Paredestus | |
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Illustration of the lower symphyseal tooth whorl of the holotype. Missing or obscured portions of the crowns and root are represented by dashed lines | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Chondrichthyes |
Subclass: | Holocephali |
Order: | † Eugeneodontida |
Clade: | † Edestoidea |
Genus: | † Paredestus Mutter and Neuman, 2008 |
Species: | †P. bricircum |
Binomial name | |
†Paredestus bricircum Mutter and Neuman, 2008 | |
Paredestus (meaning "near Edestus ") [1] is a monotypic genus of extinct eugeneodont holocephalan from the Early Triassic of Canada. The type and only species, P. bricircum ('short wheel') [1] represents the last known member of the superfamily Edestoidea and among the last known eugeneodonts. It was named in 2008 based on tooth and jaw material, with the holotype representing the only known specimen.
Paredestus is known from a partial skull preserving part of the lower symphyseal tooth whorl, remains of surrounding pavement teeth and what may represent additional large mesially positioned teeth, as well as dermal denticles and remains of the upper dentition. The tooth crowns of the whorl are described as decreasing in size anteriorly, with the largest of the broad, blade-like crowns sitting towards the back of the mouth. Weathering of the fossil makes it difficult to determine the precise anatomy of the teeth, but their appearance is most similar to that of edestids, which this genus may be a member of. Like other eugeneodontids, it was a marine predator.
Paredestus is classified as a member of the superfamily Edestoidea, although the tooth anatomy of P. bricircum is wholly unique and highly divergent compared to late Paleozoic eugeneodonts. With the exception of a thin rod of preserved cartilage which may have been a visceral arch, the skeleton of P. bricercum is unknown. The upper tooth pavement is preserved, although there is no indication of the upper jaw itself. This structure may have been absent in life as is proposed in Sarcoprion, or it may simply be unpreserved as a result of the genus possessing a soft, uncalcified skeleton, [1] a trait which has been suggested for edestoids more broadly. [2] The single known specimen (designated UALVP 46579) [3] was discovered in a concretion, and originated from the British Columbian Sulphur Mountain Formation. [1]
The dentition of the P. bricircum holotype is partially articulated. The preserved section of a lower tooth whorl consists of a fragmentary root, about 3 cm (1.2 in) in length, with five tooth crowns of varying sizes protruding from it. The crowns increase greatly in size towards the posterior of the mouth, angle backwards, and may have been serrated, although the authors acknowledge that the edges of the fossilized tooth crowns are weathered. While the condition of the whorl itself is similar to that in other members of Edestoidea, the genus is most unique in possessing rows of large, well developed cutting teeth apparently mesio-laterally positioned in the jaw. Either an unpreserved upper jaw (palatoquadrate) or the chondrocranium supported rows of blunt, rectangular pavement teeth which contacted the whorl during feeding, as well as a single tooth which may be the remains of another upper row of cutting teeth. [1]
An extensive patch of denticle shagreen is preserved in association with the teeth, although the anatomy of the individual denticles is not clarified further. Other eugeneodonts at the site are observed to be covered in a combination of backwards-facing, single-cusped denticles around the head, multicusped lepidomorial denticles across the body, and pharyngeal denticles preserved in the throats. The precise arrangement in P. bricircum is not known. [1]
While Mutter and Neuman propose Paredestus as a possible member of Edestidae, they acknowledge that such a classification is dubious and regard the genus as Edestoidea incertae sedis . The species is similar to edestids, namely Edestus giganteus and Helicampodus, in the general shape of the tooth crowns. However, the large, well developed mesio-lateral teeth are unique to this taxon and suggest a more distant relation to known edestids. The known portion of the symphyseal lower whorl has vague similarities with Permian helicoprionids, although the authors consider the crown morphology too different to establish a confident relation. Sarcoprion edax, from Late Permian fossil deposits in Greenland, also possesses a similar arrangement of mesial and pavement teeth, but the morphology and orientation is highly distinct. [1]
