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 Indonesia |  Myanmar |
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Indonesia and Myanmar established diplomatic relations in 1949. Indonesia has an embassy in Yangon, while Myanmar has an embassy in Jakarta.
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Indonesia | Myanmar |
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Indonesia and Myanmar established diplomatic relations in 1949. Indonesia has an embassy in Yangon, while Myanmar has an embassy in Jakarta.
The relations between ancient Indonesia and Myanmar dated back to the 14th century, the Nagarakretagama Javanese manuscript dated from Majapahit period has mentioned Marutma, a state that today is identified as Martaban or Mottama, located in modern Southern Myanmar. [1]
Burma has been a strong supporter of Indonesia's struggle for independence. In 1947, Burma, then under transitional government, requested the Indian Government to hold Conference on Indonesian Affairs in New Delhi. On 23 March – 2 April 1947, India held Asian Relations Conference in New Delhi, India, in which Burma, still under British colonial rule, showed its support by condemning Dutch military aggression. During Indonesia's struggle for independence, Burma allowed Indonesia Dakota RI-001 "Seulawah" aircraft, donated by Acehnese people, to land at the then called Rangoon's Mingaladon Airport on 26 January 1949 and was rented by Union of Burma Airways.
Burma declared its independence from Britain on January 4, 1948. Subsequently, the two countries officially established diplomatic relation on 27 December 1949. The establishment of diplomatic relation between the two countries was highlighted by the opening of "Indonesian House" in Yangon, which was later upgraded into the Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia in April 1950. At that time, President Sukarno hailed Burma as "a comrade in struggling and fulfilling true independence". [2]
Indonesia supported and welcomed Myanmar's membership to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1997. Indonesia also supports Myanmar's democratization process. Indonesia has since been playing the role of a regional supervisor of democracy by constantly encouraging Naypidaw to reform its authoritarian system. [3]
As the world's most populous Muslim country, Indonesia watches the communal violence against Rohingya Muslim minority closely. Indonesia also exchange views with Bangladesh and United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR), to voice their concern and addressing the Rohingya refugees problems in Myanmar. The UN agency expressed appreciation for Indonesia's contribution to helping find solution to the Rohingya issue. [4] Yudhoyono, the president of Indonesia, urge Myanmar's leaders to address Buddhist-led violence against Muslims that he said could cause problems for Muslims elsewhere in the region. Indonesia encourages Myanmar to address the Rohingya issue wisely, appropriately and prevent tension and violence. Indonesia is ready to support Myanmar to reach those goals. [5]
On May 22 [6] and August 20, 2013 [7] Indonesian Police anti-terror squad Detachment 88, caught terrorist suspects and revealed an attempt by Indonesian Islamist militants to bomb the Myanmar Embassy in Jakarta. This failed terrorist plot was said to retaliate the killing of Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar. [8]
In 2017, following a military persecution of the Rohingyas, protesters demonstrated in front of the Myanmar embassy in Jakarta and a molotov cocktail was thrown into the building. [9]
President Soeharto paid a visit to Myanmar on 26 November 1972, on 22–29 August 1974, and on 23–25 February 1997. On the other hand, General Ne Win paid a visit to Indonesia on 11–14 June 1973 and on 8–13 June 1974. General Ne Win also paid a personal visit to Indonesia on 23–25 September 1997 at the invitation of President Soeharto. Meanwhile, Senior General Than Shwe also paid a visit to Indonesia on 5–8 June 1995, November 1996, and in April 2005. [2]
Other indication of the improvement of Indonesia–Myanmar relationship is the visit of three Indonesian Presidents to Myanmar: President Abdurrahman Wahid on 7 November 1999, President Megawati Sukarnoputri on 24 August 2001, and President Dr. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono on 1–2 March 2006 and 23–24 April 2013. [10] Myanmar Prime Minister General Thein Sein paid an official visit to Indonesia on 16–17 March 2009 and May 2011.
