- Plant after flowering
- Involucral bracts of capitulum
Leucanthemum vulgare | |
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Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Asterales |
Family: | Asteraceae |
Genus: | Leucanthemum |
Species: | L. vulgare |
Binomial name | |
Leucanthemum vulgare | |
Synonyms [1] | |
List of synonyms
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Leucanthemum vulgare, commonly known as the ox-eye daisy, oxeye daisy, dog daisy, marguerite (French : Marguerite commune, "common marguerite") and other common names, [2] is a widespread flowering plant native to Europe and the temperate regions of Asia, and an introduced plant to North America, Australia and New Zealand.
L. vulgare is a perennial herb that grows to a height of 80 centimetres (31 inches) [3] and has a creeping underground rhizome. The lower parts of the stem are hairy, sometimes densely hairy but more or less glabrous in the lower parts. The largest leaves are at the base of the plant and are 4–15 cm (1+1⁄2–6 in) long, about 5 cm (2 in) wide and have a petiole. These leaves have up to 15 teeth, or lobes or both on the edges. The leaves decrease in size up the stem, the upper leaves up to 7.5 cm (3 in) long, lack a petiole and are deeply toothed. [2] [4] [5] [6] [7]
The plant bears up to three "flowers" like those of a typical daisy. Each is a "head" or capitulum 2–7.5 cm (3⁄4–3 in) wide. [3] Each head has between fifteen and forty white "petals" (ray florets) 1–2 centimetres (3⁄8–3⁄4 in) long surrounding the yellow disc florets. Below the head is an involucre of glabrous green bracts 7–10 millimetres (1⁄4–3⁄8 inch) long with brownish edges. Flowering occurs from May to October. [3] The seed-like achenes are 1–3 mm (1⁄16–1⁄8 in) long and have ten "ribs" along their edges but lack a pappus. [2] [4] [5]
Ox-eye daisy is similar to shasta daisy (Leucanthemum × superbum) which has larger flower heads (5–12 cm or 2–4+3⁄4 in wide) and to stinking chamomile ( Anthemis cotula ) which has smaller heads (1.5–3 cm or 5⁄8–1+1⁄8 in wide). [4] L. maximum is also similar, usually with rays 2–3 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄8 in) in length. [3]
L. vulgare was first formally described in 1778 by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, who published the description in Flore françoise. [1] [8] [9] It is also known by the common names ox-eye daisy, dog daisy, field daisy, Marguerite, moon daisy, moon-penny, poor-land penny, poverty daisy and white daisy. [2]
The species was formerly described as part of the Chrysanthemum genus. [3]
The species is native to Europe, and to Turkey and Georgia in Western Asia. It is a typical grassland perennial wildflower, growing in a variety of plant communities including meadows and fields, under scrub and open-canopy forests, and in disturbed areas. The species is widely naturalised in many parts of the world, including North America, [3] and is considered to be an invasive species in more than forty countries. It grows in temperate regions where average annual rainfall exceeds 750 mm (30 in), and often where soils are heavy and damp. It is often a weed of degraded pastures and roadsides. [4] [6] [11] [12] [13]
The species spreads by seeds and by shallow, creeping rhizomes. A mature plant can produce up to 26,000 seeds that are spread by animals, vehicles, water and contaminated agricultural produce, and some seeds remain viable for up to nearly forty years. It is not palatable to cattle and reduces the amount of quality pasture available for grazing. In native landscapes such as the Kosciuszko National Park in Australia, dense infestation can exclude native plants, causing soil erosion and loss of soil organic matter. [4] [6] [12] [13]
This plant was top-ranked for pollen production per floral unit sampled at the level of the entire capitulum, with a value of 15.9 ± 2 μL, in a UK study of meadow flowers. [14]
L. vulgare is one of the most widespread weeds in the Anthemideae. It became an introduced species via gardens into natural areas in parts of Canada, [15] the United States, [16] Australia, [4] and New Zealand. [17] In some habitats it forms dense colonies displacing native plants and modifying existing communities. [11] [18] [19]
The plant commonly invades lawns, and is difficult to control or eradicate, since a new plant can regenerate from rhizome fragments [11] and is a problem in pastures where beef and dairy cattle graze, as usually they will not eat it, thus enabling it to spread; [17] cows who do eat it produce milk with an undesirable flavor. [20] It has been shown to carry several crop diseases. [21]
This species has been declared an environmental weed in New South Wales and Victoria. In New South Wales it grows from Glen Innes on the Northern Tablelands to Bombala in the far southeast of the state, and there are significant populations in the Kosciuszko National Park where it has invaded subalpine grassland, snowgum ( Eucalyptus pauciflora ) woodland and wetlands. In Victoria it is a prohibited species and must be eradicated or controlled. [4] [22]
The unopened flower buds can be marinated and used in a similar way to capers. [23]
Maud Grieve's Modern Herbal (1931) states that "The taste of the dried herb is bitter and tingling, and the odour faintly resembles that of valerian." [24]
Oxeye grows wild in the Arava Desert in Southern Israel, where the flowers are picked and dried and traditionally used by Jewish Israelis to make a local variety of herbal tea. [25]
L. vulgare is widely cultivated and available as a perennial flowering ornamental plant for gardens and designed meadow landscapes. It thrives in a wide range of conditions but prefers a sunny or part-sun location of average soil that is damp (like many in the daisy family). The plant does well in raised and mulched garden beds that retain moisture and prevent weeds. It is a mesophyte and therefore requires more or less a continuous water supply. The heads of faded and old blooms are often deadheaded to promote further blooming and to maintain the appearance of the plant. There are cultivars, such as 'May Queen', that begin blooming in early spring.[ citation needed ]
Allergies to daisies do occur, usually causing contact dermatitis. [26]
Since 1987 the daisy, specifically either oxeye daisy or the marguerite daisy (Argyranthemum frutescens), replaced red clover (Trifolium pratense) as the national flower of Denmark. Over time oxeye daisy has become more popular as it is native to Denmark, in contrast to the marguerite daisy. [27]
The family Asteraceae, with the original name Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae were first described in the year 1740. The number of species in Asteraceae is rivaled only by the Orchidaceae, and which is the larger family is unclear as the quantity of extant species in each family is unknown.
