Organic aquaculture

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Organic aquaculture is a holistic method for farming fish and other marine species in line with organic principles. [1] The ideals of this practice established sustainable marine environments with consideration for naturally occurring ecosystems, use of pesticides, and the treatment of aquatic life. [2] Managing aquaculture organically has become more popular since consumers are concerned about the harmful impacts of aquaculture on themselves and the environment. [3]

Contents

The availability of certified organic aquaculture products have become more widely available since the mid-1990s. [4] This seafood growing method has become popular in Germany, the United Kingdom and Switzerland, [5] but consumers can be confused or skeptical about the label due to conflicting and misleading standards around the world. [6]

A certified organic product seal on aquaculture products will mean an accredited certifying body has verified that the production methods meet or exceed a country's standard for organic aquaculture production. [2] Organic regulations designed around soil-based systems don't transfer well into aquaculture [7] and tend to conflict with large-scale, intensive (economically viable) practices/goals. There are a number of problems facing organic aquaculture: difficulty of sourcing and certifying organic juveniles (hatchery or sustainable wild stock); 35-40% higher feed cost; more labour-intensive; time and cost of the certification process; a higher risk of diseases, and uncertain benefits. [8] But, there is a definite consumer demand for organic seafood, and organic aquaculture may become a significant management option with continued research.

Certification

A number of countries have created their own national standards and certifying bodies for organic aquaculture. While there is not simply one international organic aquaculture standardization process, one of the largest certification organizations is the Global Trust, [9] which delivers assessments and certifications to match the highest quality organic aquaculture standards. The information regarding these standards is available through a personal inquiry. [10]

Many organic aquaculture certifications address a variety of issues including antibiotic and chemical treatments of fish, unrestrained disposal of fish feces into the ocean, fish feeding materials, the habitat of where and how the fish are raised, and proper handling practices including slaughter. [11] Most Organic Aquaculture certifications follow rather strict requirements and standards. [3] These rules may vary between different countries or certification bodies. [3] [12] This leads to confusion when products are imported from other countries, which can result in a backlash from consumers (for example, the Pure Salmon Campaign ).

Defining acceptable practices is also complicated by the variety of species - freshwater, saltwater, shellfish, finfish, mollusks and aquatic plants. The difficulty of screening pollutants out of an aquatic medium, controlling the food supplies and of keeping track of individual fish may mean that fish and shellfish stocks should not be classified as 'livestock' at all under regulations. [7] This point further exemplifies the need for widespread aquaculture certification standard.

Challenges and Controversy

Wild caught vs. organic

There is some controversy over licensing restrictions, as some seafood companies propose that wild caught fish should be classified as organic. [13] [14] While wild fish may be free of pesticides and unsustainable rearing practices, the fishing industry may not necessarily be environmentally sustainable. [14] In October 2001, the National Organic Standards Board of the USDA decided that ‘aquatic animals’ (i.e. fish and shellfish) cannot be organic since animals survive in contaminated water, and the food they eat lacks protection from a polluted environment. Farmed fish also are at some risk for pollution exposure since they also may eat wild fish for food but, relative to the wild fish, farmed fish are more likely to be given the "organic" label. The official definitions of organic and organic practices refer to ecological processes and the USDA on organic matter finally defined the organic production as a production system which is managed. [15]

Consistent standards

In 2010, around 80 different organic aquaculture standards exist, of which there are 18 in the countries of the European Union. [16] The variation in standards, as well as the unknown level of actual compliance and the closeness of investigations when certifying are major problems in consistent organic certification. [17] [18] In 2010, new rules were proposed in the European Union to consistently define the organic aquaculture industry. [12] [19] Canada's General Standards Board's (CGSB) proposed updates to their standards were strongly opposed in 2010 because they allowed antibiotic and chemical treatments of fish, up to 30 percent non-organic feed, deadly and uncontrolled impacts on wild species and unrestrained disposal of fish feces into the ocean. These standards would have certified net pen systems as organic. [20] At the other end of the scale, the extremely strict national legislation in Denmark has made it difficult for the existing organic trout industry to develop. [21]

Potential Alternatives To Non-Organic Feed and Waste Removal

One major issue in organic aquaculture production is finding practical and sustainable alternatives to non-organic veterinary treatments, feeds, spat and waste disposal. [22] Potential veterinary alternatives include homeopathic treatments and production-cycle limited allopathic or chemical treatments [8] Current requirements usually stipulate a reduction in unsustainable fishmeal, in favor of organic vegetable and fish by-product replacements. A recent study into organic fish feeds for salmon found that while organic feed provide some benefit to the environmental impact of the fishes' life cycles, the loss of fish meals and oils have a significant negative impact. [23] Another study discovered that certain percentages of dietary protein could be safely replaced. [24]