Paredestus is a member of the order Eugeneodontida (sometimes spelled Eugeneodontiformes) and of the subclass Holocephali or Euchondrocephali. [4] While often referred to in both informal and academic contexts as a shark, [1] and historically having been considered part of Elasmobranchii, [2] eugeneodonts are today thought to only be very distant relatives of sharks and evolutionarily closer to the modern chimaeras. [5]
The Wapiti Lake locality of the Sulphur Mountain Formation, where P. bricircum is known, represents a marine depositional environment dating to the Olenekian stage (Smithian-Spathian substages) of the Triassic Period, with sediments laid down between 251.3 and 247.2 million years ago based on conodont and ammonoid index fossils. [1] [3] This interval of the Triassic took place shortly after the extinction at the end of the Permian, and the fauna found at the Wapiti Lake site represent survivors of this event. [6] Eugeneodont material is known from both the Smithian and Spathian substages, although the precise age of the P. bricircum holotype is not known due to it not being discovered in situ . [1]
Along with Paredestus itself, a range of other eugeneodont taxa have been identified from Wapiti Lake, including at least one species of Fadenia and an unnamed rostrum-bearing caseodont previously classified as Caseodus. [1] [7] Hybodonts, coelacanths such as Rebellatrix , and bony fishes such as Helmolepis and Birgeria also likely coexisted with P. bricircum, [8] [9] as did the poorly-known chondrichthyan Listracanthus pectenatus. [6] Other vertebrates known from the Lower Triassic Wapiti Lake deposits include ichthyosaurs and conodonts, while the known invertebrates consist primarily of mollusks, brachiopods and crustaceans. [6] [9] The faunal community of the site is broadly similar to that observed in contemporaneous deposits in Alberta and Greenland, indicating this roughly 1000 km (621 mile) region was environmentally consistent. [8] [9]
Despite representing the last known occurrence of the group, the Sulphur Mountain Formation eugeneodonts remain both relatively large bodied and diverse in spite of the Permian-Triassic extinction, comparably so to members of the group in the late Paleozoic. [1] This is in contrast to other survivors, including other chondrichthyans, which decrease in size and diversity. [6] As with other edestoids, [5] P. bricircum was likely an active, nektonic predator. [3] It is considered plausible that this species' diet was what allowed it to survive the Permian-Triassic boundary, but it is not known what this diet consisted of. With the exception of an Induan record of Sinohelicoprion qomolangama, Paredestus remains the only named Mesozoic edestoid, [1] although an unnamed taxon formerly assigned to the dubious genus Edestodus has also been found at Sulphur Mountain. [1] [9]
Helicoprion is an extinct genus of shark-like eugeneodont fish. Almost all fossil specimens are of spirally arranged clusters of the individuals' teeth, called "tooth whorls", which in life were embedded in the lower jaw. As with most extinct cartilaginous fish, the skeleton is mostly unknown. Fossils of Helicoprion are known from a 20 million year timespan during the Permian period from the Artinskian stage of the Cisuralian to the Roadian stage of the Guadalupian. The closest living relatives of Helicoprion are the chimaeras, though their relationship is very distant. The unusual tooth arrangement is thought to have been an adaption for feeding on soft bodied prey, and may have functioned as a deshelling mechanism for hard bodied cephalopods such as nautiloids and ammonoids. In 2013, systematic revision of Helicoprion via morphometric analysis of the tooth whorls found only H. davisii, H. bessonowi and H. ergassaminon to be valid, with some of the larger tooth whorls being outliers.
Edestus is an extinct genus of eugeneodontid holocephalian fish known from the Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) of the United Kingdom, Russia, and the United States. Most remains consist of isolated curved blades or "whorls" that are studded with teeth, that in life were situated within the midline of the upper and lower jaws. Edestus is a Greek name derived from the word edeste, in reference to the aberrant quality and size of the species' teeth. The largest species, E. heinrichi, has been conservatively estimated to reach greater than 6.7 m (22 ft) in length, around the size of the largest known great white shark, possibly making it the largest marine predator to have ever existed up to that point.
