Permanent time observation in the United States

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  Changes clocks biannually
  Observes permanent standard time

Establishing either permanent standard or daylight saving time (DST) eliminates the practice of semi-annual clock changes, specifically the advancement of clocks by one hour from standard time to DST on the second Sunday in March (commonly called "spring forward") and the retraction of clocks by one hour from DST to standard time on the first Sunday in November ("fall back").

Contents

The Uniform Time Act of 1966 formalized the specification of time zones and the dates of DST observation in the United States. Prior to this law, time zones and DST observation in America were independent and erratic across states and cities. [1] [2] The law requires states to change clocks semiannually between standard time and DST on federally mandated dates, and it permits states to opt out of DST observation altogether and remain on permanent standard time, but does not permit observation of permanent DST. [3] Arizona (with the exception of the Navajo Nation), Hawaii, and all permanently inhabited territories observe permanent standard time.

Studies have shown the semi-annual clock changes result in sleep disturbances, ultimately resulting in more health problems and traffic accidents. [4] [5] Legislators in 25 states have attempted to switch to either permanent standard time or permanent DST. Currently more states are pursuing permanent DST. [6]

Permanent standard time

Prior to the nationwide implementation of DST in 1967, some American states observed permanent Standard Time. [7] Currently in the US, Arizona (with the exception of the Navajo Nation), Hawaii, and all permanently inhabited territories (American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands) observe permanent standard time. [8] A number of states have proposed bills to restore observation of permanent standard time, but few have gained ground as of yet. [9] [10] [6]

Possible benefits of standard time

Permanent standard time is considered by circadian health researchers and safety experts worldwide to be the best option for health, safety, schools, and economy, including the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, National Sleep Foundation, American College of Chest Physicians, National Safety Council, American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Canadian Sleep Society, World Sleep Society, Society for Research on Biological Rhythms, and several state sleep societies. [11] [12] [4] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] Permanent standard time is supported by advocates for school children, including the National PTA, National Education Association, American Federation of Teachers, National School Boards Association, and Start School Later. They cite both the health benefits of circadian alignment, and the safety advantages regarding morning commutes. [11] [19] [20] [21]

Permanent standard time is also supported by environmental data, owing to evidence that DST observation increases morning heating, evening driving, and evening residential air conditioning, which all in turn increase energy consumption and pollution. [22] [23] [24] [25] [26]

Permanent daylight saving time

A change in federal law would be necessary to allow states to observe DST permanently all year. A number of states have pursued state bills, resolutions, and referendums to indicate intention to observe permanent DST if federal law would permit it.

In 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021, Florida Republican Senator Marco Rubio introduced to Congress the "Sunshine Protection Act", a bill to permit states to observe permanent DST. The bill had achieved referral to committee, but had not received a hearing. [27] [28] [29] [30] Also in 2021, Florida Republican Representative Vern Buchanan introduced a daylight saving time for the whole country, by changing everyone's time zone forward by an hour (Eastern Time would become permanently UTC-0400 instead of UTC-0500). That bill also allowed states to opt out under certain conditions. [31] On March 15, 2022, Rubio's bill passed the Senate. [32]

As a work-around to the Uniform Time Act's prohibition on permanent DST, a bloc of states in New England has proposed a statutory move from the Eastern Time Zone to the Atlantic Time Zone (Atlantic Time being one hour ahead of Eastern Time), and then abolishing biannual clock changes. If approved by the Department of Transportation, such a move would effectively put these states on permanent DST without needing to await amendment to the Uniform Time Act by Congress. Similarly, on the West Coast, Washington passed both a bill for permanent DST and an alternative bill to move the state's official observation from the Pacific Time Zone to the Mountain Time Zone. [33]

Possible benefits and disadvantages of daylight time

A meta-analysis by Rutgers researchers found that permanent DST would eliminate 171 pedestrian fatalities (a 13% reduction) per year. [34] DST has been supported by the Chamber of Commerce since 1915 attributing added sales and outdoor activity to sunlight in the evenings. Additionally, DST has been expanded to nearly 8 months of the year, effectively making it the new standard. [35]

