Sulphur Mountain Formation

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Sulphur Mountain Formation
Stratigraphic range: Early to Middle Triassic
Type Geological formation
Unit of Spray River Group
Sub-unitsPhroso Member
Mackenzie Dolomite
Vega Member
Whistler Member
Llama Member [1]
Underlies Whitehorse Formation
Overlies Ishbel Group
ThicknessUp to 557 metres (1,830 ft) [2]
Lithology
Primary Siltstone, dolomite
Other Mudstone, shale, sandstone
Location
Coordinates 51°5′24″N115°31′35″W / 51.09000°N 115.52639°W / 51.09000; -115.52639 (Sulphur Mountain Formation) Coordinates: 51°5′24″N115°31′35″W / 51.09000°N 115.52639°W / 51.09000; -115.52639 (Sulphur Mountain Formation)
RegionFlag of Alberta.svg  Alberta
Flag of British Columbia.svg  British Columbia
CountryFlag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada
Type section
Named for Sulphur Mountain, Alberta
Named byP.S. Warren [3]
Year defined1945

The Sulphur Mountain Formation is a geologic formation of Early to Middle Triassic age. It is present on the western edge of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin in the foothills and Rocky Mountains of western Alberta and northeastern British Columbia. It includes marine fossils from the time shortly after the Permian-Triassic extinction event. [4] [5]

Contents

The Sulphur Mountain Formation was first described as a member of the Spray River Formation by P.S. Warren in 1945, [3] who named it for Sulphur Mountain in Banff National Park. It was later raised to formation status. [1] Its type section is located in the Spray River gorge at the southern end of Sulphur Mountain. [1]

Lithology and stratigraphy

The Sulphur Mountain Formation was deposited on the continental shelf along the western margin of the North American craton, [6] which at that time was part of the supercontinent of Pangaea. [4] It consists primarily of grey to rusty brown dolomitic and calcareous quartz siltstone, with interbeds of silty sandstone, silty dolomite, mudstone, shale, carbonaceous shale, and minor fine-grained quartz sandstone. Cross-bedding and ripple marks are common in its strata. [2] [4] [5]

The Sulphur Mountain Formation is subdivided into the following members:

Geological Unit Age Lithology ThicknessReference
Llama MemberMiddle TriassicYellowish grey-brown silty dolomite, silty shale, and minor very fine-grained quartz sandstone3 – 64 m
(9 – 201 ft)		 [1]
Whistler MemberMiddle TriassicDark grey to black silty dolomite and dolomitic quartz siltstone13 – 23 m
(43 – 75 ft)		 [1]
Vega Siltstone MemberEarly TriassicGrey to rusty brown dolomitic and calcareous siltstone, silty limestone, and shale52 – 363 m
(170 – 1190 ft)		 [1]
Mackenzie Dolomite LentilEarly TriassicLight grey to yellowish grey, slightly calcareous, silty to sandy dolomite, with minor dolomitic quartz siltstone and sandstone0 – 24 m
(0 – 80 ft)		 [1]
Phroso Siltstone MemberEarly TriassicGrey-brown to dark grey quartz siltstone and silty shale30 – 244 m
(100 – 800 ft)

[1]

Paleontology

The Sulphur Mountain Formation has yielded fossils that provide a record of Triassic life shortly after the Permian-Triassic extinction event. Remains of extinct marine reptiles [7] [8] [9] [10] and fish [11] have been found in its strata, as well as conodonts; [6] shells of brachiopods and bivalves; [1] teeth of Hybodus ; shells of ammonoids; the ichnofossils Thalassinoides , Planolites , and Zoophycos ; and traces of microbial mats. [4] [5]

Fish found at the formation include:

Taxon MaterialNotes
Rebellatrix divaricerca [12] A nearly complete and articulated specimen, missing the pectoral and pelvic fins and much of the skullA fast swimming coelocanth
Listracanthus pectenatus
Early and Middle Triassic fish, marine reptiles, and ammonoids Triassic marine vertebrate apex predators.png
Early and Middle Triassic fish, marine reptiles, and ammonoids

Remains of the following marine reptiles have been found in the Sulphur Mountain Formation:

Taxon MaterialNotes
Agkistrognathus campbelli [7] A disarticulated skullA thalattosaurian
Grippia longirostris [8] Several skulls and forelimbsA basal ichthyosaur
Paralonectes merriami [9] A thalattosaurian
Thalattosaurus borealis [10] Anterior skull, partial mandible, vertebral centra, isolated ribs, left pterygoid A thalattosaurian
Wapitisaurus problematicus A possible weigeltisaurid
Utatsusaurus sp.

