Qaboos bin Said Al Said (Arabic: قابوس بن سعيد آل سعيد, IPA:[qaː.buːsbinsa.ʕiːdʔaːlsa.ʕiːd]; 18 November 1940 – 10 January 2020) was Sultan of Oman from 23 July 1970 until his death in 2020. A fifteenth-generation descendant of the founder of the House of Al Said,[3] he was the longest-serving leader in the Middle East and Arab world at the time of his death,[4] having ruled for almost half a century.
As sultan, Qaboos implemented a policy of modernization and ended Oman's international isolation.[5][6] His reign saw a rise in living standards and development in the country,[7] the abolition of slavery, the end of the Dhofar Rebellion, and the promulgation of Oman's constitution. Suffering from poor health in later life, Qaboos died in 2020. He had no children, so he entailed the royal court to reach consensus on a successor upon his death. As a precaution, he hid a letter which named his successor in case an agreement was not achieved. After his death the royal court decided to view Qaboos's letter and named his intended successor, his cousin Haitham bin Tariq, as sultan.[8]
After his military service, Qaboos studied local government subjects in England and then completed his education with a world tour chaperoned by Leslie Chauncy. Upon his return in 1966, he was placed under virtual house arrest in Al Hosn Palace in Salalah by his father. Here he was kept isolated from government affairs, except for occasional briefings by his father's personal advisers. Qaboos studied Islam and the history of his country. His personal relationships were limited to a handpicked group of palace officials who were sons of his father's advisors and a few expatriate friends such as Tim Landon. Sultan Said said that he would not allow his son to be involved with the developing planning process, and Qaboos began to make known his desire for change—which was quietly supported by his expatriate visitors.[14][additional citation(s) needed]
Ronald Reagan with Sultan Qaboos bin Said during a state visit in 1983
Qaboos acceded to the throne on 23 July 1970 following a successful coup against his father, with the aim of ending the country's isolation and using its oil revenue for modernization and development.[16] He declared that the country would no longer be known as Muscat and Oman, but would change its name to "the Sultanate of Oman" in order to better reflect its political unity.[17]
The first pressing problem that Qaboos bin Said faced as sultan was an armed communist insurgency from South Yemen, the Dhofar Rebellion (1962–1976). The sultanate eventually defeated the incursion with help from the Shah of Iran, Jordanian troops sent by his friend King Hussein of Jordan, British Special Forces and the Royal Air Force.[19]
Reign as Sultan
There were few rudiments of a modern state when Qaboos took power.[14] Oman was a poorly developed country, severely lacking in infrastructure, healthcare, and education, with only 10km (6mi) of paved roads and a population dependent on subsistence farming and fishing. Qaboos modernized the country using oil revenues. Schools and hospitals were built, and a modern infrastructure was laid down, with hundreds of kilometres of new roads paved, a telecommunications network established, projects for a port and airport that had begun prior to his reign were completed and a second port was built, and electrification was achieved. The government also began to search for new water resources and built a desalination plant, and the government encouraged the growth of private enterprise, especially in development projects. Banks, hotels, insurance companies, and print media began to appear as the country developed economically. The Omani riyal was established as the national currency, replacing the Indian rupee and Maria Theresa thaler. Later, additional ports were built, and universities were opened.[20][21][22] In his first year in power, Qaboos also abolished slavery in Oman.[23]
The political system which Qaboos established was an absolute monarchy. The Sultan's birthday, 18 November, is celebrated as Oman's national holiday.[24] The first day of his reign, 23 July, is celebrated as Renaissance Day.[25]
Oman has no system of checks and balances, and thus no separation of powers. All power was concentrated in the Sultan during his reign, and he served as chief of staff of the armed forces, minister of defence, minister of foreign affairs and chairman of the board of the Central Bank of Oman. All legislation since 1970 has been promulgated through royal decrees, including the 1996 Basic Law. The sultan appoints judges, and can grant pardons and commute sentences. The sultan's authority is inviolable.[26]
