Markarian 1014

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Markarian 1014
SDSS image of Markarian 1014.jpg
SDSS image of Markarian 1014
Observation data (J2000.0 epoch)
Constellation Cetus
Right ascension 01h 59m 50.24s
Declination +00° 23′ 40.66″
Redshift 0.163110
Heliocentric radial velocity 48,899 km/s
Distance 2.473 Gly (758.22 Mpc)
Apparent magnitude  (V)15.87
Apparent magnitude  (B)16.08
Characteristics
Type Bulge/disc, Sy 1
Notable features Luminous infrared galaxy
Other designations
PG 0157+001, UM 385, PGC 7551, IRAS 01572+0009, RBS 0264, RX J0159.8+0023, NVSS J015950+002338

Markarian 1014 known as PG 0157+001 is a quasar located in the constellation Cetus. It is located at a distance of 2.47 billion light years from Earth and is classified as a Seyfert galaxy as well as an ultraluminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG). [1]

Contents

Characteristics

Markarian 1014 is an active nucleus-dominated galaxy with a total far-infrared luminosity of 9.93 x 1011 erg s−1 cm−2. [2] Apart from being radio-quiet, it contains optical emission lines considered broad, measured with a full-width half maximum of Hβ > 4000 km s−1. [3] In additional to optical emission lines, Markarian 1014 shows emission features of Lyα, N v and O vi, [4] as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. [3]

Markarian 1014 is also one of the brightest quasars classified as a warm ULIRG. It is currently in a transitional phase from a typical ULIRG to an ultraviolet-excessive quasar. [5] It has an X-ray emission measured at 2-10 KeV luminosity of 1043.80 erg s−1 when exhibiting a molecular outflow. [6] The mass of the black hole in the center of Markarian 1014 is estimated 2.5+0.6-0.6 x 108 MΘ based on an MBH measurement carried out by the Seoul National University AGN Monitoring Project. [7]

According to imaging and spectra of its host galaxy, Markarian 1014 is described as spiral-like, [8] but also has a budge + disk morphology. [9] It has a curved tidal tail found extending 60 kiloparsecs towards the north-east, suggesting it has gone through a major merger with a disk galaxy. [8] The tidal tail is known to show lengthy low surface brightness extension with another secondary tail shown faint but rotating symmetrically. [10]

Furthermore, the galaxy has twisted spiral isotopes within the 4 kiloparsec central radius hinting its spiral disk is undergoing a starburst or tidal debris caused by the merger. [11] There is also the presence of carbon monoxide (CO) emission in the galaxy. Based on the relationship between its brightness and hydrogen gas (H2) surface density, the gas mass is estimated 4 x 1010 MΘ. [12]

A 8.4 -GHz VLA image shows Markarian 1014 has a triple structure along the east–west direction. On both sides of its central core, two lobes are found with 1.1 arcsec from each other. There is also another component found faint and located at the optical nucleus position. According to the spectral index of the component, it is -1.11 ± 0.02 between 5 and 45 GHz. [5]

Stellar population

A B' - R' color map is presented for Markarian 1014. According to spectroscopy made on its regions with a steeper blue continuum spectrum, it has a young stellar population of stars aged between 180 and 290 million years old. These stars are mainly found inside a clump at the eastern region and along the north edge of its tidal tail, and both southwest and east from its nucleus. The galaxy also has other regions that are seen as redder in a B' - R' color map. This suggests much older stars aged approximately 1 billion years old but with little contribution from the old underlying population. [10]

Related Research Articles

Luminous infrared galaxies or LIRGs are galaxies with luminosities, the measurement of brightness, above 1011 L☉. They are also referred to as submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) through their normal method of detection. LIRGs are more abundant than starburst galaxies, Seyfert galaxies and quasi-stellar objects at comparable luminosity. Infrared galaxies emit more energy in the infrared than at all other wavelengths combined. A LIRG's luminosity is 100 billion times that of the Sun.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">APM 08279+5255</span> Quasar

APM 08279+5255 is a very distant, broad absorption line quasar located in the constellation Lynx. It is magnified and split into multiple images by the gravitational lensing effect of a foreground galaxy through which its light passes. It appears to be a giant elliptical galaxy with a supermassive black hole and associated accretion disk. It possesses large regions of hot dust and molecular gas, as well as regions with starburst activity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Markarian 231</span> Seyfert galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major

Markarian 231 is a Type-1 Seyfert galaxy that was discovered in 1969 as part of a search of galaxies with strong ultraviolet radiation. It contains the nearest known quasar. Markarian 231 is located about 581 million light years away from Earth, in the constellation of Ursa Major.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teacup galaxy</span> Low redshift quasar in the constellation Boötes

The Teacup galaxy, also known as the Teacup AGN or SDSS J1430+1339 is a low redshift type 2 quasar, showing an extended loop of ionized gas resembling a handle of a teacup, which was discovered by volunteers of the Galaxy Zoo project and labeled as a Voorwerpje.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Markarian 273</span> Galaxy in the constellation of Ursa Major