Distribution and thickness

The Sulphur Mountain Formation is present in the foothills and eastern front ranges of the Canadian Rockies from the Canada–United States border in southwestern Alberta to the Pine River area of northeastern British Columbia. It ranges in thickness from a minimum of 37 metres (120 ft) south of the Bow River in Alberta to a maximum of 557 metres (1,830 ft) in northeastern British Columbia. [2]

Relationship to other units

The Sulphur Mountain Formation is laterally equivalent to Montney, Doig, and Halfway Formations in the subsurface beneath the plains of Alberta and northeastern British Columbia, and to the Toad, Grayling, and Liard Formations in the foothills of northeastern British Columbia. It unconformably overlies the Permian Ishbel Group or, in some areas, the Mississippian Rundle Group. It is conformably overlain by the Whitehorse Formation in the southern part of its extent and by the laterally equivalent Charlie Lake Formation in the north. In areas where those formations were removed by erosion it is unconformably overlain by the Jurassic Fernie Formation. [2] [13]

Economic resources

Petroleum and natural gas

Dolomitic siltstone quarried from the Sulphur Mountain Formation is featured in the lobby of the Banff Springs Hotel. Banff grand staircase.JPG
Dolomitic siltstone quarried from the Sulphur Mountain Formation is featured in the lobby of the Banff Springs Hotel.

Outcrops of the Sulphur Mountain Formation provide an analog for studying the Montney Formation, a laterally equivalent formation that is a major producer of shale oil and shale gas in the subsurface to the east. [4] [5]

Building stone

The flaggy siltstones of the Vega Member have been quarried as building stone in the Canmore area. This rock, which is commonly called "Rundle Rock" or "Rundle Stone", has been used extensively to face buildings and construct floors, patios, and fireplaces in the Jasper, Banff, and Calgary areas. [1] [14]

Phosphate

Although localized deposits of granular phosphate are present at the base of the Whistler Member, they lie within Jasper National Park and are protected from development. [1]

See also

Related Research Articles

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The Debolt Formation is a stratigraphical unit of Meramecian age in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fernie Formation</span>

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The Exshaw Formation is a stratigraphic unit in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. It takes the name from the hamlet of Exshaw, Alberta in the Canadian Rockies, and was first described from outcrops on the banks of Jura Creek north of Exshaw by P.S. Warren in 1937. The formation is of Late Devonian to Early Mississippian age as determined by conodont biostratigraphy, and it straddles the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ishbel Group</span>

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The Liard Formation is a stratigraphic unit of Middle Triassic to Late Triassic age in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin that is present in northeastern British Columbia. It takes its name from the Liard River, and was first described from outcrops on the southern bank of that river, near Hell Gate Rapids in the Grand Canyon of the Liard, by E.D. Kindle in 1946.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tunnel Mountain Formation</span>

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Toad Formation, Grayling Formation, and Toad-Grayling Formation are obsolete names for the strata of the Early to Middle Triassic Doig and Montney Formations. They were applied in the foothills and Rocky Mountains of northeastern British Columbia, on the western edge of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Although the names are considered obsolete, their usage persists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spray River Group</span>

The Spray River Group is a stratigraphic unit of Triassic age. It is present on the western edge of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin in the foothills and Rocky Mountains of western Alberta. It was originally described as the Spray River Formation by E.M. Kindle in 1924 and was later raised to group status. Its type section is located in the Spray River gorge at the southern end of Sulphur Mountain.

