![]() | This article needs to be updated.(October 2023) |
Annex 2, signed and ratified Annex 2, only signed Annex 2, non-signatory | Not Annex 2, signed and ratified Not Annex 2, only signed Not Annex 2, non-signatory |
The contracting states to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) are the states that have signed and ratified the international agreement banning all nuclear explosions in all environments. Technically they will not be "parties" until the treaty enters into force, [1] at which point these states will also be Member States of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), which comes into existence upon entry into force of the treaty. Non-contracting states are also listed, including those that are signatories and those are not. States Signatories are Members of the CTBTO Preparatory Commission.
On September 24, 1996, the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) was opened for signature. All five nuclear weapons states recognized under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) signed the treaty, with 66 other states following that day. [2] Fiji became the first state to ratify the treaty on October 10, 1996. As of March 2024, 187 states have signed and 178 states have ratified the treaty. Most recently, Papua New Guinea ratified the treaty in March 2024. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
Signatures are received at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City by authorized representatives of the state. [8] Ratification is achieved with the approval of either or both chamber of the legislature and executive of the state. The instrument of ratification serves as the document binding the state to the international treaty and can be accepted only with the validating signature of the head of state or other official with full powers to sign it. [9] The instrument is deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. [10]
Under the CTBT, there are 195 Annex 1 states [11] which include a subset of 44 Annex 2 states. [12]
Nine Annex 2 states have not ratified the treaty: China, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Russia and the United States have already signed the Treaty, whereas India, North Korea and Pakistan have not signed it. The treaty will come into force only with the signature and ratification of the above Annex 2 states of the treaty, 180 days after they have all deposited their instruments of ratification. [15]
Status | Annex 2 states | Not Annex 2 states | Total | Membership |
---|---|---|---|---|
Signed and ratified | 35 | 143 | 178 | Parties to the CTBT Member States of the CTBT Preparatory Commission Member States of the CTBTO (after entry into force) |
Only signed | 6 | 3 | 9 | Member States of the CTBT Preparatory Commission |
Non-signatory | 3 | 6 | 9 | |
Total | 44 | 152 | 196 |
State [5] [3] | Annex | Signed | Ratified |
---|---|---|---|
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 2003 | Sep 24, 2003 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 27, 1996 | Apr 23, 2003 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Oct 15, 1996 | Jul 11, 2003 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jul 12, 2006 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 27, 1996 | Mar 20, 2015 |
![]() | 1 | Apr 16, 1997 | Jan 11, 2006 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Dec 4, 1998 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 1, 1996 | Jul 12, 2006 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jul 9, 1998 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Mar 13, 1998 |
![]() | 1 | Jul 28, 1997 | Feb 2, 1999 |
![]() | 1 | Feb 4, 2005 | Nov 30, 2007 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Apr 12, 2004 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Oct 24, 1996 | Mar 8, 2000 |
![]() | 1 | Jan 14, 2008 | Jan 14, 2008 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Sep 13, 2000 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jun 29, 1999 |
![]() | 1 | Nov 14, 2001 | Mar 26, 2004 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 27, 1996 | Mar 6, 2001 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Oct 4, 1999 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Oct 26, 2006 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 16, 2002 | Oct 28, 2002 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jul 24, 1998 |
![]() | 1 | Jan 22, 1997 | Jan 10, 2013 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Sep 29, 1999 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 27, 1996 | Apr 17, 2002 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Sep 24, 2008 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 1, 1996 | Mar 1, 2006 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 26, 1996 | Nov 10, 2000 |
![]() | 1 | Nov 16, 2001 | Feb 6, 2006 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Dec 18, 1998 |
![]() | 1 | Dec 19, 2001 | May 26, 2010 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 18, 1996 | Feb 8, 2013 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jul 12, 2000 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jan 29, 2008 |
![]() | 1 | Dec 12, 1996 | Feb 19, 2021 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Oct 4, 1996 | Sep 28, 2004 |
![]() | 1 | Feb 11, 1997 | Sep 2, 2014 |
![]() | 1 | Dec 5, 1997 | Sep 6, 2005 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Sep 25, 2001 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 25, 1996 | Mar 11, 2003 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Mar 2, 2001 |
![]() | 1 | Feb 4, 2021 | Feb 4, 2021 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jul 18, 2003 |
