Orders of magnitude (pressure)

Last updated

This is a tabulated listing of the orders of magnitude in relation to pressure expressed in pascals. psi values, prefixed with + and -, denote values relative to Earth's sea level standard atmospheric pressure (psig); otherwise, psia is assumed.

MagnitudePressure lbf/in2 or dB Item
10−17 Pa
10 aPaPressure in outer space in intergalactic voids [1] [2]
10−15 Pa
1–10 fPaPressure in outer space between stars in the Milky Way [1] [3]
10−12 Pa
< 1 pPaLowest pressure obtained in laboratory conditions [4]
10−10 Pa
40 pPa Atmosphere of the Moon at lunar day, [5] very approximately (4×10−11 Pa)[ citation needed ]
10−10 Pa
< 100 pPaExtreme-high vacuum [6]
100 pPa Atmosphere of Mercury, very approximately (1×10−10 Pa) [7]
300 pPa Atmosphere of the Moon at lunar night, [5] very approximately (3×10−10 Pa) [8]
10−9 Pa
< 1 nPaVacuum expected in the beam pipe of the Large Hadron Collider's ATLAS experiment [9] (operates at a pressure of 1 nPa to 10 nPa) [10]
~1 nPaApproximate solar wind pressure at Earth's distance from the Sun [11] (variable)[ citation needed ]
10−8 Pa
10 nPaPressure inside a vacuum chamber for laser cooling of atoms (magneto-optical trap) [12]
10–700 nPaAtmospheric pressure in low Earth orbit, around 500 km altitude [13] [14]
10−7 Pa
100 nPaHighest pressure still considered ultra-high vacuum [15] [16]
10−6 Pa
0.1 - 10 μPaPressure inside a cathode ray tube (approximate) [17] [18]
1 μPaReference pressure for sound in water [19]
1 μPaPressure inside a vacuum tube (very approximate)[ citation needed ]
10−5 Pa
10 μPa Radiation pressure of sunlight on a perfectly reflecting surface at the distance of the Earth. [20]
20 μPa0 dB Reference pressure for sound in air [21]
±20 μPa0 dB Threshold of human hearing [21]
10−4 Pa
10−3 Pa
1–100 mPaVacuum pressures used for molecular distillation [22]
10−2 Pa
10−1 Pa
100 mPaUpper limit of high vacuum [15] [23]
~200 mPaAtmospheric pressure on Pluto (1988 figure; very roughly) [24]
1 Pa
1 PaPressure exerted by a US dollar bill resting flat on a surface [25]
1 PaUpper limit of molecular distillation, where the mean free path of molecules is larger than the equipment size[ citation needed ]
10 Pa
10 PaPressure increase per millimeter of a water column at Earth mean sea level [26]
10 PaPressure due to direct impact of a gentle breeze (~9 mph or 14 km/h) [27] [28] [29]
86 PaPressure from the weight of a U.S. penny lying flat [30]
102 Pa
100 PaPressure due to direct impact of a strong breeze (~28 mph or 45 km/h) [27] [28] [31]
120 PaPressure from the weight of a U.S. quarter lying flat [32] [33]
133 Pa1 torr ≈ 1 mmHg [34]
±200 Pa~140 dB Threshold of pain pressure level for sound where prolonged exposure may lead to hearing loss [ citation needed ]
±300 Pa±0.043 psi Lung air pressure difference moving the normal breaths of a person (only 0.3% of standard atmospheric pressure) [35] [36]
400–900 Pa0.06–0.13 psiAtmospheric pressure on Mars, < 1% of atmospheric sea-level pressure on Earth [37]
610 Pa0.089 psiPartial vapor pressure at the triple point of water (611.657 Pa) [38] [39]
103 Pa
1–10 kPaTypical explosion peak overpressure needed to break glass windows (approximate) [40]
2 kPaPressure of popping popcorn (very approximate) [41] [42]
2.6 kPa0.38 psi Pressure at which water boils at room temperature (22 °C) (20 mmHg) [43]
5 kPa0.8 psi Blood pressure fluctuation (40 mmHg) between heartbeats for a typical healthy adult [44] [45]
6.3 kPa0.9 psi Pressure where water boils at normal human body temperature (37 °C), the pressure below which humans absolutely cannot survive (Armstrong limit) [46]
+9.8 kPa+1.4 psi Lung pressure that a typical person can exert (74 mmHg) [47]
104 Pa
10 kPa1.5 psiPressure increase per meter of a water column [26]
10 kPa1.5 psiDecrease in air pressure when going from Earth sea level to 1000 m elevation[ citation needed ]
+13 kPa+1.9 psiHigh air pressure for human lung, measured for trumpet player making staccato high notes [48]
< +16 kPa+2.3 psiSystolic blood pressure in a healthy adult while at rest (< 120 mmHg) (gauge pressure) [44]
+19.3 kPa+2.8 psiHigh end of lung pressure, exertable without injury by a healthy person for brief times[ citation needed ]
+34 kPa+5 psiLevel of long-duration blast overpressure (from a large-scale explosion) that would cause most buildings to collapse [49]
34 kPaAtmospheric pressure at the summit of Mount Everest [50]
+70 kPa+10 psiPressure for paint exiting an HVLP (low-pressure) paint spray gun [51]
70 kPaPressure inside an incandescent light bulb [52]
75 kPaMinimum airplane cabin pressure and lowest pressure for normal breathing (at 2440 m) and also the limit stated by the Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) [53]
80 kPa12 psiPressure inside vacuum cleaner at sea level on Earth (80% of standard atmospheric pressure)[ citation needed ]
87 kPa13 psi Record low atmospheric pressure for typhoon/hurricane (Typhoon Tip in 1979) (only 86% of standard atmospheric pressure) [54]
105 Pa
100 kPa15 psi1 bar (14.5 psi), [55] approximately equal to the weight of one kilogram (1 kilopond) acting on one square centimeter [34]
101.325 kPa
15 psiStandard atmospheric pressure for Earth sea level (14.7 psi) [34]