Qaboos' closest advisors were reportedly security and intelligence professionals within the Palace Office, headed by General Sultan bin Mohammed al Numani.[27]
The 2011 Omani protests were a series of protests in the Persian Gulf country of Oman that occurred as part of the revolutionary wave popularly known as the "Arab Spring".[28] The protesters demanded salary increases, lower living costs, the creation of more jobs and a reduction in corruption.[citation needed] Protests in Sohar, Oman's fifth-largest city, centered on the Globe Roundabout.[29] The Sultan's responses included the dismissal of a third of the governing cabinet.[30]
Several protest leaders have been detained and released in rolling waves of arrests during the Arab Spring, and dissatisfaction with the state of affairs in the country is high. While disgruntlement amongst the populace is obvious, the extreme dearth of foreign press coverage and lack of general press freedom there leaves it unclear as to whether the protesters want the sultan to leave, or simply want their government to function better. Beyond the recent protests, there is concern about succession in the country, as there is no heir apparent or any clear legislation on who may be the next Sultan.[31]
The Sultan did give token concession to protesters yet detained social media activists. In August 2014, The Omani writer and human rights defender Mohammed Alfazari, the founder and editor-in-chief of the e-magazine Mowatin "Citizen", disappeared after going to the police station in the Al-Qurum district of Muscat, only to be pardoned some time later.[32][33]
Foreign policy
Sultan Qaboos bin Sa'd welcomes U.S. Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates to Muscat, Oman, April 5, 2008.Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi with Qaboos, 2018
Under Qaboos, Oman fostered closer ties with Iran than other Arab states of the Persian Gulf, and was careful to appear neutral and maintain a balance between the West and Iran.[34] As a result, Oman often acted as an intermediary between the United States and Iran.[35][36] Qaboos helped mediate secret US-Iran talks in 2013 that led two years later to the international nuclear pact, from which the United States withdrew in 2018.[37]
In October 2018, Qaboos invited Prime Minister of IsraelBenjamin Netanyahu to visit Oman, despite his country not having official diplomatic ties with Israel. Netanyahu was the first Israeli prime minister to visit Oman since Shimon Peres in 1996.[40]
Philanthropy
Qaboos financed the construction or maintenance of a number of mosques, notably the Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque, as well as the holy places of other religions.[41]
Through a donation to UNESCO in the early 1990s, Qaboos funded the Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation, to afford recognition to outstanding contributions in the management or preservation of the environment. The prize has been awarded biannually since 1991.[42]
Personal life
Qaboos was a Muslim of the Ibadi denomination, which has traditionally ruled Oman. Although Oman is predominantly Muslim, the Sultan granted freedom of religion in the country and financed the construction of four Catholic and Protestant churches in the country as well as several Hindu temples.[43]
The Sultan was an avid fan and promoter of classical music. His 120-member orchestra consists entirely of young Omanis who, since 1986, audition as children and grow up as members of the symphonic ensemble. They play locally and traveled abroad with the Sultan.[44]Argentine composer Lalo Schifrin was commissioned to compose a work entitled Symphonic Impressions of Oman.[45] Qaboos was particularly enthusiastic about the pipe organ.[46] The Royal Opera House Muscat features the second largest mobile pipe organ in the world, which has three specially made organ stops, named the "Royal Solo" in his honour.[47] He was also a patron of local folk musician Salim Rashid Suri, whom he made a cultural consultant.[48]
On 22 March 1976, Qaboos married his first cousin Sayyida Nawwal bint Tariq Al Said (born 1951), the daughter of his uncle Sayyid Tariq bin Taimur and Sayyida Shawana bint Nasir Al Busaidiyah.[49] Nawwal was renamed Kamila at the time of her marriage and is the half-sister of Qaboos' successor, Haitham bin Tariq.[49] The marriage ended in divorce in 1979[50] and produced no children.[51]