Some have warned, however, that the decreased exposure to morning sunlight will have significant detrimental effects. Sleep researchers have likened the resulting increased fatigue to "permanent [jet lag]". [12] Experts such as Till Roenneberg argue that permanent observation of DST significantly [4] increases rates of disease and accidents, and lowers productivity and wages. [36] In 2018, the European Sleep Research Society, the European Biological Rhythms Society, and the Society for Research on Biological Rhythms (SRBR) released a joint statement to the EU Commission on DST in opposition to permanent DST and in support of permanent standard time. [37] The SRBR followed with its own more comprehensive statement and set of materials supporting the same position in 2019. [18] In August 2020, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine provided a statement on why they oppose permanent daylight saving time and favor permanent standard time. [11] Poor sleep among workers costs the United States $411 billion annually, according to Rand Europe. This figure, which equates to about 1.23 million workdays lost due to insufficient sleep each year, ranks the United States first in terms of economic losses due to insufficient sleep. [38]

The idea of staying on Daylight Saving Time during winter months is opposed by certain religious communities, such as Orthodox Jews, whose daily prayers and other customs are synchronized with times of sunrise and sunset. [39] [40] [41]

Previous observation of year-round daylight saving time

Permanent DST in the US was briefly enacted by president Richard Nixon in January 1974, in response to the 1973 oil crisis. [19] The new permanent DST law was retracted within the year. [1] [2] [42] [43] Year-round daylight saving time was initially supported by 79% of the public, but that support had dropped to 42% after its first winter. [44] Considerable opposition to observing DST during the winter had come from school groups, such as the National School Boards Association, which expressed concern over darkness during the morning school commute. [45] [46] When members of Congress introduced legislation to repeal the practice, they stated it jeopardized children's safety, citing the deaths of eight schoolchildren in Florida since DST had been enacted a few weeks prior. [47]

2015–2022: Proposals and laws for the introduction of year-round DST

The main argument for introducing year-round DST is that the lifestyles and work patterns of modern-day citizens are no longer compatible with the concept of shifting the clock every spring and fall. Supporters also argue that switching to ''Forward Time'' would also result in saving energy by reducing the need for artificial light. [48] The Sunshine Protection Act of 2019 was introduced in the Senate by Senator Marco Rubio (R) of Florida to make the times used for DST permanent and to abolish biannual clock change. It had bipartisan support from senators from Washington and Tennessee, but it had not received a hearing in the Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee. [49] [50]

In 2015, the Nevada Senate passed Nevada Assembly Joint Resolution 4, [51] which urged Congress to enact legislation allowing individual states to establish daylight saving time as the standard time in their respective states throughout the calendar year. This would mean that Nevada is on the same time as Arizona all year, but would be an hour ahead of California in the winter. [52] The United States Congress has not yet enacted any enabling legislation in this regard.

In 2018, the Florida Senate approved the Sunshine Protection Act which would put Florida on permanent daylight saving time year round, and Governor Rick Scott signed it March 23. Congress would need to amend the existing 1966 federal law to allow the change. [53]

In 2018, voters in California approved a ballot measure to permit the state legislature to pursue legislation for permanent daylight saving time or standard time. However, California law still requires a vote of two-thirds of the state's legislature (and approval of Congress for permanent DST). Bills for permanent DST followed in 2019 and 2022, which both failed. [54] [55] [56] [57] [58]

In 2019, the Washington State Legislature passed Substitute House Bill 1196, [59] which would establish year-round observation of daylight saving time contingent on the United States Congress amending federal law to authorize states to observe daylight saving time year-round. [60] Tennessee and Oregon also passed bills in 2019 for year-round DST. [61] [62]

In 2021, the Georgia General Assembly passed Senate Bill 100 providing for year-round daylight saving time if the United States Congress amends 15 U.S.C. Section 260a to authorize states to observe daylight saving time year round. [63]

2022–: Sunshine Protection Act

In 2022, the United States Senate passed the Sunshine Protection Act to make daylight saving time permanent; [64] the bill failed in the House and expired at the end of the year. [65] The American Academy of Sleep Medicine has opposed the Sunshine Protection Act and called instead for permanent standard time, a position supported by the American College of Chest Physicians and the World Sleep Society, among others. [66]

In March 2023, the Sunshine Protection Act was reintroduced, but as of April 2024, there has been no appreciable progress of the bill. [67]