150 to > 550 kPa25 to > 80 psiImpact pressure of a fist punch (approximate)[ citation needed ] [56]
+180 to +250 kPa+26 to +36 psiAir pressure in an automobile tire relative to atmosphere (gauge pressure)[ citation needed ]
+210 to +900 kPa+30 to +130 psiAir pressure in a bicycle tire relative to atmosphere (gauge pressure) [57]
300 kPa50 psiWater pressure of a garden hose [58]
300 to 700 kPa50–100 psiTypical water pressure of a municipal water supply in the US [59]
358 to 524 kPa52-76 psiThreshold of pain for objects outside the human body hitting it [60]
400 to 600 kPa60–90 psi Carbon dioxide pressure in a champagne bottle [61]
520 kPa75 psiPartial vapour pressure at the triple point of carbon dioxide [62]
+690 to +830 kPa+100 to +120 psiAir pressure in a heavy truck/bus tire relative to atmosphere (gauge pressure)[ citation needed ]
800 kPa120 psiVapor pressure of water in a kernel of popcorn when the kernel ruptures [63]
106 Pa
0.8–2 MPa120–290 psiPressure used in boilers of steam locomotives [ citation needed ]
1.1 MPa162 psiPressure of an average human bite[ citation needed ]
2.8–8.3 MPa400–1,200 psiPressure of carbon dioxide propellant in a paintball gun [64]
5 MPa700 psiWater pressure of the output of a coin-operated car wash spray nozzle [58]
5 MPa700 psiMilitary submarine max. rated pressure (est.) of Seawolf-class nuclear submarine, at depth of 500 m [65] [66]
10-21 MPa1,500–3,000 psiChamber pressure of a high-powered (non-carbon dioxide) air gun
6.9–27 MPa1,000–4,000 psiWater spray pressure used by pressure washers [67]
9.2 MPa1,300 psi Atmosphere of Venus [68]
107 Pa
> 10 MPa> 1,500 psiPressure exerted by a 45 kg person wearing stiletto heels when a heel hits the floor [69]
15.5 Mpa2,250 psiPrimary coolant loop of a pressurized water reactor
20 MPa2,900 psiTypical pressure used for hydrogenolysis reactions [70]
21 MPa3,000 psiPressure of a typical aluminium scuba tank of pressurized air (210 bar) [71]
21 MPa3,000 psi Ballistic pressure exerted as high-power bullet strikes a solid bulletproof object[ citation needed ]
22 MPa3,200 psi Critical pressure of water
28 MPa4,100 psiOverpressure caused by the bomb explosion during the Oklahoma City bombing [72]
40 MPa5,800 psiWater pressure at the depth of the wreck of the Titanic
69 MPa10,000 psiWater pressure withstood by the DSV Shinkai 6500 in visiting ocean depths of > 6500 meters [73]
70 to 280 MPa10,000 to 40,000 psiMaximal chamber pressure during a pistol firing [74]
108 Pa
110 MPa16,000 psiPressure at bottom of Mariana Trench, about 11 km below ocean surface (1100 bar) [75]
100 to 300 MPa15,000 to 44,000 psiPressure inside reactor for the synthesis of high-pressure polyethylene (HPPE) [76]
250 MPa36,000 psiRecord diesel engine common rail fuel system pressure [77]
400 MPa58,000 psiChamber pressure of late 1910s .50 Browning machine gun discharge[ citation needed ]
240–620 MPa35,000–90,000 psiWater pressure used in a water jet cutter [78]
109 Pa
1 GPaExtremely high-pressure chemical reactors (10 kbar)[ citation needed ]
1.5 GPa Diamond melts using a 3 kJ laser without turning into graphite first [79]
1.5 GPa220,000 psitensile strength of Inconel 625 according to Aircraft metal strength tables and the Mil-Hdbk-5 [80]
5.8 GPa840,000 psi Ultimate tensile strength of the polymer Zylon
1010 Pa
10 GPaPressure at which octaoxygen forms at room temperature (100,000 bar) [81]
18 GPaPressure needed for the first commercially successful synthesis of diamond [82]
24 to 110 GPaStability range of enstatite in its perovskite-structured polymorph, possibly the most common mineral inside the Earth[ citation needed ]
40 GPaQuantum-mechanical electron degeneracy pressure in a block of copper [83]
48 GPaDetonation pressure of pure CL-20, [84] the most powerful high explosive in mass production
69 GPa10,000,000 psiHighest water jet pressure attained in research lab [85]
96 GPaPressure at which metallic oxygen forms (960,000 bar) [81]
1011 Pa
100 GPaTheoretical tensile strength of a carbon nanotube (CNT) [86]
130 GPa Ultimate tensile strength of monolayer graphene [87]
360 GPaPressure inside Earth's inner core (3.64 million bar) [88] [89]
495 GPaLower bound at which metallic hydrogen theoretically forms
> 600 GPaPressure attainable with a diamond anvil cell [90]
1012 Pa
5 TPaPressure generated by the National Ignition Facility fusion reactor
1013 Pa
10 TPasolid matter changes to the metastable inner-shell molecular state
32.9 TPaPressure at which metallic helium theoretically forms [91]
1014 Pa
100 TPaPressure generated by the extremely high-pressure laser implosion plasmas generator. [92]
208.4 TPaPressure at which metallic neon theoretically forms (the highest metallization pressure for any element) [93]
540 TPaPressure inside an "Ivy Mike"-like nuclear bomb detonation (5.3 billion bar) [94] [95]
1015 Pa
6.5 PPaPressure inside a W80 nuclear warhead detonation (64 billion bar) [94] [96]
1016 Pa
25 PPaPressure inside Sun's core (250 billion bar) [97]
1023 Pa100 EPa - 100 YPaPressure inside the core of a white dwarf at the Chandrasekhar limit [98]
1032 Pa3.2-160 QPaPressure range inside a neutron star [99]
1035 PaApproximate pressure at the center of a proton [100]
............
10113 Pa4.6×10113 Pa6.7×10109 psiThe Planck pressure (4.63×10108 bar)

