Manganese is a chemical element with the symbol Mn and atomic number of 25. It is found as an oxide in nature (often in combination with iron) in many minerals, such as pyrolusite. [1] The free element is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses. Manganese ions are variously colored, and are used industrially as pigments and as oxidation chemicals. Manganese (II) ions function as cofactors for a number of enzymes; the element is thus a required trace mineral for all known living organisms.
This is a list of countries by manganese ore mining in 2022–24, based on United States Geological Survey. [2] [3]
Country | Production (tonnes) | Reserves (tonnes) |
---|---|---|
World | 20,000,000 | 1,700,000,000 |
![]() | 7,400,000 | 560,000,000 |
![]() | 4,600,000 | 61,000,000 |
![]() | 2,800,000 | 500,000,000 |
![]() | 1,100,000 | – |
![]() | 900,000 | – |
![]() | 820,000 | 13,000,000 |
![]() | 800,000 | 34,000,000 |
![]() | 770,000 | 280,000,000 |
![]() | 590,000 | 270,000,000 |
![]() | 574,665 | – |
![]() | 518,000 | – |
![]() | 410,000 | – |
![]() | 360,000 | – |
![]() | 352,200 | – |
![]() | 290,000 | – |
![]() | 158,675 | – |
![]() | 146,000 | – |
![]() | 105,416 | – |
![]() | 90,000 | – |
![]() | 89,258 | – |
![]() | 23,269 | – |
![]() | 18,000 | – |
![]() | 13,500 | – |
![]() | 5,000 | – |
![]() | 2,600 | – |
![]() | 906 | – |
![]() | 660 | – |
![]() | 420 | – |
Pilbara Manganese, a subsidiary of Consmin, operates the Woodie Woodie manganese mine [4]
In 1932 Hanson wrote the book on Manganese deposits of Canada. [5]
The Kalahari Manganese Field (KMF) located in the Northern Cape of South Africa is a source of manganese. [14]