deputy Prime Minister | Khalid Raad | Syrian | July 2000 [20] | ||
| Deputy Prime Minister & Foreign Minister | Farouk al-Sharaa | Syrian | August 2002 [20] | ||
| Prime Minister | Atal Bihari Vajpayee | Indian | November 2003 [20] | State visit | |
| Deputy Foreign Minister | Farukh Taha | Syrian | April 2006 [20] | ||
| Industry Minister | Fuad Issa al-Jouni | Syrian | January 2007 | CII Business Partnership Summit, Bengaluru | |
| Minister of Petroleum | Murli Deora | Indian | April 2007 | With MDs of major Public Sector Undertakings in the oil and gas sector on an exploratory bilateral visit (also first visit by a Cabinet Minister of an Indian economic ministry).0 | |
| Foreign Minister | Walid Muallem | Syrian | August 2007 | State visit | |
| Deputy Prime Minister | Abdullah Dardari | Syrian | January 2008 | Ministerial and business delegation, including Ministers of Electricity, Higher Education and Planning to attend the 1st session of the Syria-India Joint Commission and the CII Partnership Summit, Gurgaon. Also visited the Auto Show (Delhi) unveiling the Tata Nano, the Delhi Metro, BHEL (Haridwar), Pune (to visit Tata Motors), IT and Bio-technology and other companies in Hyderabad, industrial and financial institutions in Mumbai. [20] | |
| President | Bashar al-Assad | Syrian | June 2008 | State visit [21] | |
| Deputy Foreign Minister | Ahmed Arnous | Syrian | February 2010 | Accompanied by the General Manager of the Syrian Investment Agency, Ahmad Abdul Aziz, visited Delhi to attend the 2nd Indo-Arab Investment Project Conclave [20] | |
| Commerce and Industry Minister | Anand Sharma | Indian | June 2010 | Co-Chair the 2nd Session of the India-Syria Joint Commission [20] | |
| Deputy Foreign Minister | Faisal Mekdad | Syrian | July/August 2011 | State visit | |
| Political and Media adviser to Presidency | Bouthaina Shaaban | Syrian | March 2013 | State visit | |
| Joint Secretary | Sandeep Kumar | Indian | December 2013 | Work visit | |
| Joint Secretary | Sandeep Kumar | Indian | February 2015 | Work visit | |
| Deputy PM & Foreign Minister | Walid Muallem | Syrian | 11-14 January 2016 | State visit | |
| Minister of State for External Affairs | M. J. Akbar | Indian | August 2016 | State visit | |
| Secretary (CPV & OIA) | Ausaf Sayeed | Indian | October 2022 | Scholarships for Study in India programme | |
| Foreign Minister | Faisal Mekdad | Syrian | 17-22 November 2022 [22] | State visit | |
| Joint Secretary | Sridharan Madhusudhanan | Indian | 13 April 2023 | State visit | |
| Minister of State for External Affairs | V. Muraleedharan | Indian | 12-14 July 2023 | State visit[ citation needed ] | |
VP Haran, the Joint Secretary at the Indian Ministry of External Affairs, was appointed as the Ambassador of India to the Syrian Arab Republic on 10 September 2008. [23] Mr. Vijay Pandey, the Second Secretary at the Indian Ministry of External Affairs, was appointed as the Chargé d'affaires of India to the Syrian Arab Republic on 18 April 2023. On 15 November 2023, Dr. Irshad Ahmed was appointed as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of India to the Syrian Arab Republic. [24]
Ensuring national security, increasing influence among its Arab neighbours and securing the return of the Golan Heights, have been the primary goals of the Syrian Arab Republic's foreign policy. At many points in its history, Syria has seen tension with its neighbours, such as Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, and Lebanon. Syria enjoyed an improvement in relations with several of the states in its region in the 21st century, prior to the Arab Spring and the Syrian Civil War.