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Casimir effect</span> Force resulting from the quantisation of a field

In quantum field theory, the Casimir effect is a physical force acting on the macroscopic boundaries of a confined space which arises from the quantum fluctuations of a field. It is named after the Dutch physicist Hendrik Casimir, who predicted the effect for electromagnetic systems in 1948.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pressure measurement</span>

Pressure measurement is the measurement of an applied force by a fluid on a surface. Pressure is typically measured in units of force per unit of surface area. Many techniques have been developed for the measurement of pressure and vacuum. Instruments used to measure and display pressure mechanically are called pressure gauges,vacuum gauges or compound gauges. The widely used Bourdon gauge is a mechanical device, which both measures and indicates and is probably the best known type of gauge.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pressure</span> Force distributed over an area

Pressure is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. Gauge pressure is the pressure relative to the ambient pressure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quantum electrodynamics</span> Quantum field theory of electromagnetism

In particle physics, quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. In essence, it describes how light and matter interact and is the first theory where full agreement between quantum mechanics and special relativity is achieved. QED mathematically describes all phenomena involving electrically charged particles interacting by means of exchange of photons and represents the quantum counterpart of classical electromagnetism giving a complete account of matter and light interaction.

Standard temperature and pressure (STP) or standard conditions for temperature and pressure are various standard sets of conditions for experimental measurements used to allow comparisons to be made between different sets of data. The most used standards are those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), although these are not universally accepted. Other organizations have established a variety of other definitions.