![]() | 1 | Nov 12, 1996 | Sep 11, 1997 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Dec 21, 1998 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 21, 1996 | Jul 15, 2005 |
![]() | 1 | May 25, 2022 | Jun 30, 2022 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 3, 1996 | Sep 4, 2007 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Nov 12, 2001 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Sep 11, 1998 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 9, 1996 | Sep 21, 2022 |
![]() | 1 | Nov 11, 2003 | Nov 11, 2003 |
![]() | 1 | Nov 20, 1996 | Aug 13, 1999 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Sep 21, 2016 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 25, 1996 | Aug 8, 2006 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jul 25, 1997 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Oct 10, 1996 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jan 15, 1999 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Apr 6, 1998 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 7, 1996 | Sep 20, 2000 |
![]() | 1 | Apr 9, 2003 | Mar 24, 2022 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Sep 27, 2002 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Aug 20, 1998 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 3, 1996 | Jun 14, 2011 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Apr 21, 1999 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 10, 1996 | Aug 19, 1998 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 20, 1999 | Jan 12, 2012 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 3, 1996 | Sep 20, 2011 |
![]() | 1 | Apr 11, 1997 | Sep 24, 2013 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 7, 2000 | Mar 7, 2001 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Dec 1, 2005 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jul 18, 2001 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 25, 1996 | Oct 30, 2003 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 25, 1996 | Jul 13, 1999 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jun 26, 2000 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Feb 6, 2012 |
![]() | 1 | Aug 19, 2008 | Sep 26, 2013 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jul 15, 1999 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Feb 1, 1999 |
![]() | 1 | Nov 11, 1996 | Nov 13, 2001 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jul 8, 1997 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 26, 1996 | Aug 25, 1998 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 30, 1996 | May 14, 2002 |
![]() | 1 | Nov 14, 1996 | Nov 30, 2000 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 7, 2000 | Sep 7, 2000 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | May 6, 2003 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 8, 1996 | Oct 2, 2003 |
![]() | 1 | Jul 30, 1997 | Oct 5, 2000 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Nov 20, 2001 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 16, 2005 | Nov 11, 2008 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 30, 1996 | Sep 14, 1999 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 1, 1996 | Aug 17, 2009 |
![]() | 1 | Nov 13, 2001 | Jan 6, 2004 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 27, 1996 | Sep 21, 2004 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 7, 1996 | Feb 7, 2000 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | May 26, 1999 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 9, 1996 | Sep 15, 2005 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 9, 1996 | Nov 11, 2008 |
![]() | 1 | Jul 23, 1998 | Jan 17, 2008 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 1, 1997 | Sep 7, 2000 |
![]() | 1 | Feb 18, 1997 | Aug 4, 1999 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jul 23, 2001 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Oct 28, 2009 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Apr 30, 2003 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Oct 5, 1999 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1997 | Jan 16, 2007 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 1, 1996 | Dec 18, 1998 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 1, 1996 | Aug 8, 1997 |
![]() (succession from Serbia and Montenegro) | 1 | Oct 23, 2006 | Oct 23, 2006 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Apr 17, 2000 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 26, 1996 | Nov 4, 2008 |
![]() | 1 | Nov 25, 1996 | Sep 21, 2016 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jun 29, 2001 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 8, 2000 | Nov 12, 2001 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Mar 23, 1999 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 27, 1996 | Mar 19, 1999 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Dec 5, 2000 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 3, 1996 | Sep 9, 2002 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 8, 2000 | Sep 27, 2001 |
![]() | 1 | Apr 9, 2012 | Mar 4, 2014 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 29, 1998 | Mar 14, 2000 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jul 15, 1999 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 23, 1999 | Jun 13, 2003 |