Jordan–Syria relations are bilateral relations between the sovereign states of Jordan and Syria. Relations between neighbours have ancient roots as both countries are historically parts of the Levant or Greater Syria. The two states were created after the First World War from former Ottoman dominions by way of a secret bilateral agreement between Britain and France.
Diplomatic relations between Syria and the United States are currently non-existent; they were suspended in 2012 after the onset of the Syrian Civil War. Priority issues between the two states include the Arab–Israeli conflict, the Golan Heights annexation, Iraq War, alleged state-sponsorship of terrorism, occupation of Lebanon, etc.
Cyprus–India relations are the bilateral relations between the Cyprus and India. India maintains a High Commission in Nicosia. Cyprus maintains a High Commission in New Delhi.
Russia–Syria relations are the bilateral relations between Russia and Syria. Russia has an embassy in Damascus and Syria has an embassy in Moscow. Russia enjoys a historically strong, stable, and friendly relationship with Syria, as it did until the Arab Spring with most of the Arab countries. Russia's only Mediterranean naval base for its Black Sea Fleet is located in the Syrian port of Tartus.
Pakistan–Syria relations are the historic, international, and bilateral relations between Syria and Pakistan. Syria has an embassy in Islamabad. Pakistan is represented in Syria through its embassy in Damascus. Through the ancient civilization exchange, areas of modern Pakistan were part of the silk route with the Syria and for centuries, Syrian Islamic missionaries that introduced Islam in the parts of now integrated in Pakistan after 711 AD were from Syria.
Croatia–Syria relations are bilateral relations between Croatia and the Syrian Arab Republic. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 August 1997. Croatia is represented in Syria through its embassy in Cairo in Egypt and an honorary consulate in Damascus. Syria is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Budapest, Hungary and an honorary consulate in Zagreb. Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean, although Syria suspended its membership in 2011.
Iraq–Syria relations are the bilateral/diplomatic relations between the sovereign states of Iraq and Syria. Both nations are neighbours and they share the Iraq–Syria border. Relations are marked by long-shared cultural and political links, as well as former regional rivalry. The two countries took their present form after the Sykes–Picot Agreement to dismember the Ottoman Empire into British and French spheres of influence after World War I.
Israel–Syria relations refer to the bilateral ties between the State of Israel and the Syrian Arab Republic. The two countries have been locked in a perpetual war since the establishment of Israel in 1948, with their most significant and direct armed engagements being in the First Arab–Israeli War in 1948–1949, the Third Arab–Israeli War in 1967, and the Fourth Arab–Israeli War in 1973. Additionally, Israeli and Syrian forces also saw relatively extensive combat against each other during the Lebanese Civil War, the 1982 Lebanon War, as well as the War of Attrition. Both states have at times signed and held armistice agreements, although all efforts to achieve complete peace have been without success. Syria has never recognized Israel as a legitimate state and does not accept Israeli passports as legally valid for entry into Syrian territory; Israel likewise regards Syria as a hostile state and generally prohibits its citizens from travelling there, with some exceptions and special accommodations being made by both countries for Druze people residing in Syria and the Golan Heights. Israel and Syria have never established formal diplomatic relations since the inception of both countries in the mid-20th century.
International reactions to the Syrian civil war ranged from support for the government to calls for the government to dissolve. The Arab League, United Nations and Western governments in 2011 quickly condemned the Syrian government's response to the protests which later evolved into the Syrian civil war as overly heavy-handed and violent. Many Middle Eastern governments initially expressed support for the government and its "security measures", but as the death toll mounted, especially in Hama, they switched to a more balanced approach, criticizing violence from both government and protesters. Russia and China vetoed two attempts at United Nations Security Council sanctions against the Syrian government.
Syria–Yemen relations refer to the relationship between the Yemen and the Syrian Arab Republic. Yemen has an embassy in Damascus; while Syria has an embassy in Sanaa. Both are members of the Arab League. Both countries generally enjoy good relations and currently have ongoing civil wars, the Syrian Civil War and the Yemeni Civil War.