The torr is a unit of pressure based on an absolute scale, defined as exactly ⁠1/760⁠ of a standard atmosphere. Thus one torr is exactly ⁠101325/760⁠ pascals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vacuum pump</span> Equipment generating a relative vacuum

A vacuum pump is a type of pump device that draws gas particles from a sealed volume in order to leave behind a partial vacuum. The first vacuum pump was invented in 1650 by Otto von Guericke, and was preceded by the suction pump, which dates to antiquity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vacuum</span> Space that is empty of matter

A vacuum is space devoid of matter. The word is derived from the Latin adjective vacuus meaning "vacant" or "void". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply call "vacuum" or free space, and use the term partial vacuum to refer to an actual imperfect vacuum as one might have in a laboratory or in space. In engineering and applied physics on the other hand, vacuum refers to any space in which the pressure is considerably lower than atmospheric pressure. The Latin term in vacuo is used to describe an object that is surrounded by a vacuum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vapor pressure</span> Pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium

Vapor pressure or equilibrium vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases at a given temperature in a closed system. The equilibrium vapor pressure is an indication of a liquid's thermodynamic tendency to evaporate. It relates to the balance of particles escaping from the liquid in equilibrium with those in a coexisting vapor phase. A substance with a high vapor pressure at normal temperatures is often referred to as volatile. The pressure exhibited by vapor present above a liquid surface is known as vapor pressure. As the temperature of a liquid increases, the attractive interactions between liquid molecules become less significant in comparison to the entropy of those molecules in the gas phase, increasing the vapor pressure. Thus, liquids with strong intermolecular interactions are likely to have smaller vapor pressures, with the reverse true for weaker interactions.

Atmospheric pressure, also known as air pressure or barometric pressure, is the pressure within the atmosphere of Earth. The standard atmosphere is a unit of pressure defined as 101,325 Pa (1,013.25 hPa), which is equivalent to 1,013.25 millibars, 760 mm Hg, 29.9212 inches Hg, or 14.696 psi. The atm unit is roughly equivalent to the mean sea-level atmospheric pressure on Earth; that is, the Earth's atmospheric pressure at sea level is approximately 1 atm.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Outer space</span> Void between celestial bodies

Outer space is the expanse that exists beyond Earth's atmosphere and between celestial bodies. It contains ultra-low levels of particle densities, constituting a near-perfect vacuum of predominantly hydrogen and helium plasma, permeated by electromagnetic radiation, cosmic rays, neutrinos, magnetic fields and dust. The baseline temperature of outer space, as set by the background radiation from the Big Bang, is 2.7 kelvins.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bar (unit)</span> Unit of pressure equal to 100,000 Pa

The bar is a metric unit of pressure defined as 100,000 Pa (100 kPa), though not part of the International System of Units (SI). A pressure of 1 bar is slightly less than the current average atmospheric pressure on Earth at sea level. By the barometric formula, 1 bar is roughly the atmospheric pressure on Earth at an altitude of 111 metres at 15 °C.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Standard atmosphere (unit)</span> Unit of pressure defined as 101325 Pa

The standard atmosphere is a unit of pressure defined as 101325 Pa. It is sometimes used as a reference pressure or standard pressure. It is approximately equal to Earth's average atmospheric pressure at sea level.

This list compares various energies in joules (J), organized by order of magnitude.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Terraforming of Mars</span> Hypothetical modification of Mars into a habitable planet

The terraforming of Mars or the terraformation of Mars is a hypothetical procedure that would consist of a planetary engineering project or concurrent projects aspiring to transform Mars from a planet hostile to terrestrial life to one that could sustainably host humans and other lifeforms free of protection or mediation. The process would involve the modification of the planet's extant climate, atmosphere, and surface through a variety of resource-intensive initiatives, as well as the installation of a novel ecological system or systems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Higgs boson</span> Elementary particle involved with rest mass

The Higgs boson, sometimes called the Higgs particle, is an elementary particle in the Standard Model of particle physics produced by the quantum excitation of the Higgs field, one of the fields in particle physics theory. In the Standard Model, the Higgs particle is a massive scalar boson with zero spin, even (positive) parity, no electric charge, and no colour charge that couples to mass. It is also very unstable, decaying into other particles almost immediately upon generation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orders of magnitude (force)</span> Comparison of a wide range of physical forces

The following list shows different orders of magnitude of force.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cosmological constant problem</span> Concept in cosmology

In cosmology, the cosmological constant problem or vacuum catastrophe is the substantial disagreement between the observed values of vacuum energy density and the much larger theoretical value of zero-point energy suggested by quantum field theory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plasma (physics)</span> State of matter

Plasma is one of four fundamental states of matter characterized by the presence of a significant portion of charged particles in any combination of ions or electrons. It is the most abundant form of ordinary matter in the universe, mostly in stars, but also dominating the rarefied intracluster medium and intergalactic medium. Plasma can be artificially generated, for example, by heating a neutral gas or subjecting it to a strong electromagnetic field.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metre sea water</span> Unit of pressure equal to one tenth of a bar

The metresea water (msw) is a metric unit of pressure used in underwater diving. It is defined as one tenth of a bar.

