List of people known as the Great

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This is a list of people known as the Great, or the equivalent, in their own language. Other languages have their own suffixes, such as Persian e Bozorg and Hindustani e Azam.

Contents

In Persia, the title "the Great" at first seems to have been a colloquial version of the Old Persian title "Great King" (King of Kings, Shahanshah). It was first used by Cyrus II of Persia. [1] The title was inherited by Alexander III when he conquered the Persian Empire, and the epithet eventually became personally associated with him. The first reference to this is in a comedy by Plautus, [2] in which it is assumed that everyone knew who "Alexander the Great" was; however, there is no evidence that he was called "the Great" before this. The early Seleucid kings, who succeeded Alexander in Persia, used "Great King" in local documents, but the title was most notably used for Antiochus the Great. Once the term gained currency, it was broadened to include persons in other fields, such as the philosopher Albert the Great.

Later rulers and commanders were given the epithet during their lifetime, for example, the Roman general Pompey. Others received the title posthumously, such as the Indian emperor Ashoka. As there are no objective criteria for "greatness", the persistence of the designation varies greatly. For example, Louis XIV of France was often referred to as "the Great" in his lifetime, but is rarely called such nowadays, later writers preferring his more specific epithet "the Sun King". German Emperor Wilhelm I was often called "the Great" in the time of his grandson Wilhelm II, but rarely before or after.

