Paris biota

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Paris biota
Stratigraphic range: earliest Spathian, ~249  Ma
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Type Geological formation
Lithology
Primary Shale, limestone, siltstone
Location
Region Idaho and Nevada, United States
CountryUSA
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Paris biota (the United States)
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Paris biota (Idaho)

The Paris biota is an exceptionally diverse Early Triassic (approximately 249 million years ago) [1] fossil assemblage described in 2017 from the Lower Shale Member of the Thaynes Group. It was first discovered in Paris Canyon, west of the town of Paris in Bear Lake County, southeastern Idaho, United States. [2] This biota was later also found in coeval and slightly younger beds in northeastern Nevada (Elko County) and Bear Lake and Caribou counties, southeastern Idaho. [3]

Contents

Age

Bajarunia sp. ammonoid fossil Bajarunia.jpg
Bajarunia sp. ammonoid fossil

The Paris biota was found in layers dating back to the earliest Spathian, a substage of the Olenekian stage of the Early Triassic epoch. The biostratigraphy is constrained by the presence of the ammonoids Tirolites and Bajarunia , and conodonts. [2] [3] The Tirolites/ Columbites beds are dated with 248.853±0.086 Ma. [1] The Paris biota was later also discovered in slightly younger beds in Immigrant Canyon, northeastern Nevada, associated with the ammonoid index fossils Prohungarites sp. and Neopopanoceras haugi , which point to a middle–late Spathian age. [3]

Palaeogeography and paleoenvironment

The organisms of the Paris biota lived in a shallow marine epicontinental sea (western USA basin) on the western coast of Pangea. The sites were located in a near-equatorial position during the Early Triassic epoch. [2] [3]

Assemblage

The Spathian aged Paris biota is one of the earliest diverse fossil assemblages from the post-extinction interval, about 3 million years ago [1] [4] after the Permian-Triassic mass extinction, and the first one in the wake of the Smithian-Spathian boundary extinction.

The Paris biota comprises fossils belonging to 20 orders or seven phyla: (1) Retaria (foraminifers) [2] (2) sponges, (3) brachiopods (4) mollusks, (5) arthropods, (6) echinoderms and (7) chordates (vertebrates). The assemblage also contains fossil algae and coprolites (trace fossils). Ammonoids and bivalves dominate the fauna. [2] It combines Palaeozoic survivors with members of the Modern evolutionary fauna (i.e., groups that are typical for the Mesozoic and Cenozoic). The Paris biota therefore provides a glimpse at the faunal turnover associated with the largest mass extinction in Earth's history. For example, the biota includes leptomitid protomonaxonid sponges, a group that is otherwise known from the early Paleozoic era (e.g. from the Cambrian Burgess Shale of western Canada). Among the modern clades, it contains a gladius-bearing coleoid cephalopod ( Idahoteuthis ).

The preservation of Paris biota organisms is considered taxon-dependent, but is not fully understood. [5] The study of some fossils could be improved using synchrotron μXRF imaging. [6]

Most organisms of the Paris biota were described in a thematic issue of the journal Geobios in 2019, [7] but new taxa were also subsequently described.

In 2023, another diverse post-extinction biota was presented from South China, the Dienerian aged Guiyang biota, [8] which includes fossils belonging to twelve classes and 19 orders. The Early Triassic is generally considered as an environmentally unstable and diversity-poor interval, [2] highlighting the importance of the discovery of such diverse lagerstätten.

The following taxa (animals sorted by phylum) were either reported or described from the Paris biota (not listed are the foraminifera and conodonts, which have not yet been described):

Sponges

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxonTaxon falsely reported as presentDubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Porifera of the Paris biota
Taxon / GenusSpeciesNotes
Pseudoleptomitus P. advenusA leptomitid protomonaxonid sponge similar to Leptomitus . This group was previously only known from the Cambrian and Ordovician periods [9]

Brachiopods

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxonTaxon falsely reported as presentDubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Brachiopoda of the Paris biota
Taxon / GenusSpeciesNotes
Brachiopoda Gen. et sp. indet.An epizoan species closely associated with the sponges [3]
Lingularia L. borealisA lingulid [3]
Rhynchonellata Gen. et sp. indet.A brachiopod [3]