References

  1. 1 2 Li, Yulin. "The ins and out of man-made and natural vacuums". Ask A Scientist!. Cornell Center for Materials Research. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2012. 10^-19 torr
  2. ↑ Calculated: 10−19 torr × 133 Pa/torr = 10−17 Pa
  3. ↑ Calculated: 10−17 torr × 133 Pa/torr = 10−15 Pa
  4. ↑ Thompson, W. (1977). "Characteristics of a cryogenic extreme high-vacuum chamber". Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology. 14 (1): 643–645. Bibcode:1977JVST...14..643T. doi:10.1116/1.569168.
  5. 1 2 "The lunar environment" . Lunar sourcebook . Cambridge University Press. 1991. ISBN   978-0-521-33444-0. The undisturbed gas concentration is only about 2x10^5 molecules/cm^3 during the lunar night, falling to perhaps 10^4 molecules/cm^3 during the lunar day.
  6. ↑ Stultzman, Marcy; Adderley, Philip; Poelker, Matt (14 November 2006). "Extreme High Vacuum: The Need, Production and Measurement" (PDF). AVS 53rd International Symposium. Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab). Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  7. ↑ "Mercury Fact Sheet". NASA. Archived from the original on 2008-07-24. ~10^-15 bar
  8. ↑ "Moon Fact Sheet".
  9. ↑ "Bringing the vacuum to its lowest value". ATLAS e-News. CERN. 28 July 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2012. we expect pressures below 10^-9 Pa
  10. ↑ "The Main CERN Vacuum Systems Explained". Vacuum Science World. 14 December 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  11. ↑ "Explanation of Solar Wind Dials". NASA. Archived from the original on 2 January 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  12. ↑ Altin, P. A.; Robins, N. P. (2010). "Rubidium-85 tunable-interaction Bose–Einstein condensate machine". Review of Scientific Instruments. 81 (6): 063103–063103–9. arXiv: 1003.4819 . Bibcode:2010RScI...81f3103A. doi:10.1063/1.3430538. PMID   20590221. S2CID   23474264.
  13. ↑ "Low Earth Orbit Spacecraft Charging Design Handbook". NASA. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2012. ambient pressure is in the range of 10^-10 to 5x10^-8 Torr.
  14. ↑ Calculated: 10−10 Torr × 133.3 Pa/Torr = 1.3×10−8 Pa. 5×10−8 Torr × 133.3 Pa/Torr = 6.7×10−6 Pa.
  15. 1 2 American Vacuum Society. "Glossary". AVS Reference Guide. Archived from the original on 2006-03-04. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  16. ↑ Calculated unit conversion: 1e-9 torr * 101325/760 Pa/torr = 1.33e-7 Pa
  17. ↑ Topic 7 |The Cathode-Ray Tube. aw.com. 2003-08-01
  18. ↑ Jump up ^ repairfaq.org – Sam's Laser FAQ – Vacuum Technology for Home-Built Gas Lasers. repairfaq.org. 2012-08-02
  19. ↑ "Terminology". SURTASS LFA EIS. Archived from the original on 10 December 2005. Retrieved 11 November 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  20. ↑ G. Vulpetti, L. Johnson, G. L. Matloff, Solar Sails: A Novel Approach to Interplanetary Flight, Springer, August 2008
  21. 1 2 "Appendix I:A-3. Sound Propagation". Noise and Hearing Conservation Technical Manual Chapter. OSHA. Archived from the original on 18 November 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
  22. ↑ Sattler, Klaus; Feindt, Hans (1995). Thermal separation processes: principles and design. Wiley. p. 116. ISBN   978-3-527-28622-5. operating pressures in the range 0.1–0.001 Pa
  23. ↑ Calculated unit conversion: 1e-3 torr * 101325/760 Pa/torr = 0.133 Pa
  24. ↑ "Pluto expanding atmosphere". Observatoire de Paris, LESIA. Retrieved 29 December 2011. deepest layers reach pressures of no more than a few microbars
  25. ↑ Bala Maheswaran. "Fluid" (PDF). Physics 1222 Lecture Notes. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-06. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
  26. 1 2 "Pressure". Engineering Toolbox. Retrieved 2 January 2012. 10 kPa - the pressure below 1 m of water
  27. 1 2 "Beaufort Scales (Wind Speed)". How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Archived from the original on 28 April 2011. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
  28. 1 2 "Wind speed and wind pressure". KNMI HYDRA Project. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
  29. ↑ Exact calculation: P = 1/2 * density of air * (wind speed)^2. wind speed = 9 mph * 0.447 (m/s)/mph = 4.02 m/s. P = 1/2 * (1.25 kg/m^3) * (4.0 m/s)^2 = 10.1 Pa.
  30. ↑ "Get an intuition for pressure values". Physics. Stack Exchange. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
