Permanent time observation in the United States

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  Changes clocks biannually
  Observes permanent standard time

Establishing either permanent standard or daylight saving time (DST) eliminates the practice of semi-annual clock changes, specifically the advancement of clocks by one hour from standard time to DST on the second Sunday in March (commonly called "spring forward") and the retraction of clocks by one hour from DST to standard time on the first Sunday in November ("fall back").

Contents

The Uniform Time Act of 1966 formalized the specification of time zones and the dates of DST observation in the United States. Prior to this law, time zones and DST observation in America were independent and erratic across states and cities. [1] [2] The law requires states to change clocks semiannually between standard time and DST on federally mandated dates, and it permits states to opt out of DST observation altogether and remain on permanent standard time, but does not permit observation of permanent DST. [3] Arizona (with the exception of the Navajo Nation), Hawaii, and all permanently inhabited territories observe permanent standard time.

Studies have shown the semi-annual clock changes result in sleep disturbances, ultimately resulting in more health problems and traffic accidents. [4] [5] Legislators in 25 states have attempted to switch to either permanent standard time or permanent DST. Currently more states are pursuing permanent DST. [6]

Permanent standard time

Prior to the nationwide implementation of DST in 1967, some American states observed permanent Standard Time. [7] Currently in the US, Arizona (with the exception of the Navajo Nation), Hawaii, and all permanently inhabited territories (American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands) observe permanent standard time. [8] A number of states have proposed bills to restore observation of permanent standard time, but few have gained ground as of yet. [9] [10] [6]

Possible benefits of standard time

Permanent standard time is considered by circadian health researchers and safety experts worldwide to be the best option for health, safety, schools, and economy, including the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, National Sleep Foundation, American College of Chest Physicians, National Safety Council, American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Canadian Sleep Society, World Sleep Society, Society for Research on Biological Rhythms, and several state sleep societies. [11] [12] [4] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] Permanent standard time is supported by advocates for school children, including the National PTA, National Education Association, American Federation of Teachers, National School Boards Association, and Start School Later. They cite both the health benefits of circadian alignment, and the safety advantages regarding morning commutes. [11] [19] [20] [21]

Permanent standard time is also supported by environmental data, owing to evidence that DST observation increases morning heating, evening driving, and evening residential air conditioning, which all in turn increase energy consumption and pollution. [22] [23] [24] [25] [26]

Permanent daylight saving time

A change in federal law would be necessary to allow states to observe DST permanently all year. A number of states have pursued state bills, resolutions, and referendums to indicate intention to observe permanent DST if federal law would permit it.

In 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021, Florida Republican Senator Marco Rubio introduced to Congress the "Sunshine Protection Act", a bill to permit states to observe permanent DST. The bill had achieved referral to committee, but had not received a hearing. [27] [28] [29] [30] Also in 2021, Florida Republican Representative Vern Buchanan introduced a daylight saving time for the whole country, by changing everyone's time zone forward by an hour (Eastern Time would become permanently UTC-0400 instead of UTC-0500). That bill also allowed states to opt out under certain conditions. [31] On March 15, 2022, Rubio's bill passed the Senate. [32]

As a work-around to the Uniform Time Act's prohibition on permanent DST, a bloc of states in New England has proposed a statutory move from the Eastern Time Zone to the Atlantic Time Zone (Atlantic Time being one hour ahead of Eastern Time), and then abolishing biannual clock changes. If approved by the Department of Transportation, such a move would effectively put these states on permanent DST without needing to await amendment to the Uniform Time Act by Congress. Similarly, on the West Coast, Washington passed both a bill for permanent DST and an alternative bill to move the state's official observation from the Pacific Time Zone to the Mountain Time Zone. [33]

Possible benefits and disadvantages of daylight time

A meta-analysis by Rutgers researchers found that permanent DST would eliminate 171 pedestrian fatalities (a 13% reduction) per year. [34] DST has been supported by the Chamber of Commerce since 1915 attributing added sales and outdoor activity to sunlight in the evenings. Additionally, DST has been expanded to nearly 8 months of the year, effectively making it the new standard. [35]

Some have warned, however, that the decreased exposure to morning sunlight will have significant detrimental effects. Sleep researchers have likened the resulting increased fatigue to "permanent [jet lag]". [12] Experts such as Till Roenneberg argue that permanent observation of DST significantly [4] increases rates of disease and accidents, and lowers productivity and wages. [36] In 2018, the European Sleep Research Society, the European Biological Rhythms Society, and the Society for Research on Biological Rhythms (SRBR) released a joint statement to the EU Commission on DST in opposition to permanent DST and in support of permanent standard time. [37] The SRBR followed with its own more comprehensive statement and set of materials supporting the same position in 2019. [18] In August 2020, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine provided a statement on why they oppose permanent daylight saving time and favor permanent standard time. [11] Poor sleep among workers costs the United States $411 billion annually, according to Rand Europe. This figure, which equates to about 1.23 million workdays lost due to insufficient sleep each year, ranks the United States first in terms of economic losses due to insufficient sleep. [38]