Markarian 273 is a galaxy merger located in the constellation Ursa Major. It is located at a distance of about 500 million light years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that Markarian 273 is about 130,000 light years across. It is an ultraluminous infrared galaxy and a Seyfert galaxy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UGC 5101</span> Galaxy in the constellation of Ursa Major

UGC 5101 is a galaxy merger located in the constellation Ursa Major. It is located at a distance of about 530 million light years from Earth. It is an ultraluminous infrared galaxy. The total infrared luminosity of the galaxy is estimated to be 1011.95 L☉ and the galaxy has a total star formation rate of 105 M☉ per year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Extended emission-line region</span> Interstellar clouds

An extended emission-line region (EELR) is a giant interstellar cloud ionized by the radiation of an active galactic nucleus (AGN) inside a galaxy or photons produced by the shocks associated with the radio jets. An EELR can appear as a resolved cloud in relative nearby galaxies and as narrow emission lines in more distant galaxies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IRAS 05189-2524</span> Galaxy in the constellation Lepus

IRAS 05189-2524 is a galaxy merger located in the constellation Lepus. It is located 603 million light-years away from the Solar System and has an approximate diameter of 75,000 light-years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Markarian 817</span> Barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Draco

Markarian 817 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Draco. It is located 456 million light-years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that Markarian 817 is about 80,000 light-years across. It is a Seyfert galaxy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IRAS F11119+3257</span> Galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major

IRAS F11119+3257 or simply as F11119+3257, is a galaxy located in constellation Ursa Major. With a redshift of 0.187580, it has a light travel time distance of 2.5 billion light-years and is considered an ultraluminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IRAS 09104+4109</span> Galaxy in the constellation Lynx

IRAS 09104+4109 is a galaxy located in the constellation Lynx. With a redshift of 0.440797, the light travel time for this galaxy, corresponds to 4.8 billion light-years from Earth. It is the brightest cluster galaxy in MACS J0913.7+4056 galaxy cluster and classified as a hyperluminous infrared galaxy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IRAS 13218+0552</span> Galaxy merger located in the constellation Virgo

IRAS 13218+0552 known as SFRS 263, is a galaxy merger located in the Virgo constellation. Its redshift is 0.202806, putting the object at 2.6 billion light-years away from Earth. It is a Seyfert galaxy and a luminous infrared galaxy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PKS 1345+125</span> Galaxy merger in the constellation Boötes

PKS 1345+125 known as PKS 1345+12 and 4C +12.50, is an ultraluminous infrared galaxy (ULIG) with an active galactic nucleus, located in the constellation Boötes. With a redshift of 0.121740, the galaxy is located 1.7 billion light-years from Earth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4325</span> Galaxy

NGC 4325 is an elliptical galaxy located about 330 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. It was discovered by astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest on April 15, 1865, who described it as "vF, vS, iR, nf of 2". Despite being listed in the Virgo Cluster catalog as VCC 616, it is not a member of the Virgo Cluster but instead a background galaxy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SDSS J135646.10+102609.0</span> Low-redshift quasar and galaxy merger in the constellation Boötes

SDSS J135646.10+102609.0 known as SDSS J1356+1026 and J1356+1026, is a low redshift quasar and galaxy merger located in the constellation of Boötes. It is located 1.85 billion light years from Earth. It is an ultraluminous inflared galaxy. It is considered radio-quiet with an unresolved radio source.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Markarian 463</span> Galaxy in the constellation of Boötes

Markarian 463 known as UGC 8850, is a galaxy merger located in the constellation Boötes. It is located 706 million light years from Earth. It is classified a double nucleus Seyfert galaxy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ESO 286-19</span> Galaxy in the constellation Microscopium

ESO 286-19 known as IRAS 20551-4250, is a galaxy merger located in the constellation of Microscopium. It is located 609 million light years away from Earth. It is an ultraluminous infrared galaxy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IRAS 10565+2448</span> Galaxy in the constellation Leo

IRAS 10565+2448 known as IRAS F10565+2448, is a galaxy merger located in the constellation of Leo. It is located at a distance of 625 million light years from Earth. It is classified as an ultraluminous infrared galaxy with an infrared luminosity of 1.2 x 1012 LΘ. It has a star formation rate of 131.8 MΘ yr−1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IRAS 07598+6508</span> Quasar in the constellation Camelopardalis

IRAS 07598+6508 known as IRAS F07599+6508, is a quasar located in the constellation of Camelopardalis. It is located 2.37 billion light years from Earth and is classified as both an ultraluminous infrared galaxy and a Seyfert galaxy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IRAS 01003-2238</span> Galaxy in the constellation Cetus

IRAS 01003-2238 also known as IRAS F01004-2237 or simply F01004-2237, is a galaxy located in the constellation of Cetus. It is located 1.65 billion light years away from Earth and is a Seyfert galaxy and an ultraluminous infrared galaxy. IRAS 01003-2238 is also classified as a Wolf-Rayet galaxy, making the object one of the most distant known.