Monarchs

NameDescriptionDatesRef.
Abbas the Great Shah of Iran 1587 – 1629 [3]
Abgar VIII King of Osroene 177 – 212
Akbar the Great Third Mughal emperor of India1556 – 1605 [4]
Alan I, King of Brittany Duke of Brittany 876 – 907
Alexander I of Georgia King of Georgia 1412 – 1442
Alexander the Great Basileus of Macedonia and King of Kings of Persia, Pharaoh of Egypt336 BC – 323 BC
Alfonso III of Asturias King of León, Galicia and Asturias866 – 910
Alfred the Great King of Wessex and the Anglo-Saxons 871 – 899
Ali Sher Khan Anchan Sultan of Baltiyul 1595 – 1633
Amenhotep III Pharaoh of Egypt 1391 BC – 1353 BC or 1388 BC – 1351 BC
Antiochus III the Great Ruler of the Seleucid Empire 223 BC – 187 BC
Ashoka the Great Third Mauryan ruler of India and "Emperor of Emperors."268 BC – 232 BC [5] [6] [7]
Ashot I of Armenia King of Armenia885 – 890
Ashot I of Iberia First Bagratid king of Georgia 813 – 826 or 830
Askia Mohammad I Ruler of the Songhai Empire 1493 – 1528 [8]
Bagrat V of Georgia King of Georgia 1360 – 1393
Barnim III Duke of Stettin Pomerania 1344 – 1368 [9]
Bayinnaung King of Toungoo Dynasty (in present-day Myanmar)1550 – 1581
Berengaria of Castile Queen of Castile and Toledo 1197 – 1246
Bhillama I King of Seuna (Yadava) dynasty 910 – 930 [10]
Bhumibol Adulyadej King of Thailand1946 – 2016
Bogusław V Duke of Wolgast and Słupsk 1326 – 1374 [11]
Bolesław I the Brave First king of Poland992 – 1025 [12]
Casimir III the Great King of Poland1333 – 1370
Catherine the Great Empress of Russia1762 – 1796
Charlemagne ("Charles the Great")King of the Franks and Emperor of the Romans 768 – 814
Chlothar II King of Neustria and King of the Franks584 – 629
Chulalongkorn King of Siam (in present-day Thailand)1868 – 1910
Constantine the Great Roman emperor306 – 337
Cnut the Great King of England (1016–1035), Denmark (1018–1035) and Norway (1028–1035)1016 – 1035
Cyrus the Great Founder and First Shahanshah of Persia, Achaemenid Empire (in present-day Iran)559 BC – 530 BC
Darius the Great Third Shahanshah of Persia, Achaemenid Empire (in present-day Iran)522 BC – 486 BC
Eucratides I Ruler of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and the Indo-Greek Kingdom 171 BC – 145 BC [13]
Ewuare Founder and Oba (king) of the Benin Empire (in present-day Nigeria)1440 – 1473
Farrukhan the Great Ispahbadh of Tabaristan712 – 728 [14]
Ferdinand I of León King of León and Count of Castile1037 – 1065
Frederick the Great King of Prussia1740 – 1786
Genghis Khan Founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire 1206 – 1227
Gwrgan Fawr King of Ergyng 619 – 645
Gustavus Adolphus King of Sweden, founder of the Swedish Empire, and noted military leader1611 – 1632
Gwanggaeto the Great King of Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea 391 – 412 [15]
Henry IV of France King of France and King of Navarre1589 – 1610
Herod the Great King of Judea37 BC – 4 BC or 36 BC – 1 BC
Hugh III of Cyprus King of Cyprus and Jerusalem 1267 – 1284
Hugh Magnus Co-King of France1017 – 1025
Inal the Great Supreme Prince of Circassia 1427 – 1453
Ivan III of Russia Grand Prince of Moscow and All Russia1462 – 1505
Iyasu I Emperor of Ethiopia 1682 – 1706
Jeongjo of Joseon 22nd King of the Joseon Dynasty 1776 – 1800
John I of Portugal King of Portugal and the Algarve1385 – 1433
John II of Aragon King of Aragon and, through his wife, King of Navarre1458 – 1479
Justinian I Roman Emperor (Eastern)527 – 565
Kamehameha I First king of Hawaii1782 – 1819
Kangxi Emperor Emperor of Qing China1661 – 1722
Kanishka Emperor of Kushan Empire, ruled Central Asia and parts of India127 – 150 [16]
Kvirike III of Kakheti King of Kakheti in eastern Georgia1010 – 1037
Kublai Khan Mongol ruler in the 13th century and Emperor of China; founder of the Yuan Dynasty 1260 – 1294
Leo I the Thracian Roman emperor457 – 474 [17]
Llywelyn the Great King of Gwynedd and de facto ruler of most of Wales1195 – 1240
Louis I of Hungary King of Hungary, Croatia, and Poland1342 – 1382