Table of state-level legislative actions

State-level permanent DST is prohibited by the Uniform Time Act and would require Congress to change federal law. [3]

StateLegislation for permanent standard timeLegislation for permanent DSTNotes
Alabama No attemptSuccess [68] [69]
Alaska Failure [70] Failure [71]
American Samoa Success [6] No attempt
Arizona SuccessNo attemptHas observed permanent standard time since 1968; see also Time in Arizona.
(A.R.S.  § 1-242, in effect since January 1, 1969) [72]
Arkansas Failure [6] Failure [73] One bill for permanent standard time, [74] two for permanent DST. [75] [76]
California PendingFailureIn 2018, Proposition 7 passed, allowing the state legislature to change the periods of DST through another bill. Subsequent bills for permanent DST failed in 2020 and 2022. [56] [57] [77] [78] [58] In 2023, a bill was proposed that would establish permanent standard time. [79]
Colorado Failure [80] [81] Partial success [82] [83] Requires at least four other states in the Mountain Time Zone pass laws to adopt permanent DST.
Connecticut Failure [6] [84] [85] Failure [86]
Delaware No attemptPartial success [87] Establishes permanent Atlantic Standard Time. Requires Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Maryland to do the same.
District of Columbia No attemptNo attempt
Florida No attemptSuccess [53]
Georgia Failure [88] Success (OCGA  § 50-1-10) [88] [89] Two simultaneous bills were introduced in 2021. One for permanent standard time, the other for permanent DST.
Guam Success [6] No attempt
Hawaii SuccessNo attemptHas observed permanent standard time since 1967; see also Time in Hawaii.
(H.R.S.  §1-31, in effect since March 30, 1967) [90]
Idaho Failure [91] Partial success [92] [93] If Washington implements permanent daylight saving time, the northern part of the state in Pacific Time will follow. A bill to do the same for the part of the state in Mountain Time if Utah implements permanent daylight saving time has not passed.
Illinois Failure [94] [95] Pending [6]
Indiana No attemptNo attempt
Iowa Failure [96] Failure [97] [98] [99] [100] [101] [102] [103]
Kansas No attemptFailure [104]
Kentucky No attemptFailure [105]
Louisiana No attemptSuccess [106]
Maine Pending [6] Partial success [107] Requires all states in the eastern time zone, and the District of Columbia, to do the same.
Maryland No attemptFailure [108]
Massachusetts Pending [6] Pending [109] [110] Establishes Atlantic Standard Time in substitute for permanent DST or permanent standard time.
Michigan No attemptPending [6] Requires Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania to observe daylight saving time year-round.
Minnesota Pending [111] [112] Success [113]
Mississippi Failure [114] Success [115]
Missouri Failure [116] Failure [117]
Montana Failure [118] Partial success [119] Requires at least three of the states of Idaho, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming to go on permanent DST.
Nebraska No attemptPending [6]
Nevada No attemptNo attempt
New Hampshire No attemptFailure [120]
New Jersey No attemptPending [121] [122]
New Mexico Failure [6] Failure [6]
New York Pending [6] Pending [6] Bills for permanent DST, Atlantic Time, or permanent standard time.
North Carolina No attemptPending [6]
North Dakota No attemptNo attempt
Northern Mariana Islands Success [6] No attempt
Ohio Failure [123] Pending [6]
Oklahoma Pending [6] Pending [6]
Oregon Failure (2024) [124] [125] Partial success [62] Requires participation of California and Washington. Bill for permanent standard time failed in early 2024.
Pennsylvania Pending [6] Pending [6]
Puerto Rico Success [6] No attempt
Rhode Island No attemptNo attempt
South Carolina No attemptSuccess [126]
South Dakota No attemptNo attempt
Tennessee Pending [6] Success [61]
Texas Failure [127] Failure [128] [129]
U.S. Virgin Islands Success [6] No attempt
Utah No attemptPartial success [130] Requires at least four of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming to adopt permanent DST.
Vermont Pending [6] Pending [6]
Virginia Failure [131] Failure [6]
Washington Pending [132] Success [133] A bill is planned for early 2025 that includes legislation for permanent standard time.
West Virginia Failure [134] Failure [135]
Wisconsin No attemptNo attempt
Wyoming Failure [136] Partial success [137] Requires three or more of Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Utah to adopt permanent DST.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Daylight saving time</span> Seasonal change of clock settings