Not only do the fish have to be organically reared, organic fish feeds need to be developed. Research into ways of decreasing the amount on non-sustainable fishmeal in feed is currently focusing on replacement by organic vegetable proteins. Some organic fish feeds becoming available, and/or the option of integrated multi-species systems (e.g. growing plants using aquaponics, as well as larvae, insects, [25] or other fish). For example, locating a shellfish bed next to a finfish farm to dispose of the waste and provide the shellfish with controlled nutrients. [14] The organic residue from feed and fish wastes need regular monitoring, and analysis on the water released from the system and the water in the pool every 3 or 4 months. [26] [25]

The organic residue from feed and fish wastes need regular monitoring, and analysis on the water released from the system and the water in the pool every 3 or 4 months. [26]

Other issues

A major challenge for fish farmers is that wild fish can enter the organic farming environment, or organic fish may escape. [27]

Certifying bodies that cover organic aquaculture

Certification bodyCountries of operationNo. of certified aquaculture farmsAccredited for grower groupsNo. of certified groupsAquaculture commodities within the schemeProduction (tonnes)
AgriorIsrael2 + 1 fish feed millnoNATilapia, carp, red drum, sea bass, sea bream, Ulva and Ulea seaweed400
AgriQuality Ltd.New Zealand, Vanuatu, Cook Islands, Malaysiayes
Bioland e.V.Germany, Austria, Belgium, France, Italy, Netherlands, Switzerlandno
DebioNorway3noNAsalmon, trout, codtrout 0.5 salmon 120 cod 600
Instituto BiodinamicoBrazil, Argentina, Bolivia, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguayyes
Istituto per la Certificazione Etica e AmbientaleItaly, Lebanon, Turkeyyes
National Association Sustainable Agriculture AustraliaAustralia, Timor-Leste, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Sri Lanka, Solomon Islandsyes
Organic Agriculture Certification ThailandThailand1 (not under the IFOAM-accredited scheme)Example0nile tilapia and butter fish8 000 litres (fish sauce)

Table from IFOAM: Annex 6. Organic schemes

United States Organic Aquaculture Certification

In 2005, with the growing need for a certification process specifically designed for marine-based farming methods, the National Organic Standards Board and the National Organics Program created a working group called the Aquatic Animal Task Force in order to seek recommendations for the new certification process. The task force was meant to be broken into two divisions: wild fisheries and aquaculture, but the wild fisheries group never materialized. [29]

In 2006, the Aquaculture Working Group delivered a report with suggestions for the production and handling of aquatic animals and plants. However, with the complexity and diversity of the marine systems, the group requested more time to explore bivalve mollusks (oysters, clams, mussels and scallops) in depth. The National Organic Standards Board approved the aquaculture standards in 2007 and reconsidered the aquatic animal feed and facilities until they synthesized the public commentary in 2008. In 2010, the NOSB approved the recommendations for the bivalve mollusks section. [29]

Currently, the legal status of using the organic label for aquatic species, and the future of developing U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) certification standards for organic aquaculture products and aquatic species, are under review. [30] It is anticipated that the first version of the rule for organic aquaculture will be announced in April or May 2016 with need for approval by the Office of Management and Budget. It is expected to see the final rule in play by late summer or fall of 2016 with organic aquaculture products likely available in store in 2017. [31] The certification is said to include the following: shellfish, marine and recirculating system methods of aquaculture, as well as the controversial net-pen method [ permanent dead link ]. [31]

The US currently allows the imports of organically-certified seafood from Europe, Canada and other countries around the world. [32]

Production

Organic aquaculture was responsible for an estimated US$46.1 billion internationally (2007). There were 0.4 million hectares of certified organic aquaculture in 2008 compared to 32.2 million hectares dedicated to Organic farming. The 2007 production was still only 0.1% of total aquaculture production [8]

The market for organic aquaculture shows strong growth in Europe, especially France, Germany and the UK - for example, the market in France grew 220% from 2007 to 2008. [12] There is a preference for organic food, where available. [8] Organic seafood is now sold in discount supermarket chains throughout the EU. [12] The top five producing countries are UK, Ireland, Hungary, Greece and France. [12] 123 of the 225 global certified organic aquaculture farms operate in Europe and were responsible for 50,000 tonnes in 2008 (nearly half global production). [12]