Louis XIV of France King of France and Navarre1643 – 1715
Manuel I Komnenos Byzantine emperor 1143 – 1180
Marianus IV of Arborea Judge of Arborea 1347 – 1376 [18]
Michael Krešimir II King of Croatia 949 – 969 [19]
Miloš Obrenović I of Serbia Prince of Serbia1858 – 1860
Mircea the Elder Voivode of Wallachia 1386 – 1394, 1397 – 1418
Mithridates I of Parthia Fifth King of Parthia (in present-day Iran)165 BC – 132 BC [20]
Mithridates II of Parthia Eighth King of Parthia (in present-day Iran)124 BC – 91 BC
Mithridates VI Eupator King of Pontus 120 BC – 63 BC
Mongkut King of Siam (in present-day Thailand)1851 – 1868
Mubarak Al-Sabah Ruler of Kuwait 1896 – 1915
Mstislav I of Kiev Grand Prince of Kiev1088 – 1132
Narai King of Ayutthaya (in present-day Thailand)1656 – 1688
Naresuan King of Ayutthaya (in present-day Thailand)1590 – 1605
Nebuchadnezzar II King of the Neo-Babylonian Empire 605 BC – 562 BC [21]
Otto the Great Holy Roman Emperor962 – 973
Owain Gwynedd King of All Wales 1137 – 1170 [22]
Pakal Ruler of the Maya city-state of Palenque 615 – 683
Parakramabahu I King of Polonnaruwa 1153 – 1186 [23]
Peter the Great Tsar of Russia; founder of the Russian Empire 1682 – 1725[ citation needed ]
Peter III of Aragon King of Aragon and King of Sicily1276 – 1285
Pharasmanes I of Iberia King of Iberia 1 – 58
Phutthayotfa Chulalok King of Siam (In present-day Thailand)1782 – 1809 [24]
Qin Shi Huang First emperor of China, who unified China from Warring States 247 BC – 210 BC
Radama I First king of greater Madagascar1810 – 1828
Radu IV the Great Voivode of Wallachia 1495 – 1508
Rajendra Chola I Imperial Chola Emperor of Tamilakam 1014 – 1044
Ramesses II Pharaoh of Egypt known for his temples, monuments, and military feats.1279 BC – 1213 BC [25]
Ram Khamhaeng King of Sukhothai (In present-day Thailand)1279 – 1298
Reza Shah Shah of Iran1925 – 1941
Rhodri Mawr King of Gwynedd (in present-day Wales)844 – 878
Roman the Great Grand Prince of Kiev 1168 – 1205 [26]
Sancho III of Pamplona King of Navarre 1004 – 1035
Sargon of Akkad Ruler of the Akkadian Empire 2334 BC – 2279 BC [27]
Sejong the Great Fourth King of the Joseon Dynasty 1418 – 1450 [28]
Shapur II Tenth Shahanshah of Persia, Sassanid Empire (in present-day Iran)309 – 379
Simeon I of Bulgaria Tsar of Bulgaria893 – 927 [29]
Simon I of Kartli King of Kartli 1556 – 1569, 1578 – 1599
Solomon I King of Imereti 1752 – 1765, 1767 – 1784
Sonni Ali Ber First Ruler of the Songhai Empire 1464 – 1492 [30]
Stefan Uroš I King of Serbia1243 – 1276
Stephen the Great Prince of Moldavia (in present-day Romania)1457 – 1504
Svatopluk I of Moravia King of Moravia 867 – 894 [31]
Taksin King of the Thonburi Kingdom (in present-day Thailand)1767 – 1782 [32]
Tamar of Georgia Queen of the Georgian Empire 1184 – 1213 [33]
Emperor Taizong of Tang Emperor of Tang (China)626 – 649
Theoderic the Great King of the Ostrogoths, regent of the Visigoths and a viceroy of the Eastern Roman Empire 471 – 526
Theodosius I Roman emperor 379 – 395 [34]
Thoros II of Armenia Lord of Armenian Cilicia 1144 or 1145 – 1169 [35]
Thutmose III Pharaoh of Egypt 1479 BC – 1425 BC [36]
Tigranes the Great Emperor of Armenia 95 BC – 55 BC [37]
Tiridates III of Armenia King of Armenia 298 – 330 [38]
Valdemar I of Denmark King of Denmark1154 – 1182 [39]
Valentinian I Roman emperor364 – 375 [40]
Vigraharaja IV King of Chauhan Dynasty of India1150 – 1164 [41]
Vladimir the Great Prince of Novgorod and Grand Prince of Kiev 970 – 1015 [42]
Vytautas Grand Duke of Lithuania 1392 – 1430 [43]
Emperor Wu of Han Emperor of Han China, from whose reign dynasty the Chinese majority people are named141 BC – 87 BC
Xerxes I Fourth Shahanshah of Persia, Achaemenid Empire (in present-day Iran)486 BC – 465 BC [44]
Yuknoom Ch'een II Maya king of Kaan 636 – 686 [45]
Zayed Bin Khalifa Ruler of Abu Dhabi 1855 – 1909 [46]
Zayn al-Abidin the Great Sultan of Kashmir 1418 – 1419, 1420 – 1470 [47]