Daylight saving time (DST), also referred to as daylight saving(s), daylight savings time, daylight time (United States and Canada), or summer time (United Kingdom, European Union, and others), is the practice of advancing clocks to make better use of the longer daylight available during summer so that darkness falls at a later clock time. The typical implementation of DST is to set clocks forward by one hour in spring or late winter, and to set clocks back by one hour to standard time in the autumn (or fall in North American English, hence the mnemonic: "spring forward and fall back").

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of time in the United States</span> Different time zones in the history of the United States

The history of standard time in the United States began November 18, 1883, when United States and Canadian railroads instituted standard time in time zones. Before then, time of day was a local matter, and most cities and towns used some form of local solar time, maintained by some well-known clock. The standard time system was not immediately embraced by all. Standard time in time zones was established in U.S. law in the Standard Time Act on March 19, 1918, at which time daylight saving time was also instituted.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Time Zone</span> Time zone in North America

The North American Central Time Zone (CT) is a time zone in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, and some Caribbean islands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern Time Zone</span> Time zone in North America

The Eastern Time Zone (ET) is a time zone encompassing part or all of 23 states in the eastern part of the United States, parts of eastern Canada, and the state of Quintana Roo in Mexico.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pacific Time Zone</span> North American time zone

The Pacific Time Zone (PT) is a time zone encompassing parts of western Canada, the western United States, and western Mexico. Places in this zone observe standard time by subtracting eight hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC−08:00). During daylight saving time, a time offset of UTC−07:00 is used.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Time in the United States</span> Time zones in the U.S.

In the United States, time is divided into nine standard time zones covering the states, territories and other US possessions, with most of the country observing daylight saving time (DST) for approximately the spring, summer, and fall months. The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation, but no single map of those existed until the agency announced intentions to make one in September 2022. Official and highly precise timekeeping services (clocks) are provided by two federal agencies: the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) ; and the United States Naval Observatory (USNO). The clocks run by these services are kept synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Uniform Time Act</span> United States timekeeping and daylight saving time law

The Uniform Time Act of 1966, Pub. L. 89–387, 80 Stat. 107, enacted April 13, 1966, was a Law of the United States to "promote the adoption and observance of uniform time within the standard time zones" prescribed by the Standard Time Act of 1918. Its intended effect was to simplify the official pattern of where and when daylight saving time (DST) is applied within the U.S. Prior to this law, each state had its own scheme for when DST would begin and end, and in some cases, which parts of the state should use it.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atlantic Time Zone</span> UTC minus four hours

The Atlantic Time Zone is a geographical region that keeps standard time—called Atlantic Standard Time (AST)—by subtracting four hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), resulting in UTC−04:00. AST is observed in parts of North America including several Caribbean islands. During part of the year, some portions of the zone observe daylight saving time, referred to as Atlantic Daylight Time (ADT), by moving their clocks forward one hour to UTC−03:00. The clock time in this zone is based on the mean solar time of the 60th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Time in Australia</span>

Australia uses three main time zones: Australian Eastern Standard Time, Australian Central Standard Time and Australian Western Standard Time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Time in Canada</span>

Canada is divided into six time zones. Most areas of the country's provinces and territories operate on standard time from the first Sunday in November to the second Sunday in March and daylight saving time the rest of the year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Daylight saving time in the United States</span> Practice of setting the clock forward by one hour in the United states

Most of the United States observes daylight saving time (DST), the practice of setting the clock forward by one hour when there is longer daylight during the day, so that evenings have more daylight and mornings have less. Exceptions include Arizona, Hawaii, and the territories of American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the United States Virgin Islands. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 established a uniform set of rules for states opting to observe daylight saving time.

In Canada, daylight saving time (DST) is observed in nine of the country's ten provinces and two of its three territories—though with exceptions in parts of several provinces and Nunavut.