Sarcoprion is an extinct genus of eugeneodont holocephalan from the Permian of Greenland. Similar to other helicoprionids such as Agassizodus and Helicoprion, it possessed tooth whorls on the symphysis of the jaw as well as flattened, pavement-type teeth. It is distinguished from other members of its family by the presence of sharp, symphyseal teeth on both the upper and lower jaws. The tooth whorl on the lower jaw bore sharp, compact tooth crowns, while a row of backward facing, triangular teeth was present on the roof of the mouth. The preserved material does not show evidence of a distinct upper jaw, implying it may have been fused to the cranium, reduced, or lost entirely. The type and only species in the genus is S. edax.
Thalattosaurus meaning "sea lizard," from the Attic Greek thalatta (θάλαττα), "sea," and sauros (σαῦρος), "lizard," is an extinct genus of marine reptile in the family Thalattosauroidea. They were aquatic diapsids that are known exclusively from the Triassic period. It was a 2–3 metres (6.6–9.8 ft) long shellfish-eating reptile with paddle-like limbs and a down-turned rostrum occurring in the Lower and Middle Triassic Sulphur Mountain Formation of British Columbia as well as the Upper Triassic Hosselkus Limestone of California. It has gained notoriety as a result of studies on general diapsid phylogeny.
Campodus is an extinct genus of eugeneodont holocephalans from the Carboniferous. Likely one of the earliest and most basal caseodontoids, it can be characterized by its broad, ridge-ornamented crushing teeth made of various types of dentine. The type species, C. agassizianus, was originally described in 1844 based on a small number of teeth from the Namurian of Belgium.
Fadenia is an extinct genus of eugeneodontid holocephalian chondrichthyan from the Carboniferous Period of Missouri, the Permian period of Greenland, and the Early Triassic epoch of British Columbia, Canada.
Caseodus is an extinct genus of eugeneodontid holocephalian from the Carboniferous of the United States and the Early Triassic of Canada. It was of medium size, measuring 1–1.5 m (3.3–4.9 ft) in length.
Parahelicoprion is an extinct genus of shark-like cartilaginous fish known from the early Permian Arta Beds of the Ural Mountains of Russia and the Copacabana Formation of Bolivia. Members of the genus possessed a row of large tooth crowns on the midline of the lower jaw, known as a tooth whorl. The characteristics of this whorl are unique to fishes of the order Eugeneodontida, and more specifically the family Helicoprionidae to which Parahelicoprion belongs. The genus name refers to Helicoprion, another eugeneodont from the Ural Mountains that bore a similar midline tooth arrangement. Two species of Parahelicoprion are known; the Russian P. clerci and the Bolivian P. mariosuarezi.
Hybodontiformes, commonly called hybodonts, are an extinct group of shark-like cartilaginous fish (chondrichthyans) which existed from the late Devonian to the Late Cretaceous. Hybodonts share a close common ancestry with modern sharks and rays (Neoselachii) as part of the clade Euselachii. They are distinguished from other chondrichthyans by their distinctive fin spines and cephalic spines present on the heads of males. An ecologically diverse group, they were abundant in marine and freshwater environments during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic, but were rare in open marine environments by the end of the Jurassic, having been largely replaced by modern sharks, though they were still common in freshwater and marginal marine habitats. They survived until the end of the Cretaceous, before going extinct.
The Eugeneodontida, sometimes also called Eugeneodontiformes, is an extinct and poorly known order of cartilaginous fishes. They possessed "tooth-whorls" on the symphysis of either the lower or both jaws and pectoral fins supported by long radials. They probably lacked pelvic fins and anal fins. The palatoquadrate was either fused to the skull or reduced. Now determined to be within the Holocephali, their closest living relatives are chimaeras. The eugeneodonts are named after paleontologist Eugene S. Richardson, Jr. The group first appeared in the fossil record during the late Mississippian (Serpukhovian). The youngest eugeneodonts are known from the Early Triassic. The geologically youngest fossils of the group are known from the Sulphur Mountain Formation, Vardebukta Formation and Wordie Creek Formation (Greenland).