The idea of staying on Daylight Saving Time during winter months is opposed by certain religious communities, such as Orthodox Jews, whose daily prayers and other customs are synchronized with times of sunrise and sunset. [39] [40] [41]

Previous observation of year-round daylight saving time

Permanent DST in the US was briefly enacted by president Richard Nixon in January 1974, in response to the 1973 oil crisis. [19] The new permanent DST law was retracted within the year. [1] [2] [42] [43] Year-round daylight saving time was initially supported by 79% of the public, but that support had dropped to 42% after its first winter. [44] Considerable opposition to observing DST during the winter had come from school groups, such as the National School Boards Association, which expressed concern over darkness during the morning school commute. [45] [46] When members of Congress introduced legislation to repeal the practice, they stated it jeopardized children's safety, citing the deaths of eight schoolchildren in Florida since DST had been enacted a few weeks prior. [47]

2015–2022: Proposals and laws for the introduction of year-round DST

The main argument for introducing year-round DST is that the lifestyles and work patterns of modern-day citizens are no longer compatible with the concept of shifting the clock every spring and fall. Supporters also argue that switching to ''Forward Time'' would also result in saving energy by reducing the need for artificial light. [48] The Sunshine Protection Act of 2019 was introduced in the Senate by Senator Marco Rubio (R) of Florida to make the times used for DST permanent and to abolish biannual clock change. It had bipartisan support from senators from Washington and Tennessee, but it had not received a hearing in the Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee. [49] [50]

In 2015, the Nevada Senate passed Nevada Assembly Joint Resolution 4, [51] which urged Congress to enact legislation allowing individual states to establish daylight saving time as the standard time in their respective states throughout the calendar year. This would mean that Nevada is on the same time as Arizona all year, but would be an hour ahead of California in the winter. [52] The United States Congress has not yet enacted any enabling legislation in this regard.

In 2018, the Florida Senate approved the Sunshine Protection Act which would put Florida on permanent daylight saving time year round, and Governor Rick Scott signed it March 23. Congress would need to amend the existing 1966 federal law to allow the change. [53]

In 2018, voters in California approved a ballot measure to permit the state legislature to pursue legislation for permanent daylight saving time or standard time. However, California law still requires a vote of two-thirds of the state's legislature (and approval of Congress for permanent DST). Bills for permanent DST followed in 2019 and 2022, which both failed. [54] [55] [56] [57] [58]

In 2019, the Washington State Legislature passed Substitute House Bill 1196, [59] which would establish year-round observation of daylight saving time contingent on the United States Congress amending federal law to authorize states to observe daylight saving time year-round. [60] Tennessee and Oregon also passed bills in 2019 for year-round DST. [61] [62]

In 2021, the Georgia General Assembly passed Senate Bill 100 providing for year-round daylight saving time if the United States Congress amends 15 U.S.C. Section 260a to authorize states to observe daylight saving time year round. [63]

2022–2024: Sunshine Protection Act

In 2022, the United States Senate passed the Sunshine Protection Act to make daylight saving time permanent; [64] the bill failed in the House and expired at the end of the year. [65] The American Academy of Sleep Medicine has opposed the Sunshine Protection Act and called instead for permanent standard time, a position supported by the American College of Chest Physicians and the World Sleep Society, among others. [66]

In March 2023, the Sunshine Protection Act was reintroduced, but as of April 2024, there has been no appreciable progress of the bill. [67]

Table of state-level legislative actions

State-level permanent DST is prohibited by the Uniform Time Act and would require Congress to change federal law in order for state laws to come into effect. [3]