Most of Mexico no longer observes daylight saving time as it was abolished on Sunday, 30 October 2022. The exceptions are the entire state of Baja California, as well as the border municipalities in Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas which still observe daylight savings time matching the schedule of the United States beginning on the second Sunday of March and ending on the first Sunday of November.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Daylight saving time in Australia</span> Observation of daylight saving time in Australia

Daylight saving time (DST) is currently observed in the Australian states of New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, and Victoria, as well as the Australian Capital Territory, Jervis Bay Territory and Norfolk Island. Other Australian jurisdictions – the states of Queensland and Western Australia, the Northern Territory and Australia's other external territories – do not observe daylight saving time.

Daylight saving time in the Americas is the arrangement in the Americas by which clocks are advanced by one hour in spring and moved back in autumn, to make the most of seasonal daylight. The practice is widespread in North America, with most of Canada and the United States participating, but much less so in Central and South America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Daylight saving time by country</span>

Daylight saving time (DST), also known as summer time, is the practice of advancing clocks during part of the year, typically by one hour around spring and summer, so that daylight ends at a later time of the day. As of 2024, DST is observed in most of Europe, most of North America and parts of Africa and Asia around the Northern Hemisphere summer, and in parts of South America and Oceania around the Southern Hemisphere summer. It was also formerly observed in other areas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Time in Arizona</span> Time Standard in the state of Arizona

Time in Arizona, as in all U.S. states, is regulated by the United States Department of Transportation as well as by state and tribal law.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Time in Florida</span> Time zone of Florida, United States

Current time for most counties: 05:37, December 16, 2024 EST [refresh]
Current time for some panhandle counties: 04:37, December 16, 2024 CST [refresh]

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sunshine Protection Act</span> Proposed U.S. federal law to make daylight saving time permanent

The Sunshine Protection Act is a proposed United States federal law that would make U.S. daylight saving time permanent, meaning the time would no longer change twice per year. The bill has been proposed during several sessions of Congress. In 2022, the Senate passed the bill by unanimous consent, although several senators stated later that they would have objected if they had known that the bill could pass. No iteration of the bill has passed the House.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2018 California Proposition 7</span> Ballot measure in California permitting the state to change daylight saving time

Proposition 7 was a California ballot proposition in that state's general election on November 6, 2018. The measure passed, by a vote of about 60% Yes to 40% No.