Biseridens is an extinct genus of anomodont therapsid, and one of the most basal anomodont genera known. Originally known from a partial skull misidentified as an eotitanosuchian in 1997, another well-preserved skull was found in the Qingtoushan Formation in the Qilian Mountains of Gansu, China, in 2009 that clarified its relationships to anomodonts, such as the dicynodonts.
Toxoprion is an extinct genus of eugeneodont holocephalans whose fossils are found in marine strata from the Early Carboniferous until the Late Permian near Eureka, Nevada.
Ornithoprion is a genus of extinct cartilaginous fish in the family Caseodontidae. The only species, O. hertwigi, lived during the Moscovian stage of the Pennsylvanian, between 315.2 to 307 million years ago, and is known from black shale deposits in what is now the Midwestern United States. The discovery and description of Ornithoprion, performed primarily via radiography, helped clarify the skull anatomy of eugeneodonts; a group which includes O. hertwigi and which were previously known primarily from isolated teeth. The genus name, which is derived from the ancient Greek órnith- meaning 'bird' and príōn meaning 'saw', was inspired by the animal's vaguely bird-like skull and the saw-like appearance of the lower teeth. The species name honors Oscar Hertwig.
Agassizodus is an extinct genus of eugeneodont holocephalian from the Carboniferous. It belongs to the family Helicoprionidae, which is sometimes called Agassizodontidae. Like other members of its family, it possessed a symphyseal tooth whorl, which was likely present at the tip of the lower jaw and associated with lateral crushing toothplates. The type species, A. variabilis, was originally named Lophodus variabilis until the name "Lophodus" was determined to be preoccupied.
Arisierpeton is an extinct genus of synapsids from the Early Permian Garber Formation of Richards Spur, Oklahoma. It contains a single species, Arisierpeton simplex.
Barbclabornia is an extinct genus of xenacanth from the Early Permian and possibly upper Pennsylvanian of North America. The genus contains a single described species: B. luedersensis. It has been found in several places within Asselian and Atinskian formations, including the Clear Fork, Albany, Wichita, and Dunkard Groups. There are possible examples from the Gzhelian-aged Admire, Monongahela, and Conemaugh groups.
Bobbodus is an extinct genus of eugeneodont holocephalian from the Carboniferous and Permian periods.
Romerodus is an extinct genus of cartilaginous fish in the family Caseodontidae. While it and the rest of its family were historically considered elasmobranchs related to sharks and rays, they are now regarded as holocephalans, a diverse subclass which is today only represented by chimaeras. Romerodus is known from the Carboniferous and possibly Permian periods of North America, and the only named species, R. orodontus, was discovered in organic shale deposits in the U.S. state of Nebraska. It is one of few members of its order, the Eugeneodontida, that is known from multiple complete, well preserved body fossils, and is thus an important taxon for understanding the anatomy and ecology of less well preserved eugeneodonts such as Helicoprion. The genus name honors paleontologist Alfred Romer.
The Caseodontidae is an extinct family of eugeneodont holocephalans known from the late Paleozoic to earliest Mesozoic of Greenland, Canada and the United States. Members of the group are characterized by a reduced or absent palatoquadrate, elongate upper and mandibular rostra, and bulbous, crushing dentition, including a small symphyseal whorl of teeth on the lower jaw and batteries of teeth fused directly to the neurocranium. Several genera are known from partial or complete body fossils.
The Eugeneodontidae is an extinct family of eugeneodont holocephalans known from the late Paleozoic the United States and Iran. A defining trait of the group is pavement-like dentition with blade-like teeth, implying a divergent diet to the closely related caseodontids which they otherwise closely resemble. Both Eugeneodus and Gilliodus are known from virtually complete skeletons, including extensive patches of preserved dermal denticles. The name of both the family and the type genus, and by extension the entire order of Eugeneodontida, are in honor of Paleontologist Eugene S. Richardson Jr.