Aristocrats

NameDescriptionDatesRef.
Alain I of Albret French aristocrat1440 – 1522
Amadeus V of Savoy Count of Savoy 1249 – 1323
Arnulf I, Count of Flanders Count of Flanders 893 – 964 [48]
Atenulf I of Capua Prince of Capua ? – c. 910
Bogislaw X Duke of Pomerania 1454 – 1523
Bruno Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia925 – 965 [49]
Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy Duke of Savoy1562 – 1630
Charles III, Duke of Lorraine Duke of Lorraine1543 – 1608
Conrad, Margrave of Meissen Margrave of Meissen1097 – 1157 [50]
David III of Tao Prince of Tao 966 – 1001
Frederick II of Legnica Duke of Legnica, Brzeg, Wołów, Głogów, and Ziębice 1488 - 1547
Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg Duke of Prussia 1620 - 1688
Gerhard III, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg The German prince (house of Schauenburg); also ruled a large part of Denmark1292 – 1340
Gero Ruler of Marca Geronis, a very large march in Europe900 – 965 [51]
Godfrey I of Louvain Count of Brussels and Leuven; Duke of Lower Lorraine; Langrave of Brabant 1060 – 1139
Gothelo I, Duke of Lorraine Duke of Lorraine; count of Verdun; and margrave of Antwerp 967 – 1044
Gurgen II of Tao Prince of Tao 918 – 941
Hanno I the Great Carthaginian politician and military leader4th century BC
Hanno II the Great Carthaginian aristocrat, general, and politician3rd century BC [52]
Hanno III the Great Carthaginian politician2nd century BC [53] [54]
Henry I, Duke of Burgundy Duke of Burgundy946 – 1002
Henry V of Luxembourg Count of Luxembourg 1216 – 1281
Hugh the Great Count of Paris and Duke of the Franks898 – 956 [55]
Hugh, Count of Vermandois Count of Vermandois1057 – 1101
Hugh, Margrave of Tuscany Margrave of Tuscany 953/954 – 1001
Humphrey I de Bohun Anglo-Norman aristocrat? – 1123
Intef the Elder Nomarch of Thebes ? – c. 2135 BC [56]
Matthew II of Montmorency Lord of Montmorency 1189 – 1230
Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria Ruler of Bavaria 1573 – 1651
Milo I of Montlhéry Lord of Montlhéry 1095 – 1102
Odo the Great Duke of Aquitaine? – 735 [57]
Pompey Military and political leader of the late Roman Republic 106 BC – 48 BC [58]
Ralph IV of Valois Count of Valois, Bar, Vexin, Vitry, Amiens, Montdidier and Tardenois1025 – 1074 [59]
Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona Count of Barcelona, Provence, and various other counties1082 – 1131
Robert I, Count of Dreux Count of Dreux1123 – 1188
Roger-Bernard II, Count of Foix Count of Foix 1223 – 1241
Roger de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury Earl of Shrewsbury and Arundel? – 1094
Roger I of Sicily Count of Sicily c. 1030 – 1101
Świętopełk II the Great Duke of Gdańsk Pomerania ? – 1266 [60]
Theobald II, Count of Champagne Count of Blois and of Chartres as Theobald IV, Count of Champagne and of Brie1090 – 1151
William I, Count of Burgundy Count of Burgundy and Mâcon1020 – 1087
William V, Duke of Aquitaine Duke of Aquitaine, Count of Poitou969 – 1030 [61]

Military

NameDescriptionDatesRef.
Afonso de Albuquerque Portuguese general, statesman and empire builder1453 – 1515 [62]
Melias Byzantine general of Armenian origin, called "Mleh the Great" in Armenian sources890 –934 [63]
Prokop the Great Hussite general in Bohemia 1380 – 1434 [64]

Religious figures

Christian

NameDescriptionDatesRef.
Abraham Kidunaia Hermit, priest, and Christian saint of Mesopotamia? – 366 [65]
Abraham the Great of Kashkar Monk and saint of the Church of the East492 – 586
Albertus Magnus Medieval German philosopher and theologian1193/1206 – 1280 [66]
Anthony the Great Early Christian saint of Egypt251 – 356 [67]
Arsenius the Great Roman anchorite saint in Egypt354 – 445
Athanasius of Alexandria Early Christian saint and bishop of Alexandria296 – 373 [68]
Babai the Great Assyrian church leader551 – 628
Basil of Caesarea Greek bishop and theologian330 – 379 [69]
Bertin Frankish Abbot of a monastery that was named after him after he died615 – 709
Bruno the Great Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia (also listed in the previous section)925 – 965 [70]
Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria Coptic Orthodox Church pope ? – 454
Euthymius the Great Abbot and Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox saint377 – 473
Gertrude the Great German Benedictine, mystic, theologian and Roman Catholic saint1256 – 1302 [71]
Pope Gregory I Roman Catholic pope540 – 604 [72]
Hilarion Ancient Roman anchorite and Orthodox and Roman Catholic saint291 – 371
Hugh of Cluny Abbot of Cluny1024 – 1109
Isaac of Armenia Armenian Catholicos354 – 439
James, son of Zebedee [Note 1] One of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ 3 – 44 [73]
Joannicius the Great Byzantine hermit, theologian and saint752 – 846 [74]
Pope John Paul II Roman Catholic pope1920 – 2005 [75] [76] [77] [78]
Pope Leo I Roman Catholic pope391 or 400 – 461 [79]
Macarius of Egypt Egyptian hermit300 – 391 [80]
Michael the Great Patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church 1126 – 1199 [81]
Nerses I Armenian Catholicos? – 373
Pope Nicholas I Roman Catholic pope800 – 867 [82]
Photius I of Constantinople Eastern Orthodox saint and Patriarch of Constantinople 810 – 893 [83]
Severus of Antioch Oriental Orthodox saint and head of the Syriac Orthodox Church 459/465 – 538
Shenoute Oriental Orthodox saint and abbot of the White Monastery 348 – 465
Sisoes the Great An early desert father, a solitary monk pursuing asceticism in the Egyptian desert in a cave of Anthony the Great ? – 429
William of Maleval Founder of the Catholic congregation of Williamites? - 1157