![]() | 1 | Aug 12, 2003 | Aug 1, 2007 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Mar 23, 1999 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 25, 1996 | Mar 13, 2024 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 25, 1996 | Oct 4, 2001 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 25, 1996 | Nov 12, 1997 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Feb 23, 2001 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | May 25, 1999 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jun 26, 2000 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Mar 3, 1997 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Oct 5, 1999 |
![]() | 1 | Nov 30, 2004 | Nov 30, 2004 |
![]() | 1 | Mar 23, 2004 | Apr 27, 2005 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 4, 1996 | Apr 5, 2001 |
![]() | 1 | Jul 2, 2009 | Sep 23, 2009 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 9, 1996 | Sep 27, 2002 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 7, 1996 | Mar 12, 2002 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 26, 1996 | Sep 22, 2022 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 26, 1996 | Jun 9, 1999 |
![]() (continuing the membership of Serbia and Montenegro) | 1 | Jun 8, 2001 | May 19, 2004 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Apr 13, 2004 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 8, 2000 | Sep 17, 2001 |
![]() | 1 | Jan 14, 1999 | Nov 10, 2001 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 30, 1996 | Mar 3, 1998 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Aug 31, 1999 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 3, 1996 | Jan 20, 2023 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Mar 30, 1999 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Sep 24, 1999 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Jul 31, 1998 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 24, 1996 | Jul 25, 2023 |
![]() | 1 | Jun 10, 2004 | Jun 10, 2004 |
![]() | 1 | Jan 14, 1997 | Feb 7, 2006 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Dec 2, 1998 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Oct 1, 1999 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 7, 1996 | Jun 10, 1998 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 30, 2004 | Sep 30, 2004 |
![]() | 1 | Nov 12, 1996 | Sep 25, 2018 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 26, 2008 | Aug 1, 2022 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 2, 1996 | Jul 2, 2004 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 8, 2009 | May 26, 2010 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 16, 1996 | Sep 23, 2004 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Feb 16, 2000 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Feb 20, 1998 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 25, 2018 | Mar 31, 2022 |
![]() | 1 | Nov 7, 1996 | Mar 14, 2001 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 27, 1996 | Feb 23, 2001 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 25, 1996 | Sep 18, 2000 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Apr 6, 1998 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Sep 21, 2001 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 3, 1996 | May 29, 1997 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 24, 1996 | Sep 16, 2005 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 3, 1996 | May 13, 2002 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 | Mar 10, 2006 |
![]() | 1 | Dec 3, 1996 | Feb 23, 2006 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 13, 1999 | Feb 13, 2019 |
The following 9 states have signed but not ratified the treaty.
State [5] [3] | Annex | Signed |
---|---|---|
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Oct 14, 1996 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 25, 1996 |
![]() | 1 | Oct 8, 1996 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 8, 2023 |
![]() | 1, 2 | Sep 24, 1996 |
![]() | 1 | Sep 30, 1996 |
The following 9 UN member states, in addition to the UN observer State of Palestine, have neither signed nor acceded to the treaty.
State | Annex |
---|---|
![]() | 1 |
![]() | 1, 2 |
![]() | 1 |
![]() | 1, 2 |
![]() | 1, 2 |
![]() | 1 |
![]() | 1 |
![]() | 1 |
![]() | 1 |
In 1998, India said it would only sign the treaty if the United States presented a schedule for eliminating its nuclear stockpile, a condition the United States rejected. [18]
In 2016, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said that its ratification was dependent upon "the regional context and the appropriate timing". [19]
The United States has signed the CTBT, but not ratified it; there is ongoing debate whether to ratify the CTBT.
The United States has stated that its ratification of the CTBT is conditional upon:
- A: The conduct of a Science Based Stockpile Stewardship Program to ensure a high level of confidence in the safety and reliability of nuclear weapons in the active stockpile, including the conduct of a broad range of effective and continuing experimental programs.
- B: The maintenance of modern nuclear laboratory facilities and programs in theoretical and exploratory nuclear technology which will attract, retain, and ensure the continued application of our human scientific resources to those programs on which continued progress in nuclear technology depends.
- C: The maintenance of the basic capability to resume nuclear test activities prohibited by the CTBT should the United States cease to be bound to adhere to this treaty.
- D: Continuation of a comprehensive research and development program to improve our treaty monitoring capabilities and operations.
- E: The continuing development of a broad range of intelligence gathering and analytical capabilities and operations to ensure accurate and comprehensive information on worldwide nuclear arsenals, nuclear weapons development programs, and related nuclear programs.