The Kananaskis Formation is a geologic formation that is present on the western edge of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin in the southern Canadian Rockies of western Alberta. Named after the Kananaskis Range near Banff, it was deposited during the Late Pennsylvanian sub-period of the Carboniferous period. Some of its strata host fossils of marine invertebrates.

The Spray Lakes Group is a stratigraphic unit that is present on the western edge of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin in the southern Canadian Rockies, and it comprises the Pennsylvanian-age strata of that region. It was named after the Spray Lakes near Banff, Alberta, and fossils of marine invertebrates are found in some of its strata.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Gibson, D.W. 1974. Triassic rocks of the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 230, 65 p.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Glass, D.J. (editor) 1997. Lexicon of Canadian Stratigraphy, vol. 4, Western Canada including eastern British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and southern Manitoba. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Calgary, 1423 p. on CD-ROM. ISBN   0-920230-23-7.
  3. 1 2 Warren, P.S. 1945. Triassic faunas in the Canadian Rockies. American Journal of Science, vol. 243, no. 9, p. 480-491; doi: 2475/ajs.243.9.480.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Noad, Jon, 2017. "A previously unreported bone bed from the Triassic Sulphur Mountain Formation of Kananaskis and its implications for Montney sequence stratigraphy. Abstract, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, GeoConvention 2017, 4 p" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Noad, Jon, 2017. Field trip to examine Montney Formation analogs: Exposures of the Sulphur Mountain Formation around Canmore and Kananaskis, western Alberta, Canada. In: J.C.C. Hseih, ed., Geologic field trips of the Canadian Rockies: 2017 meeting of the GSA Rocky Mountain Section, Geological Society of America, Field Guide 48, p. 137-152; doi: 10.1130/2017.0048(05).
  6. 1 2 Paull, R.K., Paull, R.A. and Laudon, T.S. 1997. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Lower Triassic Mackenzie Dolomite Lentil, Sulphur Mountain Formation in the Cadomin area, Alberta. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, vol. 45, no. 4, p. 708-714.
  7. 1 2 "New thalattosaurs (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the Triassic Sulphur Mountain Formation of Wapiti Lake, British Columbia (PDF Download Available)". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2017-09-24.
  8. 1 2 Cuthbertson, R.S.; Russel, A.P.; Anderson, J.S. (2013). "Cranial morphology and relationships of a new grippidian (Ichtyopterygia) from the Vega-Phroso Siltstone Member (Lower Triassic) of British Columbia, Canada". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 4: 831–847.
  9. 1 2 "Fossilworks: Paralonectes". fossilworks.org.
  10. 1 2 Nicholls, Elizabeth L. (1999). A reexamination of Thalattosaurus and Nectosaurus and the relationships of the Thalattosauria (reptilia: Diapsida). Berkeley, CA: University of California, Museum of Paleontology.
  11. ↑ Schaeffer, B and Magnus, M. 1976. (1976). "An Early Triassic fish assemblage from British Columbia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 156, article 5, p. 516-563". hdl:2246/619 . Retrieved 18 February 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ↑ Wendruff, A. J.; Wilson, M. V. H. (2012). "A fork-tailed coelacanth, Rebellatrix divaricerca, gen. et sp. nov. (Actinistia, Rebellatricidae, fam. nov.), from the Lower Triassic of Western Canada". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (3): 499–511. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.657317. S2CID   85826893.
  13. ↑ Alberta Geological Survey, 2013. "Alberta Table of Formations; Alberta Energy Regulator" (PDF). Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  14. ↑ Hamilton, W.N. and Edwards, W.A.D. 2002 (2002). Industrial minerals in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. In: Scott, P.W. and Bristow, C.M. (eds.), Industrial Minerals and Extractive Industry Geology, Based on Papers Presented at the Combined 36th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals and 11th Extractive Industry Geology Conference, Bath, England, 7th-12th May, 2000; Geological Society of London Special Publication, 2002, p. 103-141;. ISBN   978-1-86239-099-7 . Retrieved 19 February 2018.
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