Organoarsenic chemistry

Last updated

Organoarsenic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing a chemical bond between arsenic and carbon. A few organoarsenic compounds, also called "organoarsenicals," are produced industrially with uses as insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. In general these applications are declining in step with growing concerns about their impact on the environment and human health. The parent compounds are arsane and arsenic acid. Despite their toxicity, organoarsenic biomolecules are well known.

Contents

History

Cacodyl (tetramethyldiarsine) was one of the first organoarsenic compounds. Cacodyl Structural Formula V.3.svg
Cacodyl (tetramethyldiarsine) was one of the first organoarsenic compounds.

Surprising for an area now considered of minor importance, organoarsenic chemistry played a prominent role in chemistry's history. The oldest known organoarsenic compound, the foul smelling cacodyl was reported in "cacodyl" (1760) and is sometimes classified as the first synthetic organometallic compound. The compound Salvarsan was one of the first pharmaceuticals, earning a Nobel prize for Paul Ehrlich. Various other organoarsenic compounds formerly found use as antibiotics (Solarson) or other medical uses. [2]

Synthesis and classification

Arsenic typically occurs in the oxidation states (III) and (V), illustrated by the halides AsX3 (X = F, Cl, Br, I) and AsF5. Correspondingly, organoarsenic compounds are commonly found in these two oxidation states. [3]

The hydroxyarsenic compounds are known: [3]

Organoarsenic(V) compounds and uses

Arsenic(V) compounds typically feature the functional groups RAsO(OH)2 or R2AsO(OH) (R = alkyl or aryl). Cacodylic acid, central to arsenic chemistry, arises from the methylation of arsenic(III) oxide. (In contrast, the dimethylphosphonic acid is less significant in the corresponding chemistry of phosphorus.) Phenylarsonic acids can be accessed by the reaction of arsenic acid with anilines, the so-called Bechamp reaction.

The monomethylated acid, methanearsonic acid (CH3AsO(OH)2), is a precursor to fungicides (tradename Neoasozin) in the cultivation of rice and cotton. Derivatives of phenylarsonic acid (C6H5AsO(OH)2) are used as feed additives for livestock, including 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzenearsonic acid (3-NHPAA or Roxarsone), ureidophenylarsonic acid and p-arsanilic acid. These applications are controversial as they introduce soluble forms of arsenic into the environment.

Compounds of arsenic(V) containing only organic ligands are rare, the pre-eminent member being the pentaphenyl derivative As(C6H5)5. [4]

Organoarsenic(III) compounds and uses

Many organoarsenic compounds are prepared by alkylation of AsCl3 and its derivatives using organolithium and Grignard reagents. [4] For example, the series trimethylarsine ((CH3)3As), dimethylarsenic chloride ((CH3)2AsCl), and methylarsenic dichloride (CH3AsCl2) is known. Reduction of the chloride derivatives with hydride reducing reagents affords the corresponding hydrides, such as dimethylarsine ((CH3)2AsH) and methylarsine (CH3AsH2). Similar manipulations apply to other organoarsenic chloride compounds.

Akin to the Direct process in organosilicon chemistry, methyl halides react with elemental As, as illustrated in the following idealized equation: [5]

3 CH3Br + 2 As → (CH3)2AsBr + CH3AsBr2

Such reactions require copper catalysts, are conducted near 360 °C.

Another route to dimethylarsenic compounds begins with reduction of the AsV compound cacodylic acid:

(CH3)2AsO2H + 2 Zn + 4 HCl → (CH3)2AsH + 2 ZnCl2 + 2 H2O
(CH3)2AsO2H + SO2 + HI → (CH3)2AsI + SO3 + H2O

A variety of heterocycles containing arsenic(III) are known. These include arsole, the arsenic analogue of pyrrole, and arsabenzene, the arsenic analogue of pyridine.

Symmetrical organoarsenic(III) compounds, e.g. trimethylarsine and triphenylarsine, are commonly used as ligands in coordination chemistry. They behave like phosphine ligands, but are less basic. The diarsine C6H4(As(CH3)2)2, known as diars, is a chelating ligand. Thorin is an indicator for several metals.

Lower-order organoarsenic compounds and uses

Per the double bond rule, compounds with As=As, As=C, and As≡C bonds are rare. They are observed in the gas phase but considerable steric protection is required to inhibit their conversion to oligomers as liquids or solids.