  31. ↑ Exact calculation: P = 1/2 * density of air * (wind speed)^2. wind speed = 28.3 mph * 0.447 (m/s)/mph = 12.7 m/s. P = 1/2 * (1.25 kg/m^3) * (12.7 m/s)^2 = 101 Pa.
  32. ↑ "Coin specifications". United States Mint. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  33. ↑ Calculated: pressure = mass * g / (pi * diameter^2 / 4) = (5.670e-3 kg) * (9.807 m/s^2) / (3.142 * (19.05e-3 m)^2 / 4) = 120.3 Pa
  34. 1 2 3 "Appendix B8—Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically". NIST. 2 July 2009. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
  35. ↑ "The lung as a low-pressure air pump". Lung Introduction Fundamentals. Retrieved 13 December 2011. a normal inspiratory breath of say 500 ml in an adult requires a distending pressure of under 3cm H2O
  36. ↑ Calculated: 3 cm H2O * 98.0 Pa/cm H2O = 294 Pa = 3e2 Pa
  37. ↑ "Mars Fact Sheet". NASA. Retrieved 5 January 2012. variable from 4.0 to 8.7 mb
  38. ↑ International Equations for the Pressure along the Melting and along the Sublimation Curve of Ordinary Water Substance W. Wagner, A. Saul and A. Pruss (1994), J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 515.
  39. ↑ Murphy, D. M. (2005). "Review of the vapour pressures of ice and supercooled water for atmospheric applications". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 131 (608): 1539–1565. Bibcode:2005QJRMS.131.1539M. doi: 10.1256/qj.04.94 . S2CID   122365938.
  40. ↑ Lee's loss prevention in the process industries: hazard identification, assessment, and control, Volume 1. Elsevier. 2005. ISBN   978-0-7506-7555-0. Iverson (1968) gives the range of breaking pressures as 1-10 kPa
  41. ↑ Episode 124: Car vs. Rain. mythbustersfanclub.com. June 17, 2009
  42. ↑ "Transcript". MythBusters - Car vs. Rain - Friday, Dec 25, 2009. Livedash. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2011. force ... which turns out to be 0.22 psi
  43. ↑ "Vapor Pressure of Water". Science Help Online for Chemistry. Fordham Preparatory School. Archived from the original on 27 November 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2011. 2.6 kPa
  44. 1 2 "Categories for Blood Pressure Levels in Adults". NIH. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
  45. ↑ Calculated as the difference between a typical systolic pressure of < 120mm Hg and diastolic pressure of < 80mm Hg.
  46. ↑ NAHF - Harry Armstrong Archived 2007-11-18 at the Wayback Machine
  47. ↑ Deardoff, Duane L. "Manometer for Measuring Lung Pressure". personal.psu.edu. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  48. ↑ Fletcher, N. H.; Tarnopolsky, A. (1999). "Blowing pressure, power, and spectrum in trumpet playing" (PDF). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 105 (2): 874–881. Bibcode:1999ASAJ..105..874F. doi:10.1121/1.426276. PMID   9972572. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-04. Retrieved 2015-08-29.
  49. ↑ Zipf, Jr, R. Karl; Cashdollar, Kenneth. "Effects of blast pressure on structures and the human body" (PDF). Retrieved 3 January 2012.
  50. ↑ West, John B. (1999-03-01). "Barometric pressures on Mt. Everest: new data and physiological significance". Journal of Applied Physiology. 86 (3): 1062–1066. doi:10.1152/jappl.1999.86.3.1062. PMID   10066724. S2CID   27875962 . Retrieved 2017-03-30.
  51. ↑ "Time For HVLP?". Sharpe Manufacturing Company. Retrieved 9 January 2012. paint exiting the gun at 10 PSI
  52. ↑ "Argon (Ar) Properties, Uses, Applications Argon Gas and Liquid Argon". Universal Industrial Gases, Inc. 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  53. ↑ Council, National Research; Studies, Division on Earth Life; Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and; Aircraft, Committee on Air Quality in Passenger Cabins of Commercial (2002-01-03). The Airliner Cabin Environment and the Health of Passengers and Crew. National Academies Press. ISBN   9780309082891 . Retrieved 2016-04-09.
  54. ↑ "Which is the most intense tropical cyclone on record?". Hurricane Research Division Frequently Asked Questions. NOAA. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
  55. ↑ Gershtein, Sergey; Anna Gershtein. "bar. Metric. Stress and Pressure Conversion Chart" . Retrieved 2009-09-26.