Daisy, Daisies or DAISY may refer to:
Artemisia vulgaris, the common mugwort, is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. It is one of several species in the genus Artemisia commonly known as mugwort, although Artemisia vulgaris is the species most often called mugwort. It is also occasionally known as riverside wormwood, felon herb, chrysanthemum weed, wild wormwood, old Uncle Henry, sailor's tobacco, naughty man, old man, or St. John's plant. Mugworts have been used medicinally and as culinary herbs.
Glebionis segetum is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, probably native only to the eastern Mediterranean region but now naturalized in western and northern Europe as well as China and parts of North America. Common names include corn marigold and corn daisy.
Bellis perennis, the daisy, is a European species of the family Asteraceae, often considered the archetypal species of the name daisy. To distinguish this species from other plants known as daisies, it is sometimes qualified or known as common daisy, lawn daisy or English daisy.
Leucanthemum is a genus of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae. It is mainly distributed in southern and central Europe. Some species are known on other continents as introduced species, and some are cultivated as ornamental plants. The name Leucanthemum derives from the Greek words λευκός – leukos ("white") and ἄνθεμον – anthemon ("flower"). Common names for Leucanthemum species usually include the name daisy, but "daisy" can also refer to numerous other genera in the Asteraceae family.
Trifolium pratense, red clover, is a herbaceous species of flowering plant in the bean family Fabaceae, native to Europe, Western Asia, and northwest Africa, but planted and naturalized in many other regions.
Argyranthemum is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Asteraceae. Members of this genus are sometimes also placed in the genus Chrysanthemum.
Oxeye may refer to:
Leucanthemum × superbum, the Shasta daisy, is a commonly grown flowering herbaceous perennial plant with the classic daisy appearance of white petals around a yellow disc, similar to the oxeye daisy Leucanthemum vulgareLam, but larger.
Puccinia horiana is a species of fungus that causes chrysanthemum white rust, is a disease of plant species of the genus Chrysanthemum.
Argyranthemum frutescens, known as Paris daisy, marguerite or marguerite daisy, is a perennial plant known for its flowers. It is native to the Canary Islands. Hybrids derived from this species are widely cultivated as ornamental plants in private gardens and public parks in many countries, and have naturalized in Italy and southern California. There are many cultivars, but the most common has white petals.
Marguerite may refer to:
L. vulgare may refer to:
Leucanthemum paludosum, commonly known as creeping daisy or mini marguerite, is a perennial plant of the family Asteraceae.
Tephritis neesii is a species of fly found across Europe. It mostly lives on Leucanthemum vulgare.
Garden marguerites, also known as marguerite daisies, are cultivars of plants in the subtribe Glebionidinae of the family Asteraceae, the great majority being hybrids created in cultivation. One of the genera belonging to the subtribe, Argyranthemum, was introduced into cultivation from the Canary Islands in the 18th century, and modern cultivars are mostly sold and grown under the genus name Argyranthemum or the species name Argyranthemum frutescens, although many are actually intergeneric hybrids. The first such hybrids involved species now placed in the genus Glebionis, but other crosses within the subtribe are known. Breeding has aimed at introducing flower heads in varied colours and shapes while retaining the shrubby habit of Argyranthemum. Garden marguerites are used as summer bedding or grown in containers. Most are only half-hardy. They can be trained into shapes such as pyramids or grown as standards.
Glebionidinae is a small subtribe of flowering plants in the tribe Anthemideae of the family Asteraceae. Its members include species used in the production of garden marguerites.
Chrysanthemum vulgare can refer to:
Leucanthemum ircutianum is a herbaceous perennial plant species in the family Asteraceae, that can be found growing in Eurasian countries and North America. Just like the similar L. vulgare, it is commonly known as the oxeye daisy.
The folklore of this species is abundant and well known: young men and women pluck the leaves of a daisy to find out the truth about their love affairs