StateLegislation for permanent standard timeLegislation for permanent DSTNotes
Alabama No attemptSuccess [68] [69]
Alaska Failure [70] Failure [71]
American Samoa Success [6] No attempt
Arizona SuccessNo attemptHas observed permanent standard time since 1968; see also Time in Arizona.
(A.R.S.  § 1-242, in effect since January 1, 1969) [72]
Arkansas Failure [6] Failure [73] One bill for permanent standard time, [74] two for permanent DST. [75] [76]
California PendingFailureIn 2018, Proposition 7 passed, allowing the state legislature to change the periods of DST through another bill. Subsequent bills for permanent DST failed in 2020 and 2022. [56] [57] [77] [78] [58] In 2023, a bill was proposed that would establish permanent standard time. [79]
Colorado Failure [80] [81] Partial success [82] [83] Requires at least four other states in the Mountain Time Zone pass laws to adopt permanent DST.
Connecticut Failure [6] [84] [85] Failure [86]
Delaware No attemptPartial success [87] Establishes permanent Atlantic Standard Time. Requires Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Maryland to do the same.
District of Columbia No attemptNo attempt
Florida No attemptSuccess [53]
Georgia Failure [88] Success (OCGA  § 50-1-10) [88] [89] Two simultaneous bills were introduced in 2021. One for permanent standard time, the other for permanent DST.
Guam Success [6] No attempt
Hawaii SuccessNo attemptHas observed permanent standard time since 1967; see also Time in Hawaii.
(H.R.S.  §1-31, in effect since March 30, 1967) [90]
Idaho Failure [91] Partial success [92] [93] If Washington implements permanent daylight saving time, the northern part of the state in Pacific Time will follow. A bill to do the same for the part of the state in Mountain Time if Utah implements permanent daylight saving time has not passed.
Illinois Failure [94] [95] Pending [6]
Indiana No attemptNo attempt
Iowa Failure [96] Failure [97] [98] [99] [100] [101] [102] [103]
Kansas Pending [104] Failure [105]
Kentucky No attemptFailure [106]
Louisiana No attemptSuccess [107]
Maine Pending [6] Partial success [108] Requires all states in the eastern time zone, and the District of Columbia, to do the same.
Maryland No attemptFailure [109]
Massachusetts Pending [6] Pending [110] [111] Establishes Atlantic Standard Time in substitute for permanent DST or permanent standard time.
Michigan No attemptPending [6] Requires Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania to observe daylight saving time year-round.
Minnesota Pending [112] [113] Success [114]
Mississippi Failure [115] Success [116]
Missouri Failure [117] Failure [118]
Montana Failure [119] Partial success [120] Requires at least three of the states of Idaho, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming to go on permanent DST.
Nebraska FailureFailure [6]
Nevada Pending [121] No attempt
New Hampshire No attemptFailure [122]
New Jersey No attemptPending [123] [124]
New Mexico Failure [6] Failure [6]
New York Pending [6] Pending [6] Bills for permanent DST, Atlantic Time, or permanent standard time.
North Carolina No attemptPending [6]
North Dakota Pending [125] No attempt
Northern Mariana Islands Success [6] No attempt
Ohio Failure [126] Pending [6]
Oklahoma Pending [6] Pending [6]
Oregon Failure (2024) [127] [128] Partial success [62] Requires participation of California and Washington. Bill for permanent standard time failed in early 2024.
Pennsylvania Pending [6] Pending [6]
Puerto Rico Success [6] No attempt
Rhode Island No attemptNo attempt
South Carolina No attemptSuccess [129]
South Dakota No attemptNo attempt
Tennessee Pending [6] Success [61]
Texas Failure [130] Failure [131] [132]
U.S. Virgin Islands Success [6] No attempt
Utah Pending [133] Partial success [134] Requires at least four of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming to adopt permanent DST.
Vermont Pending [6] Pending [6]
Virginia Failure [135] Failure [6]
Washington Pending [136] Success [137] A bill is planned for early 2025 that includes legislation for permanent standard time.
West Virginia Failure [138] Failure [139]
Wisconsin No attemptNo attempt
Wyoming Failure [140] Partial success [141] Requires three or more of Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Utah to adopt permanent DST.