Oligomers with As-As bonds include the anti-syphylic drugs Salvarsan and Neosalvarsan.[ citation needed ] They are typically tricoordinate at As and have formal oxidation state AsI. Small substituents, such as in (MeAs)n, equilibrate between three-, four-, and five-membered rings, but bulkier substituents usually settle on a four-membered configuration. Synthesis is typically by reductive dehalogenation with a metal. [6] : 563–565 

Reactions

Protic arsines oxidize to oligomers. [6] : 318  For example, methylarsine oxidizes first to cyclo-methylarsine(I):

MeAsH2 + O → H2O + (MeAs)n

These compounds have structures similar to the phosphorus sulfides.

Arsenic-arsenic bonds are very weak, and oligomeric arsenic compounds are even more liable to oxidize than their hydrogenated precursors. [6] : 318–320  The following reaction can, however, be prepared through electrochemical reduction in a zinc-sulfate cell. [6] : 473  Oxidation first forms polymeric arsinoxides, e.g.:

MeAs + O → MeAsO

Further oxidation then depolymerizes them to arsinous acids. [6] : 318 

Arsine(III) compounds add to multiple bonds as nucleophiles, but arsine(I) rings may instead insert the bond into the ring. [6] : 319, 573, 843  In general, arsines are less Brønsted basic than phosphines (but more than stibines). [6] : 322–326 

Arsine ylides are generally less stable than phosphine ylides, decomposing spontaneously in the absence of a vicinal carbonyl. Stabilized ylides olefinate to a mixture of stereoisomers, whereas unstabilized ylides tend to epoxidate (like a Corey-Chaykovsky reagent). With enones, they either olefinate or cyclopropanate. With nitroso compounds, they either form imines or nitrones. [6] : 662–672 

Chemical warfare

Organoarsenic compounds, especially those featuring As-Cl bonds, have been used as chemical weapons, especially during World War I. Infamous examples include "Lewisite" (chlorovinyl-2-arsenic dichloride) and "Clark I" (chlorodiphenylarsine). Phenyldichloroarsine is another one.

In nature

As arsenic is toxic to most life forms and it occurs in elevated concentration in some areas several detoxification strategies have evolved. Inorganic arsenic and its compounds, upon entering the food chain, are progressively metabolized to a less toxic form of arsenic through a process of methylation. [7] Organoarsenic compounds arise via biomethylation of inorganic arsenic compounds, [8] via processes mediated by enzymes related to vitamin B12. [9] For example, the mold Scopulariopsis brevicaulis produces significant amounts of trimethylarsine if inorganic arsenic is present. [10] Biomethylation of arsenic compounds starts with the formation of methanearsonates. Thus, trivalent inorganic arsenic compounds are methylated to give methanearsonate. S-adenosylmethionine is the methyl donor. The methanearsonates are the precursors to dimethylarsonates, again by the cycle of reduction (to methylarsonous acid) followed by a second methylation. [11] This dimethyl compound is cacodylic acid ((CH3)2AsO2H),

The organic compound arsenobetaine, a betaine, is found in some marine foods such as fish and algae, and also in mushrooms in larger concentrations. The average person's intake is about 10-50 μg/day. Values about 1000 μg are not unusual following consumption of fish or mushrooms. But there is little danger in eating fish because this arsenic compound is nearly non-toxic. [12] Arsenobetaine was first identified in the Western rock lobster [13] [14]

Saccharides bound to arsenic, collectively known as arsenosugars, are found especially in seaweeds. Arsenic containing lipids are also known. [15] Although arsenic and its compounds are toxic for humans, one of the first synthetic antibiotics was Salvarsan, the use of which has long been discontinued.

The only polyarsenic compound isolated from a natural source is arsenicin A, found in the New Caledonian marine sponge Echinochalina bargibanti. [16]

Organoarsenic compounds may pose significant health hazards, depending on their speciation. Arsenous acid (As(OH)3) has an LD50 of 34.5 mg/kg (mice) whereas for the betaine (CH3)3As+CH2CO2− the LD50 exceeds 10 g/kg. [12]

Representative compounds

Some illustrative organoarsenic compound are listed in the table below:

