List of Native American boarding schools

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Male students in uniform at Albuquerque Indian School (1881-1982), photographed c. 1910 Older male students in uniform at the Albuquerque Indian School. - NARA - 292881.tif
Male students in uniform at Albuquerque Indian School (1881–1982), photographed c. 1910
Students at Washakada Indian Residential School, Elkhorn, Manitoba c. 1900 A group of students in front of the school buildings of Washakada Indian Residential School, Elkhorn, Manitoba, circa 1900 (15063094020).jpg
Students at Washakada Indian Residential School, Elkhorn, Manitoba c. 1900
Fort Shaw Indian School Girls Basketball Team, 1904 "Indian girls dressed for a ball game, U.S. Government Indian exhibit." (Fort Shaw Indian School basketball team) 1904 World's Fair (cropped).jpg
Fort Shaw Indian School Girls Basketball Team, 1904

This is an alphabetical list of Native American boarding schools. For the article about the system in the United States, see: American Indian boarding schools. For the similar system in Canada, see: Canadian Indian residential school system For other uses, see: Indian school (disambiguation).

This list is far from complete as recent reports show more than 408 American Indian Boarding Schools in the United States. Additionally, according to the Inaugural Department of the Interior Indian Boarding School report released on May 12, 2022. There were 408 schools in 37 states, and 53 unmarked/marked burial sites in the U.S. The Secretary of the Interior Deb Haaland (Laguna Pueblo)says the former United States policies were "heartbreaking and undeniable." [1]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert McGill Loughridge</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian Territory in the American Civil War</span> U.S. state of Oklahoma during the American Civil War

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Indian boarding schools</span> Schools for assimilating Native Americans

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oklahoma Organic Act</span> Statute used by the United States Congress

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On the eve of the American Civil War in 1861, a significant number of Indigenous peoples of the Americas had been relocated from the Southeastern United States to Indian Territory, west of the Mississippi. The inhabitants of the eastern part of the Indian Territory, the Five Civilized Tribes, were suzerain nations with established tribal governments, well established cultures, and legal systems that allowed for slavery. Before European Contact these tribes were generally matriarchial societies, with agriculture being the primary economic pursuit. The bulk of the tribes lived in towns with planned streets, residential and public areas. The people were ruled by complex hereditary chiefdoms of varying size and complexity with high levels of military organization.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of slavery in Oklahoma</span>

The history of slavery in Oklahoma began in the 1830s with the five Native American nations in the area: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole. Slavery within these Native American nations began simply by placing a lower status on them than their master. The slavery in these tribes varied in style, being specifically different from American slavery. Slavery in the area continued to grow for many years, even throughout the entirety of the Civil War. The growth was significant, slaves making up a portion of the population in the new Indian territory. Slavery ended in the Oklahoma area with the completion of the Civil War. Treaties were made with the nations regarding citizenship and slavery for African Americans. The repercussions of slavery that followed greatly affected the state, with prominent racial issues.