See also

References

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  53. 1 2 "Florida Gov. says yes to daylight saving time year-round". The Charlotte Observer . Associated Press. March 23, 2018. ISSN   2331-7221. Archived from the original on March 25, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
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  57. 1 2 "AB-2868 Year-round daylight saving time.(2021-2022)". California Legislative Information. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
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  74. ↑ "HB1568 Bill Information". www.arkleg.state.ar.us.
  75. ↑ "HB1039 Bill Information". www.arkleg.state.ar.us.
  76. ↑ "HB1104 Bill Information". www.arkleg.state.ar.us.
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  79. ↑ "New Bill Would End Daylight Savings Time in California" (Press release). November 8, 2023.
  80. ↑ "Standard Time In Colorado".
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  82. ↑ "Daylight Saving Time Year Round". Colorado General Assembly.
  83. ↑ Metzger, Hannah (June 2, 2022). "Colorado joins list of states waiting to make daylight saving time year-round". The Gazette .
  84. ↑ "Connecticut HB06071 | 2023 | General Assembly".
  85. ↑ "Connecticut HB6246 | TrackBill". trackbill.com.
  86. ↑ "Connecticut HB06074 | 2023 | General Assembly".
  87. ↑ "Senate Bill 73". Delaware General Assembly.
  88. 1 2 "SB 100". Government of Georgia. Archived from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
  89. ↑ "HB 44". Government of Georgia. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
  90. ↑ "SLH 1967 Act 4" (PDF). Government of Hawaii. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
  91. ↑ "HOUSE BILL 358". Idaho State Legislature.
  92. ↑ "SENATE BILL 1267". Idaho State Legislature.
  93. ↑ "SENATE BILL 1386". Idaho State Legislature.
  94. ↑ "Bill Status of HB2609". Illinois General Assembly. February 17, 2021. Archived from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  95. ↑ "Bill Status of HB3321". Illinois General Assembly. February 19, 2021. Archived from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  96. ↑ "Senate File 2020". Iowa Legislature.
  97. ↑ Lynch, James Q. (February 3, 2022). "Iowa lawmaker making another run at ending time change disruptions". The Gazette .
  98. ↑ "H.F. 2105". Iowa Legislature.
  99. ↑ Lynch, James Q. (March 13, 2022). "Iowa lawmakers join effort to end time change, make daylight saving time year-round". The Gazette .
  100. ↑ "H.F. 2331". Iowa Legislature.
  101. ↑ "H.F. 2144". Iowa Legislature.
  102. ↑ "Senate File 8". Iowa Legislature.
  103. ↑ "Senate File 335". Iowa Legislature.
  104. ↑ Self, Matthew (January 9, 2025). "Is the time right to end daylight saving time in Kansas?". KSNT 27 News.
  105. ↑ "HB 2060". Kansas State Legislature.
  106. ↑ "2019 HB 19". Kentucky General Assembly.
  107. ↑ "HB132". Louisiana State Legislature.
  108. ↑ "Maine HP 659 / LD 885 - An Act To Adopt Eastern Daylight Time Year-round". Archived from the original on September 11, 2022. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
  109. ↑ "HB 126". Maryland General Assembly. February 18, 2022. Archived from the original on February 21, 2022. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
  110. ↑ "Bill S.2073". Massachusetts State Legislature.
  111. ↑ "Massachusetts Considers Permanent Switch to Atlantic Time". The Daily Beast . October 25, 2017.
  112. ↑ "HF 500". Minnesota Legislature. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
  113. ↑ "SF 692". Minnesota Legislature. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
  114. ↑ "Chapter 12 - MN Laws". Minnesota Legislature, Office of the Revisor of Statutes.
  115. ↑ "HB 514 - History of Actions/Background". Mississippi Legislature Bill Status.
  116. ↑ "HB 1062 - History of Actions/Background". Mississippi Legislature Bill Status.
  117. ↑ "Bill Information for HB 1889". Missouri House of Representatives.
  118. ↑ "Bill Information for HB 1761". Missouri House of Representatives.
  119. ↑ "HB 538 Detailed Bill Information". Montana Legislature Bill Lookup.
  120. ↑ "SB 254 Detailed Bill Information". Montana Legislature Bill Lookup.
  121. ↑ McGinness, Brett (January 29, 2025). "Daylight saving time: Two bills in Nevada Legislature could end clock-changing". Reno Gazette Journal.
  122. ↑ "HB85". General Court of New Hampshire - Bill Status System.
  123. ↑ "Bill A1365". New Jersey Legislature.
  124. ↑ "Bill S946". New Jersey Legislature.
  125. ↑ Anthony, Michael (January 28, 2025). "ND House passes bill observing permanent standard time". KFYR TV.
  126. ↑ "Senate Bill 119 - Documents". The Ohio Legislature.
  127. ↑ "SB1548 2024 Regular Session - Oregon Legislative Information System".
  128. ↑ Moses, Claire (February 21, 2024). "Oregon Tries and Fails to Eliminate Daylight Saving Time, for Now". New York Times. Archived from the original on February 22, 2024. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
  129. ↑ "2019-2020 Bill 11: Daylight Saving Time". South Carolina Legislature.
  130. ↑ "87(R) History for SJR 13". Texas Legislature Online.
  131. ↑ "87(R) History for HB 1896". Texas Legislature Online.
  132. ↑ "87(R) History for HJR 94". Texas Legislature Online.
  133. ↑ "Bill to dump Daylight Saving Time advances in Utah State Legislature committee". fox13now.com. January 23, 2025. Retrieved January 30, 2025.
  134. ↑ "SB0059". Utah State Legislature.
  135. ↑ "HB 303 > 2022 Session". Virginia General Assembly Legislative Information System.
  136. ↑ "SB 5001 - 2025-26". Washington State Legislature.
  137. ↑ "HB 1196 - 2019-2020". Washington State Legislature.
  138. ↑ "House Bill 4270". West Virginia Legislature.
  139. ↑ "Senate Bill 106". West Virginia Legislature.
  140. ↑ "HB0071 - Mountain standard time". State of Wyoming Legislature.
  141. ↑ "HB0044 - Mountain daylight time preservation". State of Wyoming Legislature.
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