- F: The understanding that if the President of the United States is informed by the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Energy (DOE) – advised by the Nuclear Weapons Council, the Directors of DOE's nuclear weapons laboratories and the Commander of the U.S. Strategic Command – that a high level of confidence in the safety or reliability of a nuclear weapon type which the two Secretaries consider to be critical to the U.S. nuclear deterrent could no longer be certified, the President, in consultation with Congress, would be prepared to withdraw from the CTBT under the standard "supreme national interests" clause in order to conduct whatever testing might be required. [20]
Proponents of ratification claim that it would:
Opponents of ratification claim that:
On October 13, 1999, the United States Senate rejected ratification of the CTBT. During his 2008 presidential election campaign Barack Obama said that "As president, I will reach out to the Senate to secure the ratification of the CTBT at the earliest practical date." [23] In his speech in Prague on April 5, 2009, he announced that "[To] achieve a global ban on nuclear testing, my administration will immediately and aggressively pursue U.S. ratification of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. After more than five decades of talks, it is time for the testing of nuclear weapons to finally be banned." [24]
An article in Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists describes how a North Korean underground nuclear test on May 25, 2009, was detected and the source located by GPS satellites. The authors suggest that the effectiveness of GPS satellites for detecting nuclear explosions enhances the ability to verify compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, giving the United States more reason to ratify it. [25]
The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) is a multilateral treaty to ban nuclear weapons test explosions and any other nuclear explosions, for both civilian and military purposes, in all environments. It was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 September 1996, but has not entered into force, as eight specific nations have not ratified the treaty.
The Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT), formally known as the 1963 Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water, prohibited all test detonations of nuclear weapons except for those conducted underground. It is also abbreviated as the Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT) and Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (NTBT), though the latter may also refer to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), which succeeded the PTBT for ratifying parties.
Arms control is a term for international restrictions upon the development, production, stockpiling, proliferation and usage of small arms, conventional weapons, and weapons of mass destruction. Historically, arms control may apply to melee weapons before the invention of firearm. Arms control is typically exercised through the use of diplomacy which seeks to impose such limitations upon consenting participants through international treaties and agreements, although it may also comprise efforts by a nation or group of nations to enforce limitations upon a non-consenting country.
The Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean is an international treaty that establishes the denuclearization of Latin America and the Caribbean. It was proposed by Adolfo López Mateos, the President of Mexico, and promoted by the Mexican diplomats Alfonso García Robles, Ismael Moreno Pino and Jorge Castañeda as a response to the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962). For his efforts in favor of the reduction of nuclear weapons, García Robles was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1982.
Nuclear weapons tests are experiments carried out to determine the performance, yield, and effects of nuclear weapons. Testing nuclear weapons offers practical information about how the weapons function, how detonations are affected by different conditions, and how personnel, structures, and equipment are affected when subjected to nuclear explosions. However, nuclear testing has often been used as an indicator of scientific and military strength. Many tests have been overtly political in their intention; most nuclear weapons states publicly declared their nuclear status through a nuclear test.
Stockpile stewardship refers to the United States program of reliability testing and maintenance of its nuclear weapons without the use of nuclear testing.
The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) is an international organization that will be established upon the entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, a Convention that outlaws nuclear test explosions. Its seat will be in Vienna, Austria. The organization will be tasked with verifying the ban on nuclear tests and will operate therefore a worldwide monitoring system and may conduct on-site inspections. The Preparatory Commission for the CTBTO, and its Provisional Technical Secretariat, were established in 1997 and are headquartered in Vienna, Austria.
The African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty, also known as the Treaty of Pelindaba, establishes a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Africa. The treaty was signed in 1996 and came into effect with the 28th ratification on 15 July 2009.
Underground nuclear testing is the test detonation of nuclear weapons that is performed underground. When the device being tested is buried at sufficient depth, the nuclear explosion may be contained, with no release of radioactive materials to the atmosphere.
National technical means of verification (NTM) are monitoring techniques, such as satellite photography, used to verify adherence to international treaties. The phrase first appeared, but was not detailed, in the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) between the US and USSR. At first, the phrase reflected a concern that the "Soviet Union could be particularly disturbed by public recognition of this capability [satellite photography]...which it has veiled.". In modern usage, the term covers a variety of monitoring technologies, including others used at the time of SALT I.
The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, or CTBTO Preparatory Commission, is an international organization based in Vienna, Austria, that is tasked with building up the verification regime of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO). The organization was established by the States Signatories to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) in 1996.
The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), or the Nuclear Weapon Ban Treaty, is the first legally binding international agreement to comprehensively prohibit nuclear weapons with the ultimate goal being their total elimination. It was adopted on 7 July 2017, opened for signature on 20 September 2017, and entered into force on 22 January 2021.
A nuclear detonation detection system (NDDS) is a device or a series of devices that are able to indicate, and pinpoint a nuclear explosion has occurred as well as the direction of the explosion. The main purpose of these devices or systems was to verify compliance of countries that signed nuclear treaties such as the Partial Test Ban treaty of 1963 (PTBT) and the Treaty of Tlatelolco.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)