Representative organoarsenic compounds [17] [16]
NameSubstituentsStructure Molar mass CAS number Properties
10,10'-oxybis-10H-Phenoxarsine Aryl 10,10'-oxybis-10H-PhenoxarsinePic.svg 502.231858-36-6
Triphenylarsine Phenyl TriphenylarsinePic.svg 306.23603-32-7 Melts 58-61 °C
Phenyldichloroarsine Phenyl, chlorine Phenyldichloroarsine.svg 222.93696-28-6
Roxarsone Phenyl, oxygen Roxarsone.png 263.04121-19-7
Arsenobetaine Methyl ArsenobetainePIC.svg 64436-13-1
Arsenicin A Methyl, oxygen Arsenicin A.png 389.76925705-41-5 Melts 182–184 °C (360–363 °F)

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Organometallic chemistry</span> Study of organic compounds containing metal(s)

Organometallic chemistry is the study of organometallic compounds, chemical compounds containing at least one chemical bond between a carbon atom of an organic molecule and a metal, including alkali, alkaline earth, and transition metals, and sometimes broadened to include metalloids like boron, silicon, and selenium, as well. Aside from bonds to organyl fragments or molecules, bonds to 'inorganic' carbon, like carbon monoxide, cyanide, or carbide, are generally considered to be organometallic as well. Some related compounds such as transition metal hydrides and metal phosphine complexes are often included in discussions of organometallic compounds, though strictly speaking, they are not necessarily organometallic. The related but distinct term "metalorganic compound" refers to metal-containing compounds lacking direct metal-carbon bonds but which contain organic ligands. Metal β-diketonates, alkoxides, dialkylamides, and metal phosphine complexes are representative members of this class. The field of organometallic chemistry combines aspects of traditional inorganic and organic chemistry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arsphenamine</span> Antibiotic drug introduced in the 1910s

Arsphenamine, also known as Salvarsan or compound 606, is an antibiotic drug that was introduced at the beginning of the 1910s as the first effective treatment for the deadly infectious diseases syphilis, relapsing fever, and African trypanosomiasis. This organoarsenic compound was the first modern antimicrobial agent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arsine</span> Chemical compound

Arsine (IUPAC name: arsane) is an inorganic compound with the formula AsH3. This flammable, pyrophoric, and highly toxic pnictogen hydride gas is one of the simplest compounds of arsenic. Despite its lethality, it finds some applications in the semiconductor industry and for the synthesis of organoarsenic compounds. The term arsine is commonly used to describe a class of organoarsenic compounds of the formula AsH3−xRx, where R = aryl or alkyl. For example, As(C6H5)3, called triphenylarsine, is referred to as "an arsine".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cacodyl</span> Chemical compound

Cacodyl, also known as dicacodyl or tetramethyldiarsine, (CH3)2As–As(CH3)2, is an organoarsenic compound that constitutes a major part of "Cadet's fuming liquid" (named after the French chemist Louis Claude Cadet de Gassicourt). It is a poisonous oily liquid with an extremely unpleasant garlicky odor. Cacodyl undergoes spontaneous combustion in dry air.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Organotin chemistry</span> Branch of organic chemistry

Organotin chemistry is the scientific study of the synthesis and properties of organotin compounds or stannanes, which are organometallic compounds containing tin–carbon bonds. The first organotin compound was diethyltin diiodide, discovered by Edward Frankland in 1849. The area grew rapidly in the 1900s, especially after the discovery of the Grignard reagents, which are useful for producing Sn–C bonds. The area remains rich with many applications in industry and continuing activity in the research laboratory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arsenous acid</span> Chemical compound

Arsenous acid (or arsenious acid) is the inorganic compound with the formula H3AsO3. It is known to occur in aqueous solutions, but it has not been isolated as a pure material, although this fact does not detract from the significance of As(OH)3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cacodylic acid</span> Chemical compound

Cacodylic acid is an organoarsenic compound with the formula (CH3)2AsO2H. With the formula R2As(O)OH, it is the simplest of the arsinic acids. It is a colorless solid that is soluble in water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cacodyl oxide</span> Chemical compound

Cacodyl oxide is a chemical compound of the formula [(CH3)2As]2O. This organoarsenic compound is primarily of historical significance since it is sometimes considered to be the first organometallic compound synthesized in relatively pure form.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arsenic tribromide</span> Chemical compound

Arsenic tribromide is an inorganic compound with the formula AsBr3, it is a bromide of arsenic. Arsenic is a chemical element that has the symbol As and atomic number 33. This pyramidal molecule is the only known binary arsenic bromide. AsBr3 is noteworthy for its very high refractive index of approximately 2.3. It also has a very high diamagnetic susceptibility. The compound exists as colourless deliquescent crystals that fume in moist air.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arsenic trichloride</span> Chemical compound

Arsenic trichloride is an inorganic compound with the formula AsCl3, also known as arsenous chloride or butter of arsenic. This poisonous oil is colourless, although impure samples may appear yellow. It is an intermediate in the manufacture of organoarsenic compounds.