Organic seafood products are a niche market and users currently expect to pay premiums of 30-40% although there is "varying dimensions and durability". [33] : 550  [8] Organic salmon is the top species and retails at 50%. [12] Market demand is driving Danish rainbow trout farmers to switch to organic farming. [21]

In 2008, production was 53,500 tons with a market value of 300 million USD and produced by 240 certified operations, of which 72 are situated in China. [34] Global production was 16,000 tons of organic squid, 8,800 tons of organic shrimp, 7,200 tons of squid, 3,000 tons of mussels, 2,000 tons of squid and 1,000 tons of squid/sea bream. Predictions for 2016 were 20,000 tons and 1 million tons in 2030, accounting for 0.6% of total aquaculture production. [35]

Data by country

Asia

CountryOrganically managed area [ha] [5]
Bangladesh2'000
China [36] 415'000
Indonesia11'317
Thailand33
Total418'350

1Indonesian Shrimp farms are locally certified as organic but a recent study found them to be highly environmentally damaging. [37]

Europe

Austria was the first to set an organic standard, implementing it for the common carp in 1995. In 2000, France and the UK established their own national organic standards for fish, and an international standard was established by the IFOAM. [38] : 550 

Cod and carp [39] Trout [39] Salmon [39]

and shrimp (Europe) [8]

North America

Organic production of crops and livestock in the United States is regulated by the Department of Agriculture's National Organic Program (NOP). While it does cover aquaponics, it did not properly cover aquaculture until the recent 2008 amendment, hampering the progress of organic aquaculture in the states. Because no standards were set for organic fish in the US at the time, a California state law was passed banning the sale of fish labelled as organic. [40] : 550 

In 2021 a number of major seafood associations indicated their support for a USDA plan to label wild-caught Alaskan seafood as organic. [41]

Australia

New Zealand

The first certified organic aquaculture farm in New Zealand was a salmon farm which was the largest producer outside of Europe contributing to the European market. [42] New Zealand green-lipped mussel Greenshell mussels - certified by Sealord (12), DOM ORGANICS Greenshell mussels, certified organic by Bio-Gro New Zealand Ltd. (BGNZ)

Salmon (14) 12 tonnes/year - Ormond Aquaculture Ltd certified (CERTNZ) organic freshwater aquaculture farm

Koura (freshwater crayfish) Still being developed - Ormond Aquaculture Ltd certified (CERTNZ) organic freshwater aquaculture farm

South America

Future Research and Development

Various methods and complementary processes are being investigated as alternatives for organic aquaculture, most notably Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture(IMTA) and aquaponics [43] (a land-based outgrowth of aquaculture in many places). Organic methods of farming various species are also topics of interest, particularly shrimps, [37] salmon [23] and Atlantic Cod [44]

Demand for organic fish has been primarily in the European market, especially Germany, the UK, France and Switzerland. While European market demand continues, there was also growing demand in North America and Japan by 2008 [45] : 551 

Projects such as ORAQUA are implementing scientific recommendations that support economic growth of Europe's organic aquaculture industry. [46] The goals of this organization are as follows:

  1. Reassess the relevance, measurability and applicability of Regulation EC 710/2009 for organic aquaculture against the basic organic principles;
  2. Generate robust science-based recommendations for potential updates of the EC regulation as regards aquaculture of fish species, molluscs, crustaceans and seaweed, based on comprehensive reviewing, research and assessment, in addition to integrating feedback from key stakeholders;
  3. Produce executive dossiers on the main technical background behind the recommendations that will emerge from this project;
  4. To underpin consumer demand for organic aquaculture products and development of organic aquaculture industry by integrating aspects of consumer perceptions, unique competitive qualities as well as production systems, business and market economics and regulatory framework;
  5. To propose a model for continuous assessment and advice on the improvement of regulations of organic aquaculture in the future, taking account of new scientific insights and changing competitive market environments. [46]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aquaculture</span> Farming of aquatic organisms

Aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the controlled cultivation ("farming") of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks, algae and other organisms of value such as aquatic plants. Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater, brackish water and saltwater populations under controlled or semi-natural conditions, and can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is the harvesting of wild fish. Aquaculture is also a practice used for restoring and rehabilitating marine and freshwater ecosystems. Mariculture, commonly known as marine farming, is aquaculture in seawater habitats and lagoons, as opposed to freshwater aquaculture. Pisciculture is a type of aquaculture that consists of fish farming to obtain fish products as food.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seafood</span> Food from the sea