References

  1. ↑ Native Viewpoint article
  2. 1 2 3 4 "BIA Schools". National Archives. 2016-08-15. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  3. ↑ "United States. Office of Indian Affairs / Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, for the year 1899 Part I". digicoll.library.wisc.edu. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Carter, Kent, compiler. "Preliminary Inventory of the Office of the Five Civilized Tribes Agency Muscogee Area of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (Record Group 75). Appendix VI: List of Schools (Entry 600 and 601)" RootsWeb. 1994 (retrieved 25 Feb 2010)
  5. 1 2 White, James D. "St. Patrick's Mission". Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 Everett, Dianna. "Seger, John Homer (1846–1928)". Oklahoma State University. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  7. 1 2 3 McKellips, Karen K (October 1992). "Educational Practices in Two Nineteenth Century American Indian Mission Schools". Journal of American Indian Education. 32 (1).
  8. 1 2 Federal Writers Project of the WPA (1941). Oklahoma: A Guide to the Sooner State. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 372–73. ISBN   9780403021857 . Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  9. 1 2 "Asbury Manual Labor School and Mission". General Commission on Archives & History The United Methodist Church. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  10. ↑ Lupo, Mark R. "Asbury School and Mission". Alabama Historical Markers. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  11. 1 2 Warde, Mary Jane (1999). George Washington Grayson and the Creek nation : 1843–1920. Norman, Okla.: Univ. of Oklahoma Press. pp. 43, 149. ISBN   978-0-8061-3160-3 . Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  12. ↑ Doucette, Bob (April 29, 2002). "Chickasaws plan to move seminary". News OK. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  13. ↑ Margery Pease, A Worthy Work in a Needy Time: The Montana Industrial School for Indians (Bond's Mission ) 1886–1897, Self-published in 1986. Reprinted in Billings, Mont.: M. Pease, [1993]
  14. ↑ "Burney Academy". cumberland.org. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  15. ↑ O'Dell, Larry. "Cameron". Oklahoma State University. Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  16. ↑ Petter, Rodolphe (1953). "Cantonment Mennonite Mission (Canton, Oklahoma, USA)". Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  17. ↑ "Department of the Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Cantonment School. (1903–27)". Archives.gov. US National Archives. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 "Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs." National Archives. (retrieved 25 Feb 2010)
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  20. 1 2 Lance, Dana (August 2014). "Chickasaw Children's Village Celebrates 10 Years of Service". Chickasaw Times. p. 12. Retrieved 30 January 2015.[ permanent dead link ]
  21. 1 2 Agnew, Brad. "Cherokee Male and Female Seminaries". Oklahoma State University. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
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  23. 1 2 Chisholm, Johnnie Bishop (June 1926). "Harley Institute". Chronicles of Oklahoma. 4 (2). Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  24. 1 2 Burris, George W (June 1942). "Reminiscences Of Old Stonewall". Chronicles of Oklahoma. 20 (2). Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  25. ↑ Davis, Caroline (December 1937). "Education of the Chickasaws 1856–1907". Chronicles of Oklahoma. 15 (4). Archived from the original on 28 August 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  26. ↑ "Indian Boarding and Residential Schools Sites of Conscience Network." International Coalition of Sites of Conscience. (retrieved 25 Feb 2010)
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 Gibson, Arrell Morgan (1981). Oklahoma, a History of Five Centuries. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 95, 111. ISBN   978-0806117584 . Retrieved 30 January 2015.
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  29. ↑ Wright, Muriel H. (June 1930). "Additional Notes on Perryville, Choctaw Nation". Chronicles of Oklahoma. 8 (2). Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  30. ↑ Fowler, Loretta (2010). Wives and husbands: gender and age in Southern Arapaho history. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 201. ISBN   978-0-8061-4116-9.
  31. ↑ Gamino, Denise (August 17, 1983). "Judge Approves Closing Concho Indian School". News OK. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  32. ↑ "Acts and Resolutions of the Creek National Council". 23 October 1894. p. 9. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  33. ↑ Peyer, Bernd, ed. (2007). American Indian Nonfiction: An Anthology of Writings, 1760s–1930s. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 180. ISBN   978-0-8061-3708-7 . Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  34. ↑ Thiesen, Barbara A (June 2006). "Every Beginning Is Hard: Darlington Mennonite Mission, 1880–1902". Mennonite Life. 61 (2).
  35. ↑ "Remembering Oak Hill Academy for Choctaw Freedmen". african-nativeamerican.blogspot. 2011-02-27. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  36. ↑ Marsh, Raph (June 3, 1958). "Minco College History Deep". Chickasha Daily Express. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  37. ↑ "Emahaka Mission". Seminole Nation. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  38. ↑ "Euchee Mission Boarding School". Exploring Oklahoma History. blogoklahoma.us. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  39. 1 2 "Department of the Interior. Bureau of Indian Affairs. Muskogee Area Office. Eufaula High School". National Archives. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  40. 1 2 "Eufaula Dormitory". eots.org. Eastern Oklahoma Tribal Schools. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  41. ↑ "Site Markers – Folsom Training School". Broken Bow Chamber of Commerce. Broken Bow Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  42. ↑ Smith, Tash (2014). Capture these Indians for the lord : Indians, Methodists, and Oklahomans, 1844–1939. University of Arizona Press. p. 171. ISBN   978-0-8165-3088-5 . Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  43. ↑ "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form – Comanche Indian Mission Cemetery" (PDF). United States Department of the Interior National Park Service. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  44. ↑ Biskupic, Joan M. (May 13, 1983). "Tribes' Hopes of Reopening Fort Sill Indian School Fading". News OK. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  45. ↑ Miller, Floyd E. (September 1926). "Hillside Mission". Chronicles of Oklahoma. 4 (3): 225. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  46. ↑ Rofini, Diane; Peterson, Diana Franzusoff (eds.). "Associated Executive Committee of Friends on Indian Affairs" (PDF). Haverford, Pennsylvania: Haverford College Quaker & Special Collections. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2015. transferring efforts from Hillside to another more pioneer station