References

  1. ↑ "Your NED Search Results". ned.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2024-09-28.
  2. ↑ Boller, T.; Gallo, L. C.; Lutz, D.; Sturm, E. (2002-11-11). "Mrk 1014: an AGN-dominated ultraluminous infrared galaxy". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 336 (4): 1143–1146. arXiv: astro-ph/0207378 . Bibcode:2002MNRAS.336.1143B. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05867.x . ISSN   0035-8711.
  3. 1 2 Armus, L.; Charmandaris, V.; Spoon, H. W. W.; Houck, J. R.; Soifer, B. T.; Brandl, B. R.; Appleton, P. N.; Teplitz, H. I.; Higdon, S. J. U.; Weedman, D. W.; Devost, D.; Morris, P. W.; Uchida, K. I.; van Cleve, J.; Barry, D. J. (September 2004). "Observations of Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies with the Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) on the Spitzer Space Telescope : Early Results on Markarian 1014, Markarian 463, and UGC 5101". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 154 (1): 178–183. arXiv: astro-ph/0406179 . Bibcode:2004ApJS..154..178A. doi:10.1086/422915. ISSN   0067-0049.
  4. ↑ Liu 刘, Weizhe 伟哲; Veilleux, Sylvain; Rupke, David S. N.; Tripp, Todd M.; Hamann, Frederick; Martin, Crystal (2022-08-01). "Galactic Winds across the Gas-rich Merger Sequence. II. Lyα Emission and Highly Ionized O vi and N v Outflows in Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 934 (2): 160. arXiv: 2206.09015 . Bibcode:2022ApJ...934..160L. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac7a46 . ISSN   0004-637X.
  5. 1 2 Wang, Ailing; An, Tao; Zhang, Yingkang; Cheng, Xiaopeng; Ho, Luis C; Kellermann, Kenneth I; Baan, Willem A (2023-09-02). "VLBI Observations of a sample of Palomar-Green quasars II: characterizing the parsec-scale radio emission". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 525 (4): 6064–6083. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stad2651 . ISSN   0035-8711.
  6. ↑ Laha, Sibasish; Guainazzi, Matteo; Piconcelli, Enrico; Gandhi, Poshak; Ricci, Claudio; Ghosh, Ritesh; Markowitz, Alex G.; Bagchi, Joydeep (2018-11-13). "A Study of X-Ray Emission of Galaxies Hosting Molecular Outflows (MOX Sample)". The Astrophysical Journal. 868 (1): 10. arXiv: 1809.07906 . Bibcode:2018ApJ...868...10L. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aae390 . ISSN   0004-637X.
  7. ↑ Woo, Jong-Hak; Wang, Shu; Rakshit, Suvendu; Cho, Hojin; Son, Donghoon; Bennert, Vardha N.; Gallo, Elena; Hodges-Kluck, Edmund; Treu, Tommaso; Barth, Aaron J.; Cho, Wanjin; Foord, Adi; Geum, Jaehyuk; Guo, Hengxiao; Jadhav, Yashashree (2024-02-01). "The Seoul National University AGN Monitoring Project. III. Hβ Lag Measurements of 32 Luminous Active Galactic Nuclei and the High-luminosity End of the Size–Luminosity Relation". The Astrophysical Journal. 962 (1): 67. arXiv: 2311.15518 . Bibcode:2024ApJ...962...67W. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad132f . ISSN   0004-637X.
  8. 1 2 MacKenty, J. W.; Stockton, A. (1984-08-01). "Images and spectra of the host galaxy of the QSO Markarian 1014". The Astrophysical Journal. 283: 64–69. Bibcode:1984ApJ...283...64M. doi:10.1086/162274. ISSN   0004-637X.
  9. ↑ Watabe, Y.; Kawakatu, N.; Imanishi, M.; Takeuchi, T. T. (2009-12-21). "Supermassive black hole mass regulated by host galaxy morphology". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 400 (4): 1803–1807. arXiv: 0907.0142 . Bibcode:2009MNRAS.400.1803W. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15345.x . ISSN   0035-8711.
  10. 1 2 Canalizo, Gabriela; Stockton, Alan (October 2000). "Stellar Populations in the Host Galaxies of Markarian 1014, IRAS 07598+6508, and Markarian 231". The Astronomical Journal. 120 (4): 1750–1763. arXiv: astro-ph/0007002 . Bibcode:2000AJ....120.1750C. doi:10.1086/301585. ISSN   0004-6256.
  11. ↑ "Scoville et al., NICMOS Imaging of IR-Luminous Galaxies". iopscience.iop.org. doi:10.1086/301248 . Retrieved 2024-09-28.
  12. ↑ Sanders, D. B.; Scoville, N. Z.; Soifer, B. T. (1988-12-01). "Detection of Abundant Molecular Gas in the UV-Excess Quasar Markarian 1014". The Astrophysical Journal. 335: L1. Bibcode:1988ApJ...335L...1S. doi:10.1086/185326. ISSN   0004-637X.
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