Qaboos was known for maintaining a degree of secrecy regarding his personal life. His choice to remain single, along with the rumors regarding his private relationships, added an element of ambiguity to his persona.[53]
Illness and death
From 2014, Qaboos suffered from colon cancer, for which he received treatment.[54][55] On 14 December 2019, he was reported to be terminally ill with a short time to live after his stay for medical treatment in UZ Leuven in Belgium and returned home because he wanted to die in his own country.[56][57] He died on 10 January 2020 at the age of 79 at his personal residence, Al Baraka Palace, just outside Muscat. The following day, the government declared three days of national mourning and said the country's flag would be flown at half-staff for a period of 40 days and declared the halt of official work in the public and private sectors for three days.[58][59]Kuwait,[60][61]Saudi Arabia,[62]Qatar,[63]United Arab Emirates,[64]Bahrain,[65]Jordan,[66]Lebanon,[67] and Egypt[68] all declared three days of mourning; India[69] and Bangladesh[70][71] declared one day of mourning. The United Kingdom[72] lowered flags to half-mast as a sign of respect. Boris Johnson said that "He was an exceptionally wise and respected leader who will be missed enormously. He will be remembered for his devotion to the development of Oman into a stable and prosperous nation, and as the father of the nation who sought to improve the lives of the Omani people."[73]
Succession
The will of Sultan Qaboos, in which he named his cousin Haitham bin Tariq his heir
Unlike the heads of other Arab states of the Persian Gulf, Qaboos did not publicly name an heir. Article 6 of the constitution says the Royal Family Council has three days to choose a new sultan from the date the position falls vacant. If the Royal Family Council fails to agree, a letter containing a name penned by Sultan Qaboos should be opened in the presence of the Defence Council of military and security officials, supreme court chiefs, and heads of the upper and lower houses of the consultative assemblies.[74] Analysts saw the rules as an elaborate means of Qaboos securing his choice for successor without causing controversy by making it public during his lifetime, since it was considered unlikely that the royal family would be able to agree on a successor on its own.[74]
Qaboos had no children, and only one sister, Sayyida Umaima (who predeceased him in 2002), but no male siblings; there are other male members of the Omani royal family including paternal uncles and their families. Using same-generation primogeniture, the successor to Qaboos would appear to be the children of his late uncle Sayyid Tariq bin Taimur, Oman's first prime minister and the Sultan's former father-in-law. Oman watchers believed the top contenders to succeed Qaboos were three of Tariq's sons: Asa'ad bin Tariq, Deputy Prime Minister[75] for International Relations and Cooperation[76] and the Sultan's special representative; Shihab bin Tariq, a retired commander of the Royal Navy of Oman; and Haitham bin Tariq, Minister of Heritage and National Culture.[74][77]
On 11 January 2020, Oman state TV said the Royal Family Council, in a letter to the Defense Council, had decided to defer to the choice that Qaboos named in his will, and thus had opened the letter by Qaboos naming his successor, announcing shortly that Haitham bin Tariq is the country's ruling sultan.[78] Haitham has two sons and two daughters.[79][80]
Oman is a site of pre-historic human habitation, stretching back over 100,000 years. The region was impacted by powerful invaders, including other Arab tribes, Portugal and Britain. Oman, at its height, held holdings that ranged from the Persian Gulf all the way south to the island of Madagascar, some notable holdings include; the island of Zanzibar, the city of Mogadishu and the city of Gwadar.
Said bin Taimur was the 13th Sultan of Muscat and Oman from 10 February 1932 until he was deposed on 23 July 1970 by his son Qaboos bin Said.
Sultan Taimur bin Faisal bin Turki Al Said was the Sultan of Muscat and Oman from 5 October 1913 to 10 February 1932.
The Central Bank of Oman was established in December 1974 and began operations on 1 April 1975. It replaced the Oman Currency Board as the principal currency authority in Oman. Currently it is headed by Taimur bin Asa'ad bin Tariq Al Said.