Mollusks

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxonTaxon falsely reported as presentDubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Mollusca of the Paris biota
Taxon / GenusSpeciesNotes
Albanites A. americanusAn ammonoid cephalopod [10]
Avichlamys ?A.? csopakensis?A pectinid bivalve [3]
Bajarunia B. cf. pilataAn ammonoid cephalopod typical of the earliest Spathian substage [10]
Belemnoidea Gen. et sp. indet.Arm hooks of a belemnoid [2]
Caribouceras C. slugenseAn endemic ammonoid cephalopod [10]
Columbites C. parisianusAn ammonoid cephalopod [10]
Coscaites C. crassusAn ammonoid cephalopod [10]
Critendenia C. kummeliA bivalve [3]
Crittendenia sp.A claraiid bivalve [3]
Eumorphotis E. cf. ericiusA heteropectinid bivalve [3]
E. multiformis?A heteropectinid bivalve [3]
Eumorphotis sp.A heteropectinid bivalve [3]
Hedenstroemiidae Gen. et sp. indet.An ammonoid cephalopod [10]
Idahoteuthis I. parisianaA gladius-bearing coleoid cephalopod [11]
Leptochondria L. curtocardinalisA hunanopectinid bivalve [3]
L. nuetzeli?A hunanopectinid bivalve [3]
L. occidaneaA hunanopectinid bivalve [3]
L. virgalensis?A hunanopectinid bivalve [3]
Leptochondria sp.A hunanopectinid bivalve [3]
Phaedrysmocheilus P. idahoensisA nautiloid cephalopod [10]
Pleuronectites P. meekiA pectinid bivalve [3]
Scythentolium Scythentolium sp.A entoliid bivalve [3]
Tirolites T. hartiAn ammonoid cephalopod typical of the earliest Spathian substage [10]
T. aff. cassianusAn ammonoid cephalopod typical for the earliest Spathian substage [10]
Trematoceras Trematoceras sp.An orthoconic nautiloid cephalopod [10]

Arthropods

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxonTaxon falsely reported as presentDubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Arthropoda of the Paris biota
Taxon / GenusSpeciesNotes
Aeger Aeger sp.An aegerid prawn [12]
Anisaeger A. longirostrus An aegerid prawn [12]
Ankitokazocaris A. triassicaA thylacocephalan [13]
Caridea Gen. et sp. indet.A shrimp [2] [3]
Hoplocarida Gen. et sp. indet.A malacostracan crustacean [3]
Ligulacaris L. parisianaA thylacocephalan [13]
Limulidae?Gen. et sp. indet.A xiphosuran chelicerate [3]
Litogaster L. turnbullensis?A glypheid pleocyemate crustacean [3] [12]
Litogaster sp.A glypheid pleocyemate crustacean [3]
Penaeoidea Gen. et sp. indet.A prawn [2] [3]
Pemphix P. krumenackeriA glypheid pleocyemate crustacean [12]
Thylacocephala Gen. et sp. indet.A thylacocephalan [3]
Triassosculda T. ahyongiA mantis shrimp [14]

Echinoderms

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxonTaxon falsely reported as presentDubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Echinodermata of the Paris biota
Taxon / GenusSpeciesNotes
Holocrinus Holocrinus nov. sp.A sea lily [15]
Shoshonura S. brayardiAn ophiacanthid brittle star [16]

Chordates

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxonTaxon falsely reported as presentDubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Chordata of the Paris biota
Taxon / GenusSpeciesNotes
Actinistia Gen. et sp. indet.Coelacanth remains [3]
Bobasatrania Bobasatrania sp.A bobasatraniiform ray-finned fish. Complete specimens [3]
Hybodontiformes Gen. et sp. indet. AA slab with several hybodontiform chondrichthyan teeth showing a heterodont durophagous dentition [17]
Gen. et sp. indet. BA single hybodontiform tooth [17]
Osteichthyes Gen. et sp. indet.Tooth plate [2]
Vertebrata indet. coprolites referrable to large vertebrate producers [2]

Algae

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxonTaxon falsely reported as presentDubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Algae of the Paris biota
Taxon / GenusSpeciesNotes
AlgaeGen. et ap. indet.Filamental algae and other algae [3]
Dasycladales Gen. et ap. indet.An unicellular green algae [3]
Rhodophyta Gen. et ap. indet.A red algae [3]

See also


Related Research Articles

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<i>Tirolites</i> Extinct genus of ammonites

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Anisaeger is a genus of fossil prawns first described from the Luoping biota of the middle Triassic of China but also known from the Guiyang biota and Paris biota of the early Triassic. It includes three species, A. brevirostrus, A. longirostrus and A. spiniferus.

