Intrinsic activity

Efficacy spectrum of receptor ligands.

Intrinsic activity (IA) and efficacy (E_max) refer to the relative ability of a drug-receptor complex to produce a maximum functional response. This must be distinguished from the affinity, which is a measure of the ability of the drug to bind to its molecular target, and the EC₅₀, which is a measure of the potency of the drug and which is proportional to both efficacy and affinity. This use of the word "efficacy" was introduced by Stephenson (1956) ^[1] to describe the way in which agonists vary in the response they produce, even when they occupy the same number of receptors. High efficacy agonists can produce the maximal response of the receptor system while occupying a relatively low proportion of the receptors in that system. There is a distinction between efficacy and intrinsic activity.^{[ clarification needed ]}

Mechanism of efficacy

Ligand	Description	% Efficacy (E)
Superagonist	Efficacy higher than the endogenous agonist	E	>	100
Full agonist	Efficacy equal to the endogenous agonist	E	=	100
Partial agonist	Efficacy less than the endogenous agonist	0	<	E	<	100
Silent antagonist	Affinity but no efficacy	E	=	0
Inverse agonist	Inverse efficacy	E	<	0

Agonists of lower efficacy are not as efficient at producing a response from the drug-bound receptor, by stabilizing the active form of the drug-bound receptor. Therefore, they may not be able to produce the same maximal response, even when they occupy the entire receptor population, as the efficiency of transformation of the inactive form of the drug-receptor complex to the active drug-receptor complex may not be high enough to evoke a maximal response. Since the observed response may be less than maximal in systems with no spare receptor reserve, some low efficacy agonists are referred to as partial agonists. ^[2] However, it is worth bearing in mind that these terms are relative - even partial agonists may appear as full agonists in a different system/experimental setup, as when the number of receptors increases, there may be enough drug-receptor complexes for a maximum response to be produced, even with individually low efficacy of transducing the response. There are actually relatively few true full agonists or silent antagonists; many compounds usually considered to be full agonists (such as DOI) are more accurately described as high efficacy partial agonists, as a partial agonist with efficacy over ≈80-90% is indistinguishable from a full agonist in most assays. Similarly many antagonists (such as naloxone) are in fact partial agonists or inverse agonists, but with very low efficacy (less than 10%). Compounds considered partial agonists tend to have efficacy in between this range. Another case is represented by silent agonists, ^[3] which are ligands that can place a receptor, typically an ion channel, into a desensitized state with little or no apparent activation of it, forming a complex that can subsequently generate currents when treated with an allosteric modulator. ^[4]

Intrinsic activity

Intrinsic activity of a test agonist is defined as:

${\displaystyle \mathrm {IA} ={\frac {\text{maximal response to the test agonist}}{\text{maximal response to full agonist}}}}$ ^{[5] : 24}

Stevenson's efficacy

R. P. Stephenson (1925–2004) was a British pharmacologist. ^[6] Efficacy has historically been treated as a proportionality constant between the binding of the drug and the generation of the biological response. ^[7] Stephenson defined efficacy as:

${\displaystyle S=ep}$ ^{[5] : 25}

where ${\displaystyle p}$ is the proportion of agonist-bound receptors (given by the Hill equation) and ${\displaystyle S}$ is the stimulus to the biological system. ^[8] The response is generated by an unknown function ${\displaystyle f(S)}$, which is assumed to be hyperbolic. ^[8] This model was arguably flawed in that it did not incorporate the equilibrium between the inactivated agonist-bound-receptor and the activated agonist-bound-receptor that is shown in the del Castillo Katz model.

Furchgott's efficacy

Robert F. Furchgott later improved on Stephenson's model with the definition of efficacy, e, as

${\displaystyle S=\underbrace {\varepsilon [{\ce {R}}]_{\mathrm {Tot} }} _{e}\cdot p}$ ^[8]

where ${\displaystyle \varepsilon }$ is the intrinsic efficacy and ${\displaystyle [{\ce {R}}]_{\mathrm {Tot} }}$ is the total concentration of receptors.

Stevenson and Furchgott's models of efficacy have been criticised and many more have been developed. The models of efficacy are shown in Bindslev (2008). ^{[9] [10]}

References

1. Stephenson RP (December 1956). "A modification of receptor theory". British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. 11 (4): 379–393. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1956.tb00006.x. PMC   1510558 . PMID   13383117.
2. "In vitro pharmacology: concentration-response curves". Glaxo Wellcome pharmacology guide. Archived from the original on 2019-07-26. Retrieved 2009-07-11.
3. Chojnacka K, Papke RL, Horenstein NA (July 2013). "Synthesis and evaluation of a conditionally-silent agonist for the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 23 (14): 4145–4149. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.05.039. PMC   3882203 . PMID   23746476.
4. Quadri M, Matera C, Silnović A, Pismataro MC, Horenstein NA, Stokes C, et al. (August 2017). "Identification of α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Silent Agonists Based on the Spirocyclic Quinuclidine-Δ² -Isoxazoline Scaffold: Synthesis and Electrophysiological Evaluation". ChemMedChem. 12 (16): 1335–1348. doi:10.1002/cmdc.201700162. PMC   5573630 . PMID   28494140.
5. Foreman JC, Johansen T, Gibb AJ (2009). Textbook of Receptor Pharmacology (Second ed.). CRC Press. ISBN   9781439887578.
6. "R P ('Steve') Stephenson". Pharmacology Hall of Fame. British Pharmacological Society. 2 June 2016.
7. Brunton L, Chabner BA, Knollman B (2011). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (12th ed.). p. 46.
8. Linderman JJ (2000). "Kinetic Modeling Approaches to Understanding Ligand Efficacy". In Kenakin T, Angus JA (eds.). The Pharmacology of Functional, Biochemical, and Recombinant Receptor Systems. Berlin: Springer. p. 120. ISBN   978-3-540-66124-5.
9. Bindslev N (2008). "Chapter 1: Simple Agonism". Drug-Acceptor Interactions: Modeling Theoretical Tools to Test and Evaluate Experimental Equilibrium Effects. London: CRC Press. pp. 19–20. doi: 10.4324/9781315159782 . ISBN   978-91-977071-0-7.
10. Kirkeby H (2017). "Drug–Acceptor Interactions–Modeling theoretical tools to test and evaluate experimental equilibrium effects (Book review)". Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease. 20 (4). London: Routledge: 213. doi: 10.1080/08910600802431931 . ISBN   978-1-351-66057-0. S2CID   83584731.