Indonesia's exports to Myanmar include paper and paper products, palm oil, iron and steel, tobacco and rubber. Meanwhile, Indonesia's imports from Myanmar include cornstarch, timber, nuts, soda, fish and vegetables. Myanmar indicated its desire to import fertilizer or cement and invited Indonesian investors to invest or open businesses in Myanmar. The total value of Indonesia-Myanmar trade as of June 2008 amounted to US$159 million. [11]
Indonesia also agreed to invest in Myanmar's electrical power and construction sector. Indonesia's largest cement producer, PT Semen Indonesia, agreed to invest US$200 million in a cement plant in Myanmar that will be built early in 2014. [12] During his state visit in April 2013, President Yudhoyono vowed to increase economic cooperation in line with Myanmar's reforms, and also promised to push Indonesia's public and private firms to invest in Myanmar, and set a target trade volume of $1 billion for 2014. [13] Both Indonesia and Myanmar are promoting the two countries' trade volume. The trade volume is estimated to reach up to $1 billion in 2016. [14] Indonesia has offered to purchase 300,000 tons of rice from Myanmar.
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Historically strained, Myanmar's foreign relations, particularly with Western nations, have improved since 2012. Relations became strained once more in 2017 with the Rohingya genocide and due to the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état. Myanmar has generally maintained warmer relations with near states and is a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.
Indonesia and the Netherlands share a special relationship, embedded in their shared history of colonial interactions for centuries. It began during the spice trade as the Netherlands established the Dutch East Indies Company (VOC) trading post in what is now Indonesia, before colonising it as the Dutch East Indies until the mid-20th century. Indonesia was the largest former Dutch colony. In the early 21st century, the Dutch government has committed to boosting its relationship with Indonesia, noting that economic, political, and interpersonal contacts should be further strengthened.
Indonesia and Vietnam established diplomatic relations in 1955. Indonesia has an embassy in Hanoi. Vietnam has an embassy in Jakarta. Both are neighboring nations that have a maritime border which lies on the South China Sea and are members of ASEAN and APEC.
Indonesia and South Korea established diplomatic relations in 1973. Both countries share a common vision, values and the will to contribute to the international community as middle powers. Both countries are members of G-20 and APEC. South Korea has an embassy in Jakarta and Indonesia has an embassy in Seoul. According to a 2014 BBC World Service Poll, 48% of Indonesians view South Korea's influence positively, with 27% expressing a negative view. The Chinese Indonesian merchant Chen Yanxiang visited Korea between the 1390s and the 1410s, the first major contact between the two nations.
Bangladesh and Indonesia established diplomatic relations in 1971. Indonesia is the world's largest Muslim country, whereas Bangladesh is the world's fourth largest Muslim country. They are partners in the United Nations and various multilateral organisations, particularly in international peacekeeping, the Developing 8 Countries, the Non-Aligned Movement, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Bangladesh has an embassy in Jakarta, whereas Indonesia has an embassy in Dhaka. Official diplomatic relations were established in 1972 after Indonesia became one of the first Muslim countries to recognise independent Bangladesh.
Indonesia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) established diplomatic relations in 1976. The diplomatic relations are important because both share the solidarity as Muslim majority countries. Indonesia has an embassy in Abu Dhabi, while the United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Jakarta. Both countries are members of the World Trade Organization (WTO), The Non-Aligned Movement and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).
Brazil and Indonesia established diplomatic relations in 1953. Both are large tropical countries endowed with rich natural resources, Brazil and Indonesia possess the largest tropical rain forest of the world that contains the world's richest biodiversity, which gave them a vital role in global environment issues, such as ensuring tropical forests protection. Both countries lead the list of Megadiverse countries with Indonesia second only to Brazil.
Indonesia and Mexico established diplomatic relations in 1953. Both nations view their counterpart as strategic partners in each other's regions; Indonesia in Southeast Asia and Mexico in Latin America. Both nations are mutual members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Forum of East Asia-Latin America Cooperation, Group of 15, G-20 major economies, MIKTA, United Nations, and the World Trade Organization.