Jewish

NameDescriptionDatesRef.
Aharon of Karlin (I) Hasidic rabbi1736 – 1772 [84]
Eliezer ben Hurcanus Rabbi in Judea1st century [85] [86]
Hiyya the Great Rabbi in Judea180 – 230 [87]

Legendary and mythological figures

NameDescriptionRef.
Ajax the Great Greek hero in the Iliad [88]
Beli Mawr In medieval Welsh mythology and literature [89]
Belinus Legendary king of the Britons
Boyi Tribal leader of the Longshan [90]
Fergus Mór Semi-mythical king of Dál Riata
Gradlon Semi-mythical king of Cornouaille
Hayk Legendary founder and patriarch of the Armenian nation [91]
Phrom Legendary king of Singhanavati Realm [92]
Yu the Great (c. 2200–2100 BC)Legendary ruler in ancient China [93] [94]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ In this case James is styled "the Greater" to distinguish him from the Apostle James the Lesser, with greater meaning older or taller, rather than more important.

References

  1. ↑ In a clay cylinder (online). The first Persian ruler to use the title in an Iranian context was Darius I of Persia (Darius the Great), in the Behistun Inscription (online).
  2. ↑ Plautus, Mostellaria 775.
  3. ↑ Savory, R. M. (3 May 2018). "ʿABBĀS I". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. I. pp. 71–75. Retrieved 12 July 2025.
  4. ↑ "Jalal al-Din Muhammad Akbar (Akbar the Great)". British Museum.
  5. ↑ Monika Khanna (2011). Ashoka, the Great: The Great Reformist Emperor of India. Farsight Publishers & Distributors. ISBN   978-81-89297-75-6.
  6. ↑ Savory, Roger M. "ʿAbbās I". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 12 July 2025.
  7. ↑ "Most Powerful Kings in the World". Banglorejobs.
  8. ↑ Flora Shaw (23 December 2010). A Tropical Dependency: An Outline of the Ancient History of the Western Soudan with an Account of the Modern Settlement of Northern Nigeria. Cambridge University Press. p. 199. ISBN   978-1-108-02492-1.
  9. ↑ "Barnim III Wielki". PWN.pl. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
  10. ↑ H. V. Trivedi. The Yadavas And Their Times. pp. 25–26.
  11. ↑ "Książę wołogoski i słupski Bogusław V Wielki (1317–1374)". Zamek Książąt Pomorskich w Szczecinie.
  12. ↑ Patrick J. Geary (2010). Readings in Medieval History. University of Toronto Press. pp. 642–. ISBN   978-1-4426-0120-8.
  13. ↑ Asiatic Society of Bengal (1840). Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Soc. p. 533.
  14. ↑ Bernard Lewis; Charles Pellat (1982). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill. p. 298. ISBN   9789004067127.
  15. ↑ Korean Culture and Information Service Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (15 January 2015). FACTS ABOUT KOREA: South korea, Past and Present. 길잡이미디어. pp. 191–. ISBN   978-89-7375-584-4.
  16. ↑ Bracey, Robert (2017). "The Date of Kanishka since 1960 (Indian Historical Review, 2017, 44(1), 1-41)" . Indian Historical Review. 44: 1–41.
  17. ↑ Bury, J. B. (1958) [1889]. "Chapter X: the reign of Leo I". History of the Later Roman Empire. Vol. 1. New York: Dover Publications. pp. 323, note 1. ISBN   978-0-486-14338-5. After the coronation of the child the two Leos would be distinguished as Λέων ὁ Μέγας and Λέων ὁ Μικρός, and this I believe, must be the origin of the designation of Leo as "the Great"; just as reversely Theodosius II. was called "the Small," because in his infancy he had been known as ὁ μικρός βασιλεύς to distinguish him from Arcadius. Leo never did anything which could conceivably earn him the title of Great in the sense in which it was bestowed by posterity on Alexander or Constantine.{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  18. ↑ Nowé, 174.