  56. ↑ Typical force may total 150 to 500 pounds-force (670 to 2,220 N), applied to area of ~6 square inches (39 cm2). Actual impact pressure depends on strike to bone, soft tissue, padded surface, or brick wall. Also depends upon deflection or resistance of object struck. Heavyweight boxing champions have been shown to strike with over 1,000 pounds-force (4,400 N) of force, which would imply ~170 psi (> 1100 kPa) over same area.
  57. ↑ "This Is Your...Tire's Air". Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 25 Jun 2013. Road tires typically require 80 to 130 psi, mountain tires 30 to 50 psi and hybrid tires 50 to 70 psi.
  58. 1 2 "Frequently Asked Questions". Power Washers. Generac Power Systems. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2012. A typical garden hose dispenses water at about 50 PSI, and a coin-operated car wash provides about 700 PSI.
  59. ↑ "How Water Towers Work". HowStuffWorks. April 2000. Retrieved 3 January 2012. A typical municipal water supply runs at between 50 and 100 PSI
  60. ↑ Park, G.; Kim, C. W.; Park, S. B.; Kim, M. J.; Jang, S. H. (June 2011). "Reliability and Usefulness of the Pressure Pain Threshold Measurement in Patients with Myofascial Pain". Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine. 35 (3): 412–417. doi:10.5535/arm.2011.35.3.412. PMC   3309218 . PMID   22506152. Fischer7 reported pressure pain thresholds of 3.7 kg/cm2 and 5.4 kg/cm2 in normal adult females.
  61. ↑ "Pressure in a Champagne Bottle". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
  62. ↑ "Carbon dioxide". NIST Chemistry WebBook. NIST. Retrieved 8 January 2012. 5.185 bar ... uncertainty ... 0.005 bar
  63. ↑ Byrd, J. E.; Perona, M. J. (2005). "Kinetics of Popping of Popcorn" (PDF). Cereal Chemistry. 82: 53–59. doi:10.1094/CC-82-0053.[ permanent dead link ]
  64. ↑ Choi, Young. "Beginner's guide to paintball tanks". PaintBall.com. Archived from the original on 2009-02-19. Co2 pressure output can range from 400 psi up to 1200 psi
  65. ↑ "Run Silent, Run Deep". US Navy Ships. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 8 January 2012. a normal operating depth of "greater than 800 feet", ... it may be assumed that the ... depth ... is roughly double the official figure
  66. ↑ Calculated: assume depth of 2x800 ft = 1600 ft. 1600 ft * 0.3048 m/ft = 488 m. Pressure at 488 m = density * g * depth * area = 1025 kg/m^3 * 9.81 m/s^2 * 488 m * 1 m^2 = 4.90e6 Pa. 4.90e6 Pa * 1.45e-4 psi/Pa = 711 psi.
  67. ↑ Romano, Jay (24 September 2006). "How to Select a Pressure Washer". New York Times. Retrieved 19 December 2011. range from about 1,000 p.s.i. to 4,000 or more
  68. ↑ Williams, David R. (2010-11-17). "Venus Fact Sheet". NASA. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
  69. ↑ "Pressure Under High Heels". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
  70. ↑ For hydrogenolysis esters with copper chromite. Paquette, L. A. (1995). Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. Vol. 2. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. pp. 1337–1339.
  71. ↑ "Scuba Tanks". TheScubaGuide. Archived from the original on 2010-03-09. Retrieved 6 January 2012. when you get your tank filled it will be filled to 3000 psi
  72. ↑ Wong, Henry (2002). "Blast-Resistant Building Design Technology Analysis of its Application to Modern Hotel Design". WGA Wong Gregerson Architects, Inc. p. 5.
  73. ↑ "SHINKAI 6500". Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology. Retrieved 13 December 2011. Pressure at a depth of 6,500 m reaches around 680 atmospheres
  74. ↑ "SAAMI Pistol Pressure Specifications". SAAMI pressures. Leverguns.Com. Archived from the original on 14 October 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2012. .45 Colt ... 14,000 ... 9.mm Luger +P ... 38,500
  75. ↑ George, V. T.; Brooks, G.; Humphrey, T. C. (2007). "Regulation of Cell Cycle and Stress Responses to Hydrostatic Pressure in Fission Yeast". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 18 (10): 4168–4179. doi:10.1091/mbc.E06-12-1141. PMC   1995737 . PMID   17699598.
  76. ↑ The manufacture of polyethylene. nzic.org.nz
  77. ↑ "DENSO Develops a New Diesel Common Rail System With the World's Highest Injection Pressure". DENSO Global Website. Retrieved 2017-12-14.
  78. ↑ "Water Jet Cutting Pumps". KMT Waterjet. Retrieved 8 January 2012. a pump that delivers up to 90,000 PSI ... pumps that deliver 35,000 PSI to 55,000 PSI
  79. ↑ National Geographic Channel, The known universe (treasure hunt in space)
  80. ↑ "Inconel ASM Material Data Sheet". Online Materials Information Resource.