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  45. ↑ "Repeal of Daylight Saving Time Urged by National School Group". Miami Herald . Miami, Florida. United Press International. April 11, 1974. p. 6B. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
  46. ↑ "Daylight Savings Repeal Sought by Many Sources". Daily Herald . Provo, Utah. February 7, 1974. p. 2. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
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  48. ↑ Johnson, Kirk (March 9, 2019). "Daylight Saving Is Here. Suppose We Made This Time Change Our Last?". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
  49. ↑ Lemongello, Steven. "Marco Rubio's year-round daylight saving time bill gets a boost from other end of America". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on May 15, 2019. Retrieved May 15, 2019.
  50. ↑ Rubio, Marco (March 6, 2019). Cosponsors - S.670 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Sunshine Protection Act of 2019. www.congress.gov (Report). Archived from the original on November 4, 2019. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  51. ↑ Assembly Joint Resolution No. 4 (PDF) (Report). Nevada Legislature. May 25, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 29, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
  52. ↑ Chereb, Sandra (May 18, 2015). "Nevada lawmakers urge Congress to allow state to stay on daylight saving time". Las Vegas Review-Journal . ISSN   1097-1645. Archived from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
  53. 1 2 "Florida Gov. says yes to daylight saving time year-round". The Charlotte Observer . Associated Press. March 23, 2018. ISSN   2331-7221. Archived from the original on March 25, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  54. ↑ Resnick, Brian (November 7, 2018). "California voters reject the tyranny of daylight saving clock changes". Vox . Archived from the original on April 7, 2020. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
  55. ↑ Myers, Amanda (November 6, 2018). "California voters OK plan for year-round daylight saving time". AP News. Archived from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
  56. 1 2 "AB-7 Daylight saving time. (2019-2020)". California Legislative Information. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
  57. 1 2 "AB-2868 Year-round daylight saving time.(2021-2022)". California Legislative Information. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
  58. 1 2 Zavala, Ashley (November 4, 2021). "Why does California still observe daylight saving time 3 years after Prop 7 was passed?". Inside California Politics. Fox 40. Archived from the original on November 12, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2021. "It comes down to something really simple, anyone can try it at home or ask their friends, 'Do you want year-round daylight savings time or do you want to get rid of daylight savings time?'" said Asm. Lorena Gonzalez, D-San Diego.
  59. ↑ Substitute House Bill 1196 (PDF) (Report). Washington State Legislature. May 13, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
  60. ↑ Kipp Robertson (March 11, 2021). "Yes, Washington must still 'spring forward,' despite permanent approval of Daylight Saving Time – Washington lawmakers approved permanent Daylight Saving Time in 2019, but the state can't do away with standard time without Congressional approval". KING-TV. Archived from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
  61. 1 2 Heron, Michelle (October 29, 2019). "It may take an act of Congress to change Daylight Saving Time in Tennessee". WRCBtv.com . Archived from the original on November 4, 2019. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  62. 1 2 "SB320 2019 Regular Session". Oregon Legislative Information System. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
  63. ↑ Georgia General Assembly (April 21, 2021). "SB 100". Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
  64. ↑ "U.S. Senate approves bill to make daylight saving time permanent". Reuters . March 15, 2022. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
  65. ↑ Mychael Schnell. "Time is running out for House to pass permanent daylight saving bill". The Hill. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
  66. ↑ "AASM statement on Senate passage of permanent daylight saving time bill". March 16, 2022. Archived from the original on May 11, 2022. Retrieved June 6, 2022.
  67. ↑ "Daylight savings ends in November. Why is it still around and what's the status of the Sunshine Protection Act?". USA TODAY. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
  68. ↑ "Legislative Act Number 2021 - 421". Alabama Secretary of State.
  69. ↑ Roberson, Amber (September 14, 2021). "Alabama passed a bill to permanently adopt Daylight Saving Time. Do we still 'fall back?'". Montgomery Advertiser .
  70. ↑ "HB 43". The Alaska State Legislature.
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  72. ↑ "Fourth Special Session of the Twenty-Eighth Legislature of the State of Arizona". State of Arizona. 1968. Retrieved March 20, 2023.
  73. ↑ "HB1017 Bill Information". Arkansas State Legislature.
  74. ↑ "HB1568 Bill Information". www.arkleg.state.ar.us.
  75. ↑ "HB1039 Bill Information". www.arkleg.state.ar.us.
  76. ↑ "HB1104 Bill Information". www.arkleg.state.ar.us.