Trimethylarsine (abbreviated TMA or TMAs) is the chemical compound with the formula (CH3)3As, commonly abbreviated AsMe3 or TMAs. This organic derivative of arsine has been used as a source of arsenic in microelectronics industry, a building block to other organoarsenic compounds, and serves as a ligand in coordination chemistry. It has distinct "garlic"-like smell. Trimethylarsine had been discovered as early as 1854.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1,2-Bis(dimethylarsino)benzene</span> Chemical compound

1,2-Bis(dimethylarsino)benzene (diars) is the organoarsenic compound with the formula C6H4(As(CH3)2)2. The molecule consists of two dimethylarsino groups attached to adjacent carbon centers of a benzene ring. It is a chelating ligand in coordination chemistry. This colourless oil is commonly abbreviated "diars."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arsenobetaine</span> Chemical compound

Arsenobetaine is an organoarsenic compound that is the main source of arsenic found in fish. It is the arsenic analog of trimethylglycine, commonly known as betaine. The biochemistry and its biosynthesis are similar to those of choline and betaine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Methyldichloroarsine</span> Chemical compound

Methyldichloroarsine, sometimes abbreviated "MD" and also known as methyl Dick, is an organoarsenic compound with the formula CH3AsCl2. This colourless volatile liquid is a highly toxic vesicant that has been used in chemical warfare.

Arsenic biochemistry refers to biochemical processes that can use arsenic or its compounds, such as arsenate. Arsenic is a moderately abundant element in Earth's crust, and although many arsenic compounds are often considered highly toxic to most life, a wide variety of organoarsenic compounds are produced biologically and various organic and inorganic arsenic compounds are metabolized by numerous organisms. This pattern is general for other related elements, including selenium, which can exhibit both beneficial and deleterious effects. Arsenic biochemistry has become topical since many toxic arsenic compounds are found in some aquifers, potentially affecting many millions of people via biochemical processes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Methylarsonic acid</span> Chemical compound

Methylarsonic acid is an organoarsenic compound with the formula CH3AsO3H2. It is a colorless, water-soluble solid. Salts of this compound, e.g. disodium methyl arsonate, have been widely used in as herbicides and fungicides in growing cotton and rice.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arsinic acid</span>

Arsinic acids are organoarsenic compounds with the formula R2AsO2H. They are formally, but not actually, related to arsinic acid, a hypothetical compound of the formula H2AsO2H. Arsinic acids are monoprotic, weak acids. They react with sodium sulfide to give the dithioarinates R2AsS2Na. Arsinic acids are related to phosphinic acids (R2PO2H.).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cacodyl cyanide</span> Chemical compound

Cacodyl cyanide is a highly toxic organoarsenic compound discovered by Robert Bunsen in the 1840s. It is very volatile and flammable, as it shares the chemical properties of both arsenic and cyanide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arsenic compounds</span> Chemical compounds containing arsenic

Compounds of arsenic resemble in some respects those of phosphorus which occupies the same group (column) of the periodic table. The most common oxidation states for arsenic are: −3 in the arsenides, which are alloy-like intermetallic compounds, +3 in the arsenites, and +5 in the arsenates and most organoarsenic compounds. Arsenic also bonds readily to itself as seen in the square As3−
4 ions in the mineral skutterudite. In the +3 oxidation state, arsenic is typically pyramidal owing to the influence of the lone pair of electrons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Main group organometallic chemistry</span>

Main group organometallic chemistry concerns the preparation and properties of main-group elements directly bonded to carbon. The inventory is large. The compounds exhibit a wide range of properties, including ones that are water-stable and others that are pyrophoric. Many are very useful themselves, as chemical reagents, or as catalysts.