  19. ↑ Matijević-Sokol, Mirjana; Sokol, Vladimir (2010). "Quedam Helena regina..." Vjesnik (in Croatian). Zagreb: Archaeological Museum in Zagreb: 421.
  20. ↑ Daryaee, Touraj (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press. p. 169. ISBN   978-0-19-987575-7.
  21. ↑ Sack, Ronald H. (2004). Images of Nebuchadnezzar: The Emergence of a Legend (2nd Revised and Expanded ed.). Selinsgrove: Susquehanna University Press. ISBN   1-57591-079-9., p. 41
  22. ↑ Lloyd, John Edward (2004). A History of Wales: From the Norman Invasion to the Edwardian Conquest. Barnes & Noble. p. 94. ISBN   978-0-7607-5241-8.
  23. ↑ Datta, Nonica (2003). Indian History: Ancient and medieval. Vol. 1. Mumbai: Encyclopaedia Britannica (India) and Popular Prakashan. p. 220. ISBN   8179910679.
  24. ↑ Sulak Sivaraksa (1985). Siamese Resurgence: A Thai Buddhist Voice on Asia and a World of Change. Asian Cultural Forum on Development. p. 175.
  25. ↑ "Ramses". Webster's New World College Dictionary. Wiley Publishing. 2004. Retrieved 12 July 2025.
  26. ↑ Subtelny, Orest. Ukraine: A History.[ page needed ]
  27. ↑ "Sargon inscriptions". cdli.ucla.edu.
  28. ↑ Christoph Bluth; Gareth Schott (2007). Korea. Polity. p. 10. ISBN   978-0-7456-3356-5.
  29. ↑ R. J. Crampton (24 November 2005). A Concise History of Bulgaria. Cambridge University Press. p. 270. ISBN   978-1-139-44823-9.
  30. ↑ Walker, Robin; Millar, Siaf (1999), The West African Empire of Songhai in 10 Easy Lessons By Robin Walker, Siaf Millar, Concept Learning, ISBN   9781903181003 , retrieved 5 June 2021
  31. ↑ Havlík, Lubomír E. (2013). Kronika o Velké Moravě[Chronicle of Great Moravia]. Jota. p. 362. ISBN   978-80-85617-04-7.
  32. ↑ Gerald W. Fry; Gayla S. Nieminen; Harold E. Smith (8 August 2013). Historical Dictionary of Thailand. Scarecrow Press. p. 401. ISBN   978-0-8108-7525-8.
  33. ↑ Rapp, Stephen H. (2003). Studies In Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts. Leuven: Peeters. p. 338. ISBN   90-429-1318-5.
  34. ↑ Cooley, Alison E. (2012). The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy. Cambridge University Press. p. 506. ISBN   978-0-521-84026-2.
  35. ↑ Ghazarian, Jacob G. The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia during the Crusades: The Integration of Cilician Armenians with the Latins (1080–1393).
  36. ↑ "Ancient Egypt's Greatest Warrior: TuthmosIs The 3rd - Egypt's Napoleon (Full History Documentary)". dokus4free. 18 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  37. ↑ Manaseryan, Ruben (2007). Տիգրան Մեծ՝ Հայկական Պայքարը Հռոմի և Պարթևաստանի Դեմ, մ.թ.ա. 94–64 թթ. [Tigran the Great: The Armenian Struggle Against Rome and Parthia, 94–64 B.C.] (in Armenian). Yerevan: Lusakan Publishing. p. needed.
  38. ↑ Beate Dignas; Engelbert Winter (13 September 2007). Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals. Cambridge University Press. pp. 180–. ISBN   978-0-521-84925-8.