Sayyid Faisal bin Ali bin Faisal Al Said was an Omani royal and politician. He served as the Minister of Heritage and Culture from 1976 to 2002.
The House of Al Bu Said, is the current ruling royal family of Oman, and former ruling house of the Omani Empire (1744–1856), Sultanate of Muscat and Oman (1856–1970) and the Sultanate of Zanzibar (1856–1964). It was founded by Ahmad bin Said Al Busaidi in 1744 and is currently headed by Haitham bin Tariq Al Said.
The Foreign Ministry is the government body in the Sultanate of Oman responsible for organising and directing Oman's relations with other countries and with regional and international organisations.
The Ministry of Defence (MOD) is the governmental body in the Sultanate of Oman responsible for all matters relating to the defence of the state.
Haitham bin Tariq Al Said is Sultan and Prime Minister of Oman.
Sayyid Asa'ad bin Tariq Al Said is a member of the Omani royal family and the Deputy Prime Minister for Relations and International Cooperation Affairs.
Sayyid Tariq bin Taimur Al Said was a member of the Omani royal family and the first prime minister of the Cabinet of Oman. Tariq was the son of Sultan Taimur bin Feisal, brother of Sultan Said bin Taimur, uncle of Sultan Qaboos bin Said, and father of Sultan Haitham bin Tariq.
Sayyida Ahad bint Abdullah bin Hamad Al Busaidiyah is the wife of the Sultan of Oman, Haitham bin Tariq.
Sayyid Theyazin bin Haitham Al Said is the Crown Prince of Oman and the Minister of Culture, Sports, & Youth.
Sayyida Buthaina bint Taimur Al Said is a member of the Omani royal family. She is the daughter of Sultan Taimur bin Faisal and Kiyoko Oyama, the half-sister of Sultan Said bin Taimur, and the paternal aunt of Sultan Qaboos bin Said and Sultan Haitham bin Tariq.
The succession to the Omani throne constitutes those individuals eligible to succeed to the throne of the Sultanate of Oman.
Sayyid Taimur bin Asa'ad Al Said is a member of the royal family of Oman and current chairman of the board of Central Bank of Oman. He founded Alizz Islamic Bank in 2012. He is a son of Asa'ad bin Tariq, who is one of the Deputy Prime Ministers and one of the brothers of the Sultan, Haitham bin Tariq.
Sayyid Shihab bin Tariq bin Taimur Al Said is a member of the Omani royal family and the Deputy Prime Minister for Defense Affairs.
Sayyid Bilarab bin Haitham Al Said is a member of the Omani royal family and second in line for the throne of Oman.
Sayyida Nawwal bint Tariq Al Said is a member of the Omani royal family. She is the ex-wife of Sultan Qaboos bin Said and the sister of Sultan Haitham bin Tariq.
↑ European Union. Joint Statement on passing of Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Said. Retrieved on 22 March 2022. "Under His Majesty's leadership, Oman embarked on an unprecedented era of reforms that improved the living standards for the Omani people. His vision steered a foreign policy that placed Oman among the European Union's closest partners, in a region mired in conflict and gripped by tensions."
↑ "Saudi Arabia"(PDF). Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. p.307. Archived from the original(Country Readers Series) on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
↑ Henderson, Simon (3 April 2017). "The Omani Succession Envelope, Please". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 4 April 2017. His closest advisors are security and intelligence professionals in the so-called Royal Office, headed by Gen. Sultan bin Mohammed al-Numani.
1 2 Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh, ed. (1980). Burke's Royal Families of the World Volume II Africa & the Middle East. Burke's Peerage Limited. p.107. ISBN0850110297.
↑ Marcelo, Gameiro. Famous People Around The World. VOLUME 07B. Marcelo Gameiro. p.114. His decision to remain unmarried and the limited information available about his private relationships added an element of mystery to his persona, contributing to his enigmatic allure.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
