Mackey topology

In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, the Mackey topology, named after George Mackey, is the finest topology for a topological vector space which still preserves the continuous dual. In other words the Mackey topology does not make linear functions continuous which were discontinuous in the default topology. A topological vector space (TVS) is called a Mackey space if its topology is the same as the Mackey topology.

The Mackey topology is the opposite of the weak topology, which is the coarsest topology on a topological vector space which preserves the continuity of all linear functions in the continuous dual.

The Mackey–Arens theorem states that all possible dual topologies are finer than the weak topology and coarser than the Mackey topology.

Definition

Main articles: Polar topology and Dual system

Definition for a pairing

Given a pairing ${\displaystyle (X,Y,b),}$ the Mackey topology on ${\displaystyle X}$ induced by ${\displaystyle (X,Y,b),}$ denoted by ${\displaystyle \tau (X,Y,b),}$ is the polar topology defined on ${\displaystyle X}$ by using the set of all ${\displaystyle \sigma (Y,X,b)}$-compact disks in ${\displaystyle Y.}$

When ${\displaystyle X}$ is endowed with the Mackey topology then it will be denoted by ${\displaystyle X_{\tau (X,Y,b)}}$ or simply ${\displaystyle X_{\tau (X,Y)}}$ or ${\displaystyle X_{\tau }}$ if no ambiguity can arise.

A linear map ${\displaystyle F:X\to W}$ is said to be Mackey continuous (with respect to pairings ${\displaystyle (X,Y,b)}$ and ${\displaystyle (W,Z,c)}$) if ${\displaystyle F:(X,\tau (X,Y,b))\to (W,\tau (W,Z,c))}$ is continuous.

Definition for a topological vector space

The definition of the Mackey topology for a topological vector space (TVS) is a specialization of the above definition of the Mackey topology of a pairing. If ${\displaystyle X}$ is a TVS with continuous dual space ${\displaystyle X^{\prime },}$ then the evaluation map ${\displaystyle \left(x,x^{\prime }\right)\mapsto x^{\prime }(x)}$ on ${\displaystyle X\times X^{\prime }}$ is called the canonical pairing.

The Mackey topology on a TVS ${\displaystyle X,}$ denoted by ${\displaystyle \tau \left(X,X^{\prime }\right),}$ is the Mackey topology on ${\displaystyle X}$ induced by the canonical pairing ${\displaystyle \left\langle X,X^{\prime }\right\rangle .}$

That is, the Mackey topology is the polar topology on ${\displaystyle X}$ obtained by using the set of all weak*-compact disks in ${\displaystyle X^{\prime }.}$ When ${\displaystyle X}$ is endowed with the Mackey topology then it will be denoted by ${\displaystyle X_{\tau \left(X,X^{\prime }\right)}}$ or simply ${\displaystyle X_{\tau }}$ if no ambiguity can arise.

A linear map ${\displaystyle F:X\to Y}$ between TVSs is Mackey continuous if ${\displaystyle F:\left(X,\tau \left(X,X^{\prime }\right)\right)\to \left(Y,\tau \left(Y,Y^{\prime }\right)\right)}$ is continuous.

Examples

Every metrizable locally convex ${\displaystyle (X,\nu )}$ with continuous dual ${\displaystyle X^{\prime }}$ carries the Mackey topology, that is ${\displaystyle \nu =\tau \left(X,X^{\prime }\right)}$ or to put it more succinctly every metrizable locally convex space is a Mackey space.

Every Hausdorff barreled locally convex space is Mackey.

Every Fréchet space ${\displaystyle (X,\nu )}$ carries the Mackey topology and the topology coincides with the strong topology, that is ${\displaystyle \nu =\tau \left(X,X^{\prime }\right)=\beta \left(X,X^{\prime }\right).}$

Applications

The Mackey topology has an application in economies with infinitely many commodities. ^[1]

See also

• Dual system
• Mackey space  – Mathematics concept
• Polar topology  – Dual space topology of uniform convergence on some sub-collection of bounded subsets
• Strong topology
• Topologies on spaces of linear maps
• Weak topology  – Mathematical term

Citations

1. Bewley, T. F. (1972). "Existence of equilibria in economies with infinitely many commodities". Journal of Economic Theory. 4 (3): 514–540. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(72)90136-6.

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