  39. ↑ Lester B. Orfield (1953). The Growth of Scandinavian Law. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. pp. 38–. ISBN   978-1-58477-180-7.{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  40. ↑ Thomas Banchich; Eugene Lane (26 January 2009). The History of Zonaras: From Alexander Severus to the Death of Theodosius the Great. Routledge. pp. 261–. ISBN   978-1-134-42473-3.
  41. ↑ Dasharatha Sharma (1959). Early Chauhān Dynasties. S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass. p. 65. ISBN   9780842606189.{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  42. ↑ Mike Dixon-Kennedy (1998). Encyclopedia of Russian and Slavic Myth and Legend. ABC-CLIO. p. 239. ISBN   978-1-57607-063-5.
  43. ↑ Giedrė Mickūnaitė (2006). Making a Great Ruler: Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania. Central European University Press. pp. 4–. ISBN   978-963-7326-58-5.
  44. ↑ Jacob Abbott (1850). History of Xerxes the Great. Harper & Brothers, publishers.
  45. ↑ Robert J. Sharer; Loa P. Traxler (2006). The Ancient Maya . Stanford University Press. pp.  381–. ISBN   978-0-8047-4817-9.
  46. ↑ Āl Maktūm, Muḥammad ibn Rāshid (2012). Spirit of the union: lecture on the occasion of the United Arab Emirates' fortieth national day. Dubai (United Arab Emirates): Motivate Publishing. p. 34. ISBN   9781860633300.
  47. ↑ Hasan, Mohibbul (1 December 2023). Kashmir Under the Sultans. London: Routledge. p. 71. doi:10.4324/9781032666709. ISBN   978-1-032-66670-9.
  48. ↑ "Arnulf I, Count of Flanders". British Museum.
  49. ↑ Brian D. Starr (2006). Tree of Saints. Brian Daniel Starr. pp. 121–. ISBN   978-1-4196-3302-7.
  50. ↑ "Konrad Markgraf von Meißen und der Niederlausitz". ADB. Retrieved 12 July 2025.
  51. ↑ Thompson, 486. Also see Lexikon des Mittelalters. Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine
  52. ↑ Who's Who in The Roman World, Routledge retrieved 15 March 2011
  53. ↑ Picard, Life and Death of Carthage (1968), at 264, 286.
  54. ↑ Cf., Warmington, Carthage (1960, 1964), at 119.
  55. ↑ Pierre Riché, The Carolingians; A Family who Forged Europe, Trans. Michael Idomir Allen (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1993), pp.250–1
  56. ↑ "Stela of the Gatekeeper Maati". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  57. ↑ Melville M. Bigelow, "The Bohun Wills," American Historical Review , 1:3 (1896), 415.
  58. ↑ JmLeach, John. Pompey the Great'). p. 29.
  59. ↑ Bautier, Robert-Henri (1985). "Anne de Kiev, reine de France, et la politque royale au XIe siècle: Étude critique de la documentation". Revue des études slaves. 57 (4): 539–64. doi:10.3406/slave.1985.5520.
  60. ↑ Januszajtis, Andrzej. "Sławni Gdańszczanie: Świętopełk II Wielki". Nasz Gdańsk.
  61. ↑ Bachrach, Bernard S. (1993). Fulk Nerra, the Neo-Roman Consul, 987–1040. University of California Press.
  62. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. (1 May 2008). Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. p. 23. ISBN   978-1-59339-492-9.
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  84. ↑ PD-icon.svg One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "AARON BEN JACOB OF KARLIN". The Jewish Encyclopedia . New York: Funk & Wagnalls. Retrieved 12 July 2025.
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