Syria and Iran are strategic allies. Syria is usually called Iran's "closest ally", with ideological conflict between the Arab nationalism ideology of Syria's secular ruling Ba'ath Party and the Islamic Republic of Iran's pan-Islamist policy notwithstanding. Iran and Syria have had a strategic alliance ever since the Iran–Iraq War, when Syria sided with non-Arab Iran against neighbouring Ba'ath-ruled Iraq. The two countries shared a common animosity towards then Iraqi president Saddam Hussein and coordination against the United States and Israel.
Egypt–Syria relations refers to the bilateral relations between the Arab Republic of Egypt and the Syrian Arab Republic. Egypt has an embassy in Damascus. Syria has an embassy in Cairo. Both countries are members of the Arab League.
Saudi Arabia–Syria relations refer to bilateral and economic relations between Saudi Arabia and the Syrian Arab Republic. Diplomatic ties between these two countries of the Middle East have long been strained by the major events in the region. Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Damascus, and Syria has an embassy in Riyadh. Both countries are members of the Arab League and share close cultural ties.
Indonesia–Syria relations was officially established in 1950, and it was among earliest international recognitions on Indonesian sovereignty. Both nations have common perceptions related to Palestine, Iraq and Lebanon issues, and Indonesia always supports Syria in international forum on the issue of the Golan Heights. Regarding the current events of the Syrian Civil War, Indonesia has urged all parties in Syria to end the violence, while pledging to provide US$500,000 worth of humanitarian assistance to conflict-torn Syria in 2014. Previously Indonesia has donated the same amount to Syria in 2012 and 2013 under United Nations. Indonesia has an embassy in Damascus, while Syria has an embassy in Jakarta. Both nations are the member of Non-Aligned Movement and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.
The history of Syria covers events which occurred on the territory of the present Syrian Arab Republic and events which occurred in the region of Syria. Throughout ancient times the territory of present Syrian Arab Republic was occupied and ruled by several empires, including the Sumerians, Mitanni, Assyrians, Babylonians, Egyptians, Hittites, Canaanites, Phoenicians, Arameans, Amorites, Persians, Greeks and Romans. Syria is considered to have emerged as an independent country for the first time on 24 October 1945, upon the signing of the United Nations Charter by the Syrian government, effectively ending France's mandate by the League of Nations to "render administrative advice and assistance to the population" of Syria, which came in effect in April 1946.
Algeria–Syria relations refers to the relationship between the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria and the Syrian Arab Republic. Algeria has an embassy in Damascus; while Syria has an embassy in Algiers. Both are members of the Arab League. During the Syrian conflict, Algeria was one of the few Arab countries that maintained close ties with the Government of Syria under Bashar al-Assad, and has defended Syria within the Arab League.
Oman–Syria relations refer to the relationship between the Sultanate of Oman and the Syrian Arab Republic. Oman has an embassy in Damascus; while Syria has an embassy in Muscat. Both are members of the Arab League, and despite the ongoing civil war occurring in Syria, Oman has not closed its embassy in Syria and both countries maintain diplomatic relations, in sharp contrast to other Arab states of the Persian Gulf who have cut off diplomatic ties with Syria and closed their embassies.
Abkhazia–Syria relations refers to the bilateral relationship between the Republic of Abkhazia and Syria. Syria recognised Abkhazia on 29 May 2018. The establishment of relations on an embassy-level was announced very early. Syria has an embassy in Sukhumi. Abkhazia has an embassy in Damascus.
On March 25, 2019, the United States officially recognized the Golan Heights as being under the sovereignty of Israel. Signed into effect by the Trump administration, the U.S. presidential proclamation marked the first instance of any country recognizing Israeli sovereignty over the Golan Heights; the territory is viewed as part of Syria under international law, though it has been under an Israeli military occupation since the 1967 Arab–Israeli War. In 1981, Israel's government passed the Golan Heights Law — a de facto annexation of the territory.
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