References

  1. ↑ Seyferth, Dietmar (2001). "Cadet's Fuming Arsenical Liquid and the Cacodyl Compounds of Bunsen". Organometallics. 20 (8): 1488–1498. doi: 10.1021/om0101947 .
  2. ↑ Singh, R. Synthetic Drugs. Mittal Publications (2002). ISBN   817099831X
  3. 1 2 Grund, S. C.; Hanusch, K.; Wolf, H. U. "Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_113.pub2. ISBN   978-3527306732.
  4. 1 2 Elschenbroich, C. "Organometallics" (2006) Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. ISBN   978-3-527-29390-2
  5. ↑ Maier, L.; Rochow, E.G.; Fernelius, W.C. (1961). "The direct synthesis of organoarsenic and organoantimony compounds". Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. 16 (3–4): 213–218. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80492-2.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Patai, Saul, ed. (1994). The Chemistry of Organic Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth Compounds. Chemistry of Functional Groups. Chichester, UK: Wiley. doi:10.1002/0470023473. ISBN   047193044X.
  7. ↑ Reimer, K. J.; Koch, I.; Cullen, W. R. (2010). "Organoarsenicals. Distribution and transformation in the environment". Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 7. Cambridge: RSC publishing: 165–229. doi:10.1039/9781849730822-00165. ISBN   978-1-84755-177-1. PMID   20877808.
  8. ↑ Dopp, E.; Kligerman, A. D.; Diaz-Bone, R. A. (2010). "Organoarsenicals. Uptake, metabolism and toxicity". Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 7. Cambridge: RSC publishing: 231–265. doi:10.1515/9783110436600-012. ISBN   978-1-84755-177-1. PMID   20877809.
  9. ↑ Toshikazu Kaise; Mitsuo Ogura; Takao Nozaki; Kazuhisa Saitoh; Teruaki Sakurai; Chiyo Matsubara; Chuichi Watanabe; Ken'ichi Hanaoka (1998). "Biomethylation of Arsenic in an Arsenic-rich Freshwater Environment". Applied Organometallic Chemistry. 11 (4): 297–304. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0739(199704)11:4<297::AID-AOC584>3.0.CO;2-0 .
  10. ↑ Bentley, Ronald; Chasteen, Thomas G. (2002). "Microbial Methylation of Metalloids: Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 66 (2): 250–271. doi:10.1128/MMBR.66.2.250-271.2002. PMC   120786 . PMID   12040126.
  11. ↑ Styblo, M.; Del Razo, L. M.; Vega, L.; Germolec, D. R.; LeCluyse, E. L.; Hamilton, G. A.; Reed, W.; Wang, C.; Cullen, W. R.; Thomas, D. J. (2000). "Comparative toxicity of trivalent and pentavalent inorganic and methylated arsenicals in rat and human cells". Archives of Toxicology . 74 (6): 289–299. doi:10.1007/s002040000134. PMID   11005674. S2CID   1025140.
  12. 1 2 Cullen, William R.; Reimer, Kenneth J. (1989). "Arsenic speciation in the environment". Chemical Reviews. 89 (4): 713–764. doi:10.1021/cr00094a002. hdl: 10214/2162 .
  13. ↑ Francesconi, Kevin A.; Edmonds, John S. (1998). "Arsenic Species in Marine Samples" (PDF). Croatica Chemica Acta. 71 (2): 343–359. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-03-09.
  14. ↑ John S. Edmonds; Kevin A. Francesconi; Jack R. Cannon; Colin L. Raston; Brian W. Skelton & Allan H. White (1977). "Isolation, crystal structure and synthesis of arsenobetaine, the arsenical constituent of the western rock lobster panulirus longipes cygnus George". Tetrahedron Letters. 18 (18): 1543–1546. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)93098-9.
  15. ↑ Alice Rumpler; John S. Edmonds; Mariko Katsu; Kenneth B. Jensen; Walter Goessler; Georg Raber; Helga Gunnlaugsdottir; Kevin A. Francesconi (2008). "Arsenic-Containing Long-Chain Fatty Acids in Cod-Liver Oil: A Result of Biosynthetic Infidelity?". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47 (14): 2665–2667. doi:10.1002/anie.200705405. PMID   18306198.
  16. 1 2 Mancini, Ines; Guella, Graziano; Frostin, Maryvonne; Hnawia, Edouard; Laurent, Dominique; Debitus, Cecile; Pietra, Francesco (2006). "On the First Polyarsenic Organic Compound from Nature: Arsenicin a from the New Caledonian Marine SpongeEchinochalina bargibanti". Chemistry: A European Journal. 12 (35): 8989–94. doi:10.1002/chem.200600783. PMID   17039560.
  17. ↑ "Home". sigmaaldrich.com.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.