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References

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  4. ↑ Baresel, Björn; Bucher, Hugo; Bagherpour, Borhan; Brosse, Morgane; Guodun, Kuang; Schaltegger, Urs (6 March 2017). "Timing of global regression and microbial bloom linked with the Permian-Triassic boundary mass extinction: implications for driving mechanisms". Scientific Reports . 7: 43630. Bibcode:2017NatSR...743630B. doi:10.1038/srep43630. PMC   5338007 . PMID   28262815.
  5. ↑ Iniesto, Miguel; Thomazo, Christophe; Fara, Emmanuel; the Paris Biota Team (2019). "Deciphering the exceptional preservation of the Early Triassic Paris Biota (Bear Lake County, Idaho, USA)". Geobios. 54: 81–93. Bibcode:2019Geobi..54...81I. doi: 10.1016/j.geobios.2019.04.002 . S2CID   146648069.
  6. ↑ Brayard, Arnaud; Gueriau, Pierre; Thoury, Mathieu; Escarguel, Gilles; the Paris Biota Team (2019). "Glow in the dark: Use of synchrotron μXRF trace elemental mapping and multispectral macro-imaging on fossils from the Paris Biota (Bear Lake County, Idaho, USA)". Geobios. 54: 71–79. Bibcode:2019Geobi..54...71B. doi: 10.1016/j.geobios.2019.04.008 . S2CID   146629155.
  7. ↑ Brayard, Arnaud; Fara, Emmanuel; Escarguel, Gilles (2019). "Foreword for the thematic issue "The Paris Biota (Bear Lake County, Idaho, USA): an exceptional window on the Early Triassic marine life"". Geobios. 54: 1–3. Bibcode:2019Geobi..54....1B. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2019.04.009. S2CID   146125332.
  8. ↑ Dai, Xu; Davies, Joshua H.F.L.; Yuan, Zhiwei; Brayard, Arnaud; Ovtcharova, Maria; Xu, Guanghui; Liu, Xiaokang; Smith, Christopher P.A.; Schweitzer, Carrie E.; Li, Mingtao; Perrot, Morgann G.; Jiang, Shouyi; Miao, Luyi; Cao, Yiran; Yan, Jia; Bai, Ruoyu; Wang, Fengyu; Guo, Wei; Song, Huyue; Tian, Li; Dal Corso, Jacopo; Liu, Yuting; Chu, Daoliang; Song, Haijun (2023). "A Mesozoic fossil lagerstätte from 250.8 million years ago shows a modern-type marine ecosystem". Science. 379 (6632): 567–572. Bibcode:2023Sci...379..567D. doi:10.1126/science.adf1622. PMID   36758082. S2CID   256697946.
  9. ↑ Botting, Joseph P.; Brayard, Arnaud; the Paris Biota Team (2019). "A late-surviving Triassic protomonaxonid sponge from the Paris Biota (Bear Lake County, Idaho, USA)". Geobios. 54: 5–11. Bibcode:2019Geobi..54....5B. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2019.04.006. S2CID   146559079.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Brayard, Arnaud; Jenks, James F.; Bylund, Kevin G.; the Paris Biota Team (2019). "Ammonoids and nautiloids from the earliest Spathian Paris Biota and other early Spathian localities in southeastern Idaho, USA". Geobios. 54: 13–36. Bibcode:2019Geobi..54...13B. doi: 10.1016/j.geobios.2019.04.007 . S2CID   146753373.
  11. ↑ Doguzhaeva, Larisa A.; Brayard, Arnaud; Goudemand, Nicolas; Krumenacker, L. J.; Jenks, James F.; Bylund, Kevin G.; Fara, Emmanuel; Olivier, Nicolas; Vennin, Emmanuelle; Escarguel, Gilles (2018). "An Early Triassic gladius associated with soft tissue remains from Idaho, USA—a squid-like coleoid cephalopod at the onset of Mesozoic Era". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 63 (2): 341–355. doi: 10.4202/app.00393.2017 .
  12. 1 2 3 4 Smith, Christopher P. A.; Charbonnier, Sylvain; Jenks, James F.; Bylund, Kevin G.; Escarguel, Gilles; Olivier, Nicolas; Fara, Emmanuel; Brayard, Arnaud (2022). "The Paris Biota decapod (Arthropoda) fauna and the diversity of Triassic decapods". Journal of Paleontology. 96 (6): 1235–1263. Bibcode:2022JPal...96.1235S. doi:10.1017/jpa.2022.34. S2CID   249448157.
  13. 1 2 Charbonnier, Sylvain; Brayard, Arnaud; the Paris Biota Team (2019). "New thylacocephalans from the Early Triassic Paris Biota (Bear Lake County, Idaho, USA)". Geobios. 54: 37–43. Bibcode:2019Geobi..54...37C. doi: 10.1016/j.geobios.2019.04.005 . S2CID   146346240.
  14. ↑ Smith, C.P.A.; Aubier, P.; Charbonnier, S.; Laville, T.; Olivier, N.; Escarguel, G.; Jenks, J.F.; Bylund, K.G.; Fara, E.; Brayard, A. (2023-03-31). "Closing a major gap in mantis shrimp evolution - first fossils of Stomatopoda from the Triassic". Bulletin of Geosciences: 95–110. doi: 10.3140/bull.geosci.1864 . ISSN   1802-8225.
  15. ↑ Saucède, Thomas; Vennin, Emanuelle; Fara, Emmanuel; Olivier, Nicolas; the Paris Biota Team (2019). "A new holocrinid (Articulata) from the Paris Biota (Bear Lake County, Idaho, USA) highlights the high diversity of Early Triassic crinoids". Geobios. 54: 45–53. Bibcode:2019Geobi..54...45S. doi: 10.1016/j.geobios.2019.04.003 . S2CID   146408512.
  16. ↑ Thuy, Ben; Escarguel, Gilles; the Paris Biota Team (2019). "A new brittle star (Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatina) from the Early Triassic Paris Biota (Bear Lake County, Idaho, USA)". Geobios. 54: 55–61. Bibcode:2019Geobi..54...55T. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2019.04.004. S2CID   146672908.
  17. 1 2 Romano, Carlo; Argyriou, Thodoris; Krumenacker, L.J.; the Paris Biota Team (2019). "Chondrichthyan teeth from the Early Triassic Paris Biota (Bear Lake County, Idaho, USA)" (PDF). Geobios. 54: 63–70. Bibcode:2019Geobi..54...63R. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2019.04.001. S2CID   146224099.
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