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  48. ↑ "Jones Academy". Jones Academy. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  49. ↑ Starr, Myra. "Creek (Mvskoke) Schools". Oklahoma State University. Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  50. ↑ Foreman, Carolyn Thomas (1947). "Israel G. Vore and Levering Manual Labor School" (PDF). Chronicles of Oklahoma. 25: 206. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  51. 1 2 "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form". United States Department of the Interior National Park Service: 3. 16 May 1974. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  52. ↑ "Mekasukey Academy". Seminole Nation. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  53. ↑ City of Morris: Morris Human Rights Commission
  54. 1 2 Miles, Dennis B. "Choctaw Boarding Schools". Oklahoma State University. Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  55. ↑ Flickinger, Robert Elliott (1914). The Choctaw Freedmen and The Story of Oak Hill Industrial Academy (PDF). Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen. p. 103. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
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  57. 1 2 3 Koenig, Pamela. "Seminole Schools". Oklahoma State University. Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
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  59. ↑ Tanner, Courtney; Alastair Lee Bitsóí (August 23, 2021). "Bodies of Paiute children believed to be buried at site of former Utah Indigenous boarding school". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
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  61. ↑ Kresge, Theda GoodFox (15 June 2009). "The gravy had no lumps". Native American Times. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  62. ↑ Johnson, Larry G. (2008). Tar Creek : a history of the Quapaw Indians, the world's largest lead and zinc discovery, and the Tar Creek Superfund site. Mustang, Okla.: Tate Pub. & Enterprises. p. 81. ISBN   978-1-60696-555-9 . Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  63. ↑ Ellis, Clyde. "Rainy Mountain Boarding School". Oklahoma State University. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  64. ↑ "Department of the Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Red Moon School and Agency". archives.gov. U.S. National Archives. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  65. ↑ Koenig, Pamela. "Riverside Indian School". Oklahoma State University. Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  66. 1 2 Ragland, Hobert D (1955). "Missions of the Society of Friends, Sac and Fox Agency" (PDF). Chronicles of Oklahoma. 33 (2): 172. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  67. ↑ Ragland, Hobart D (1951). "Some Firsts In Lincoln County" (PDF). Chronicles of Oklahoma. 29 (4): 420. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  68. 1 2 3 Wright, Catherine; Anders, Mary Ann (April 1983). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form: Sacred Heart Mission Site". National Park Service. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  69. ↑ Harley, Bruce (1994). Readings in Diocesan Heritage. Vol. 8, Seek and ye shall find: St. Boniface Indian Industrial School, 1888–1978. San Bernardino, CA: Diocese of San Bernardino. pp. i–137. OCLC   29934736.
  70. 1 2 Nieberding, Velma (1954). "Catholic Education Among the Osage" (PDF). Chronicles of Oklahoma. 32: 12–15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  71. ↑ Fitzpatrick, David (November 17, 2014). "U.S. Indian school's fundraising letters sent to millions signed by fictitious kids". CNN Investigations. Retrieved March 30, 2015. "They are raising money in the name of Indians, using the worst of poverty porn of all Indian country to raise money on all our social ills" - Michael Roberts, president of the First Nations Development Institute
  72. ↑ Cooper, Anderson (Anchor), with David Fitzpatrick and Drew Griffin (Reporters) (2014). 'Poverty porn' helps school get millions. CNN Investigations (Television news report). US. Event occurs at 3:48. interview with Crow Creek Lakota Sioux vice chairman, Leonard Pease.
  73. ↑ Jackson, Joe C. (1954). "Schools Among the Minor Tribes in Indian Territory" (PDF). Chronicles of Oklahoma. 32: 64–65. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  74. ↑ Baker, Terri M.; Henshaw, Connie Oliver, eds. (2007). Women who pioneered Oklahoma : stories from the WPA narratives. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN   978-0-8061-3845-9 . Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  75. ↑ Gilstrap, Harriet Patrick (1960). "Memoirs of a Pioneer Teacher" (PDF). Chronicles of Oklahoma. 38 (1): 21. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  76. ↑ WPA 1941, p. 308
  77. ↑ Spring, Joel (2012). Corporatism, social control, and cultural domination in education : from the radical right to globalization : the selected works of Joel Spring. New York, NY: Routledge. p. 73. ISBN   978-0-415-53435-2 . Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  78. ↑ "Choctaw Schools and Missions". Rootsweb. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  79. ↑ Constitution and Laws of the Chickasaw Nation together with the Treaties of 1832, 1833, 1834, 1837, 1852, 1855 and 1866. Library of Congress: Chickasaw Nation. 15 October 1896. p. 366. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
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  84. ↑ Wright, Muriel H. (December 1934). "Wapanucka Academy, Chickasaw Nation". Chronicles of Oklahoma. 12 (4). Archived from the original on 15 January 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  85. ↑ "Settlers Claim Land". Bixby Historical Society. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  86. ↑ "Chief Alice Brown Davis". Seminole Nation. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
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  88. ↑ Mulroy, Kevin (2007). The Seminole freedmen a history . Norman, Okla.: Univ. of Oklahoma Press. ISBN   978-0-8061-3865-7 . Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  89. ↑ Glenn, Elizabeth; Rafert, Stewart (2009). The Native Americans. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. p. 81. ISBN   978-0-87195-280-6 . Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  90. ↑ "Photos Of American Indians From White's Institute, Wabash, Indiana" . Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  91. ↑ Zagofsky, Al (November 17, 2012). "Josiah White's curious link to Jim Thorpe". Lehighton, Pennsylvania: Times News. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  92. ↑ King, Thomas M. (2012). History of San Jose Quakers, west coast Friends : based on Joel Bean's diaries in Iowa and California. p. 40. ISBN   978-1-105-69540-7 . Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  93. ↑ Sulphur Springs, p. 397
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