  81. 1 2 azonano.com (2008). "Solid Oxygen ε-Phase Crystal Structure Determined Along With The Discovery of a Red Oxygen O8 Cluster" . Retrieved 2008-01-10.
  82. ↑ Schmetzer, Karl (2010). "High pressure high temperature of diamonds – a review of the patent literature from five decades (1960–2009)" (PDF). The Journal of Gemmology. 32. doi:10.15506/JoG.2010.32.1-4.52. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-11-23. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  83. ↑ "6.11 Degeneracy Pressure".
  84. ↑ Krause, Horst H. (2005). Ulrich Teipel (ed.). New Energetic Materials (PDF). WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. p. 5. ISBN   978-3-527-30240-6 . Retrieved 25 August 2012. Substance ... GPa ... CL-20 ... 48.23
  85. ↑ Summers, David (2012). "Waterjetting 3b: pumps, intensifiers, and cannons" . Retrieved 14 November 2012. the highest pressure jet that we generated in the MS&T [Missouri University of Science and Technology] Laboratories was at around 10 million psi.
  86. ↑ A. Takakura; K. Beppu; T. Nishihara; A. Fukui; T. Kozeki; T. Namazu; Y. Miyauchi; K. Itami (10 July 2019). "Strength of carbon nanotubes depends on their chemical structures". Nature. 10 (3040): 3040. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.3040T. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10959-7. PMC   6620359 . PMID   31292451.
  87. ↑ Lee, C.; Wei, X.; Kysar, J. W.; Hone, J. (2008). "Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene" (PDF). Science. 321 (5887): 385–388. Bibcode:2008Sci...321..385L. doi:10.1126/science.1157996. PMID   18635798. S2CID   206512830.
  88. ↑ Dziewonski, A.; Anderson, D. L. (1981). "Preliminary reference Earth model" (PDF). Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 25 (4): 297–356. Bibcode:1981PEPI...25..297D. doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90046-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-13.
  89. ↑ "Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM) (Dziewonski & Anderson, 1981)". Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012. 363.850 GPa
  90. ↑ Improved diamond anvil cell allows higher pressures Physics World November 2012
  91. ↑ Monserrat, Bartomeu; Drummond, N. D.; Pickard, Chris J.; Needs, R. J. (2014). "Electron-Phonon Coupling and the Metallization of Solid Helium at Terapascal Pressures". Physical Review Letters. 112 (5): 055504. arXiv: 1311.1005 . Bibcode:2014PhRvL.112e5504M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.055504. PMID   24580611. S2CID   29848984.
  92. ↑ "Extremely high-pressure generation and compression with laser implosion plasmas".
  93. ↑ Tang, Jun; Ao, Bingyun; Huang, Li; Ye, Xiaoqiu; Gu, Yunjun; Chen, Qifeng (2019). "Metallization and positive pressure dependency of bandgap in solid neon". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 150 (11): 111103. Bibcode:2019JChPh.150k1103T. doi: 10.1063/1.5089489 . PMID   30901987.
  94. 1 2 "4.4 Elements of Thermonuclear Weapon Design". Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved 3 January 2012. Mike... Ivy... radiation pressures are 73 and 1400 megabars ... respectively ... Mike ... 5.3 x 10^9 bars ... Ivy ... 6.4 x 10^10 bars
  95. ↑ Calculated: ablation pressure = 5.3e9 bar * 1.01325e5 Pa/bar = 5.44e14 Pa
  96. ↑ Calculated: ablation pressure = 6.4e10 bar * 1.01325e5 Pa/bar = 6.48e14 Pa
  97. ↑ Williams, David R. (September 1, 2004). "Sun Fact Sheet". NASA. Retrieved 2008-01-23.
  98. ↑ Camenzind, Max (2007). Compact objects in astrophysics. Astronomy and Astrophysics Library. Bibcode:2007coaw.book.....C. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-49912-1. ISBN   978-3-540-25770-7.{{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  99. ↑ Ozel, Feryal; Freire, Paulo (2016). "Masses, Radii, and the Equation of State of Neutron Stars". Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 54 (1): 401–440. arXiv: 1603.02698 . Bibcode:2016ARA&A..54..401O. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081915-023322. S2CID   119226325.
  100. ↑ V. D. Burkert; L. Elouadrhiri; F. X. Girod (16 May 2018). "The pressure distribution inside the proton". Nature. 557 (7705): 396–399. Bibcode:2018Natur.557..396B. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0060-z. OSTI   1438388. PMID   29769668. S2CID   21724781.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.