  77. ↑ Koseff, Alexei (March 6, 2020). "Whatever Happened to Year-Round Daylight-Saving Time? California Lawmaker Isn't Giving Up". San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  78. ↑ Gonzalez, Vicki (March 11, 2021). "School Reopening Update / Vaccination Rates In Rural, Underserved Communities / Is There Really A California Exodus? / Prospects Of Making Daylight Saving Time Permanent". Insight. Cap Radio. Archived from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2021. And we were really straightforward when we ran the initiative that we weren't putting our thumb on the scale of either daylight saving time or standard time. But everybody heard what they wanted to hear. So, people who like Daylight Saving Time thought, 'Yes, Daylight Saving Time year-round,' and people who don't like time change thought Standard Time year-round.
  79. ↑ "New Bill Would End Daylight Savings Time in California" (Press release). November 8, 2023.
  80. ↑ "Standard Time In Colorado".
  81. ↑ Burness, Alex (February 20, 2020). "Colorado Movement to Abolish Daylight Saving Time Remains Hopeful Despite Loss". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved April 24, 2020.
  82. ↑ "Daylight Saving Time Year Round". Colorado General Assembly.
  83. ↑ Metzger, Hannah (June 2, 2022). "Colorado joins list of states waiting to make daylight saving time year-round". The Gazette .
  84. ↑ "Connecticut HB06071 | 2023 | General Assembly".
  85. ↑ "Connecticut HB6246 | TrackBill". trackbill.com.
  86. ↑ "Connecticut HB06074 | 2023 | General Assembly".
  87. ↑ "Senate Bill 73". Delaware General Assembly.
  88. 1 2 "SB 100". Government of Georgia. Archived from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
  89. ↑ "HB 44". Government of Georgia. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
  90. ↑ "SLH 1967 Act 4" (PDF). Government of Hawaii. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
  91. ↑ "HOUSE BILL 358". Idaho State Legislature.
  92. ↑ "SENATE BILL 1267". Idaho State Legislature.
  93. ↑ "SENATE BILL 1386". Idaho State Legislature.
  94. ↑ "Bill Status of HB2609". Illinois General Assembly. February 17, 2021. Archived from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  95. ↑ "Bill Status of HB3321". Illinois General Assembly. February 19, 2021. Archived from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  96. ↑ "Senate File 2020". Iowa Legislature.
  97. ↑ Lynch, James Q. (February 3, 2022). "Iowa lawmaker making another run at ending time change disruptions". The Gazette .
  98. ↑ "H.F. 2105". Iowa Legislature.
  99. ↑ Lynch, James Q. (March 13, 2022). "Iowa lawmakers join effort to end time change, make daylight saving time year-round". The Gazette .
  100. ↑ "H.F. 2331". Iowa Legislature.
  101. ↑ "H.F. 2144". Iowa Legislature.
  102. ↑ "Senate File 8". Iowa Legislature.
  103. ↑ "Senate File 335". Iowa Legislature.
  104. ↑ "HB 2060". Kansas State Legislature.
  105. ↑ "2019 HB 19". Kentucky General Assembly.
  106. ↑ "HB132". Louisiana State Legislature.
  107. ↑ "Maine HP 659 / LD 885 - An Act To Adopt Eastern Daylight Time Year-round". Archived from the original on September 11, 2022. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
  108. ↑ "HB 126". Maryland General Assembly. February 18, 2022. Archived from the original on February 21, 2022. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
  109. ↑ "Bill S.2073". Massachusetts State Legislature.
  110. ↑ "Massachusetts Considers Permanent Switch to Atlantic Time". The Daily Beast . October 25, 2017.
  111. ↑ "HF 500". Minnesota Legislature. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
  112. ↑ "SF 692". Minnesota Legislature. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
  113. ↑ "Chapter 12 - MN Laws". Minnesota Legislature, Office of the Revisor of Statutes.
  114. ↑ "HB 514 - History of Actions/Background". Mississippi Legislature Bill Status.
  115. ↑ "HB 1062 - History of Actions/Background". Mississippi Legislature Bill Status.
  116. ↑ "Bill Information for HB 1889". Missouri House of Representatives.
  117. ↑ "Bill Information for HB 1761". Missouri House of Representatives.
  118. ↑ "HB 538 Detailed Bill Information". Montana Legislature Bill Lookup.
  119. ↑ "SB 254 Detailed Bill Information". Montana Legislature Bill Lookup.
  120. ↑ "HB85". General Court of New Hampshire - Bill Status System.
  121. ↑ "Bill A1365". New Jersey Legislature.
  122. ↑ "Bill S946". New Jersey Legislature.
  123. ↑ "Senate Bill 119 - Documents". The Ohio Legislature.
  124. ↑ "SB1548 2024 Regular Session - Oregon Legislative Information System".
  125. ↑ Moses, Claire (February 21, 2024). "Oregon Tries and Fails to Eliminate Daylight Saving Time, for Now". New York Times. Archived from the original on February 22, 2024. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
  126. ↑ "2019-2020 Bill 11: Daylight Saving Time". South Carolina Legislature.
  127. ↑ "87(R) History for SJR 13". Texas Legislature Online.
  128. ↑ "87(R) History for HB 1896". Texas Legislature Online.
  129. ↑ "87(R) History for HJR 94". Texas Legislature Online.
  130. ↑ "SB0059". Utah State Legislature.
  131. ↑ "HB 303 > 2022 Session". Virginia General Assembly Legislative Information System.
  132. ↑ "SB 5001 - 2025-26". Washington State Legislature.
  133. ↑ "HB 1196 - 2019-2020". Washington State Legislature.
  134. ↑ "House Bill 4270". West Virginia Legislature.
  135. ↑ "Senate Bill 106". West Virginia Legislature.
  136. ↑ "HB0071 - Mountain standard time". State of Wyoming Legislature.
  137. ↑ "HB0044 - Mountain daylight time preservation". State of Wyoming Legislature.
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