Seafood is any form of sea life regarded as food by humans, prominently including fish and shellfish. Shellfish include various species of molluscs (e.g., bivalve molluscs such as clams, oysters, and mussels.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fish farming</span> Raising fish commercially in enclosures

Fish farming or pisciculture involves commercial breeding of fish, most often for food, in fish tanks or artificial enclosures such as fish ponds. It is a particular type of aquaculture, which is the controlled cultivation and harvesting of aquatic animals such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and so on, in natural or pseudo-natural environments. A facility that releases juvenile fish into the wild for recreational fishing or to supplement a species' natural numbers is generally referred to as a fish hatchery. Worldwide, the most important fish species produced in fish farming are carp, catfish, salmon and tilapia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fishery</span> Raising or harvesting fish

Fishery can mean either the enterprise of raising or harvesting fish and other aquatic life or, more commonly, the site where such enterprise takes place. Commercial fisheries include wild fisheries and fish farms, both in freshwater waterbodies and the oceans. About 500 million people worldwide are economically dependent on fisheries. 171 million tonnes of fish were produced in 2016, but overfishing is an increasing problem, causing declines in some populations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Organic certification</span> Certification process for producers of organic food and other organic agricultural products

Organic certification is a certification process for producers of organic food and other organic agricultural products, in the European Union more commonly known as ecological or biological products. In general, any business directly involved in food production can be certified, including seed suppliers, farmers, food processors, retailers and restaurants. A lesser known counterpart is certification for organic textiles that includes certification of textile products made from organically grown fibres.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Organic Program</span> U.S. federal regulatory framework

The National Organic Program (NOP) is the federal regulatory framework in the United States of America governing organic food. It is also the name of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) program responsible for administering and enforcing the regulatory framework. The core mission of the NOP is to protect the integrity of the USDA organic seal. The seal is used for products adhering to USDA standards that contain at least 95% organic ingredients.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marine Stewardship Council</span> Fishing certifier

The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) is a non-profit organisation which aims to set standards for sustainable fishing. Fisheries that wish to demonstrate they are well-managed and sustainable compared to the MSC's standards are assessed by a team of Conformity Assessment Bodies (CABs).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture</span> Type of aquaculture

Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) provides the byproducts, including waste, from one aquatic species as inputs for another. Farmers combine fed aquaculture with inorganic extractive and organic extractive aquaculture to create balanced systems for environment remediation (biomitigation), economic stability and social acceptability.

Sustainable seafood is seafood that is caught or farmed in ways that consider the long-term vitality of harvested species and the well-being of the oceans, as well as the livelihoods of fisheries-dependent communities. It was first promoted through the sustainable seafood movement which began in the 1990s. This operation highlights overfishing and environmentally destructive fishing methods. Through a number of initiatives, the movement has increased awareness and raised concerns over the way our seafood is obtained.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fishing industry in Canada</span>

Canada's fishing industry is a key contributor to the success of the Canadian economy. In 2018, Canada's fishing industry was worth $36.1 billion in fish and seafood products and employed approximately 300,000 people. Aquaculture, which is the farming of fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants in fresh or salt water, is the fastest growing food production activity in the world and a growing sector in Canada. In 2015, aquaculture generated over $1 billion in GDP and close to $3 billion in total economic activity. The Department Of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) oversees the management of Canada's aquatic resources and works with fishermen across the country to ensure the sustainability of Canada's oceans and in-land fisheries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Organic farming by continent</span>

Organic farming is practiced around the globe, but the markets for sale are strongest in North America and Europe, while the greatest dedicated area is accounted for by Australia, the greatest number of producers are in India, and the Falkland Islands record the highest share of agricultural land dedicated to organic production.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aquaculture of salmonids</span> Fish farming and harvesting under controlled conditions

The aquaculture of salmonids is the farming and harvesting of salmonid fish under controlled conditions for both commercial and recreational purposes. Salmonids, along with carp and tilapia, are the three most important fish groups in aquaculture. The most commonly commercially farmed salmonid is the Atlantic salmon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marin Organic</span>

Marin Organic is a non-profit 501(c)(3) association of organic producers headquartered in Point Reyes Station, California. Founded in 1999 with the goal of creating the first all-organic county, Marin Organic is known for working with the government, community groups and organizations, fellow ranchers and farmers to advance the practice of sustainable, organic production. The organization is internationally recognized model for building economically viable, community-based local foodsheds.

Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS), as defined by IFOAM, are "locally focused quality assurance systems. They certify producers based on active participation of stakeholders and are built on a foundation of trust, social networks and knowledge exchange." They represent an alternative to third party certification, especially adapted to local markets and short supply chains. They can also complement third party certification with a private label that brings additional guarantees and transparency. PGS enable the direct participation of producers, consumers and other stakeholders in:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aquaculture in Canada</span>

Aquaculture is the farming of fish, shellfish or aquatic plants in either fresh or saltwater, or both. The farmed animals or plants are cared for under a controlled environment to ensure optimum growth, success and profit. When they have reached an appropriate size, they are harvested, processed, and shipped to markets to be sold. Aquaculture is practiced all over the world and is extremely popular in countries such as China, where population is high and fish is a staple part of their everyday diet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Offshore aquaculture</span> Fish farms in waters some distance away from the coast

Offshore aquaculture, also known as open water aquaculture or open ocean aquaculture, is an emerging approach to mariculture where fish farms are positioned in deeper and less sheltered waters some distance away from the coast, where the cultivated fish stocks are exposed to more naturalistic living conditions with stronger ocean currents and more diverse nutrient flow. Existing "offshore" developments fall mainly into the category of exposed areas rather than fully offshore. As maritime classification society DNV GL has stated, development and knowledge-building are needed in several fields for the available deeper water opportunities to be realized.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Association for Sustainable Agriculture Australia</span>

The National Association for Sustainable Agriculture, Australia (NASAA) is an Australian and international organic certifying agency and trade association, located in Stirling, South Australia.

The Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) is an independent non-profit organisation and labelling organization that establishes protocol on farmed seafood while ensuring sustainable aquaculture. The ASC provides producers with a certification of environmental sustainability and social responsibility.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aquaculture in the United Kingdom</span>

Aquaculture in the United Kingdom is dominated by salmon farming, then by mussel production with trout being the third most important enterprise. Aquaculture in the United Kingdom represents a significant business for the UK, producing over 200,000 tonnes of fish whilst earning over £700 million in 2012 (€793 million).

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  37. ↑ Mark Prein, Stefan Bergleiter, Marcus Ballauf, Deborah Brister, Matthias Halwart, Kritsada Hongrat, Jens Kahle, Tobias Lasner, Audun Lem, Omri Lev, Catherine Morrison, Ziad Shehadeh, Andreas Stamer and Alexandre A. Wainberg (September 25, 2010). "Organic aquaculture: the future of expanding niche markets" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  38. 1 2 3 The Soil Association (May 2009), "UK Organic Aquaculture Market Report 2009", The Fish Site, archived from the original on 2010-07-09
  39. ↑ Mark Prein, Stefan Bergleiter, Marcus Ballauf, Deborah Brister, Matthias Halwart, Kritsada Hongrat, Jens Kahle, Tobias Lasner, Audun Lem, Omri Lev, Catherine Morrison, Ziad Shehadeh, Andreas Stamer and Alexandre A. Wainberg (September 25, 2010). "Organic aquaculture: the future of expanding niche markets" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  40. ↑ Sapin, Rachel: Support builds for labeling wild-caught Alaska seafood as 'organic' IntraFish 18 March 2021
  41. ↑ "Feed World News: Organic salmon". Feed International. 15 (4): 10–12. 1994.
  42. ↑ Diver, Steve (2006). Aquaponics—Integration of Hydroponics with Aquaculture (PDF). ATTRA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-08-21.
  43. ↑ Birt, Benjamin; Rodwell, Lynda D.; Richards, Jonathan P. (2009), "Investigation into the sustainability of organic aquaculture of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)", SSPP, 5 (2), archived from the original on 2011-08-09
  44. ↑ Mark Prein, Stefan Bergleiter, Marcus Ballauf, Deborah Brister, Matthias Halwart, Kritsada Hongrat, Jens Kahle, Tobias Lasner, Audun Lem, Omri Lev, Catherine Morrison, Ziad Shehadeh, Andreas Stamer and Alexandre A. Wainberg (September 25, 2010). "Organic aquaculture: the future of expanding niche markets" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  45. 1 2 "OrAqua". Nofima. Retrieved 2016-04-23.

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