Austria and Indonesia established diplomatic relations in 1954. Austria recognizes Indonesia as a stable and reliable partner, and both countries enjoy excellent relations. The two nations have agreed to expand relations in business, trade and investment, tourism, culture, environment and green technology. Austria has an embassy in Jakarta and honorary consulates in Yogyakarta, Bandung and Surabaya, while Indonesia has an embassy in Vienna that is also accredited to Slovenia.
Indonesia and Sweden established diplomatic relations in 1952. In recent years both nations demonstrate growing keenness to improve bilateral relations, as each head of government exchanged visits. Indonesia has an embassy in Stockholm that also accredited to Latvia, while Sweden has an embassy in Jakarta that also accredited to East Timor.
Bosnia and Herzegovina–Indonesia relations refers to the bilateral relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Indonesia. Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Jakarta, while Indonesia has an embassy in Sarajevo. The bilateral relations was initially motivated by humanity and religious solidarity. As a nation with the largest Muslim population, Indonesians were shocked by the ethnic cleansing against Muslim Bosniaks during the Bosnian War, and promptly organized and mobilized help. Indonesian support for Bosnia and Herzegovina ranged from collecting donations, sending peacekeeping forces under United Nations, to building the Istiqlal Mosque in Sarajevo.
Malaysia–Myanmar relations are foreign relations between Malaysia and Myanmar. Both are the members of ASEAN and enjoy good relations. Although the relations become strained in late 2016 due to the Rohingya people issues, the relations remained stable after the meeting between both countries' armed forces chiefs to play down the issues. Myanmar currently has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has an embassy in Yangon.
Jordan and Indonesia established diplomatic relations in 1950. Both are Muslim majority countries who, despite the challenges, wish to promote and projects the Islamic values of tolerance, justice and equality. Both nations often share similar stances upon issues in the Middle East, such as the Syrian Civil War and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Economy and trade relations are also particularly important, currently Indonesia is Jordan's largest trade partner in ASEAN. Jordan has an embassy in Jakarta, while Indonesia has an embassy in Amman that is also accredited to Palestine. Both countries are members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Non-Aligned Movement.
Indonesia–Kuwait relations was officially established on February 28, 1968. The relations focused on economy and trade sectors, especially on energy (oil) and human resources. Kuwait have an embassy in Jakarta, while Indonesia have an embassy in Kuwait City. Both countries are the member of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and Non-Aligned Movement.
Ecuador–Indonesia relations refer to bilateral relations between Ecuador and Indonesia. Relations were established on April 29, 1980; however, it was not until November 2004 that Ecuador established its embassy in Jakarta, and reciprocating 6 years later on November 11, 2010, that Indonesia finally opened its embassy in Quito. Both countries are the members of Forum of East Asia-Latin America Cooperation and Non-Aligned Movement.
Myanmar–Pakistan relations refers to the bilateral relationship between the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Myanmar and Pakistan maintain diplomatic and trade relations.
Indonesia and Norway established diplomatic relations in 1950. Since then, Indonesia and Norway has been cooperating in areas, such as climate and energy, democracy and human rights, international political issues and trade. Both nations has agreed to establish a strategic partnership against poverty and climate change, and also in promoting democracy and tolerance. Indonesia has an embassy in Oslo, while Norway has an embassy in Jakarta.
Indonesia–Kazakhstan relations refer to bilateral relations between Indonesia and Kazakhstan. The two countries officially established relations in 1993 and share some similarities; both countries possess abundance of natural resources, have predominantly Muslim populations with significant Christian minorities, ensure harmonious diversity and a commitment to human rights and democracy. Both nations have agreed to increase cooperation in several economic sectors, such as agriculture, industry, pharmaceuticals, petroleum, transportation infrastructure and machinery manufacture. Indonesia has an embassy in Astana, while Kazakhstan has an embassy in Jakarta. Both nations are members of the Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the United Nations.
Indonesia–Qatar relations were officially established in 1976. Both countries are Muslim-majority ones, with Indonesia being the largest. Both nations are members of Organization of Islamic Cooperation.
Lukman Hakim Saifuddin is an Indonesian politician and Muslim scholar who was the Minister of Religious Affairs in the Second United Indonesia Cabinet of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Working Cabinet of President Joko Widodo.
