List of longest-reigning monarchs

For the current reigning monarchs, see List of current reigning monarchs by length of reign.

Louis XIV, the longest-reigning sovereign monarch whose reign is verifiable by exact date

This is a list of the longest-reigning monarchs of all time, detailing the monarchs and lifelong leaders who have reigned the longest in world history, ranked by length of reign.

Monarchs of sovereign states with verifiable reigns by exact date

The following are the 25 longest-reigning monarchs of states who were internationally recognized as sovereign for most or all of their reign. Byzantine emperors Constantine VIII and Basil II, reigning for 66 years in total (962–1028) and for 65 years in total (960–1025) respectively, are not included, because for part of those periods they reigned only nominally as junior co-emperors alongside senior emperors.

Regencies are not counted against monarchs, hence Louis XIV of France being listed first among the monarchs of sovereign states despite his mother Anne of Austria being his regent for 8 years. A distinction is not made between absolute and constitutional monarchy, hence Elizabeth II being listed second despite being a figurehead her entire reign.

  Incumbent

No.	Portrait	Name	State	Reign		Duration		Ref.
				From	To	(days)	(years, days)
1		Louis XIV	France   Andorra	14 May 1643	1 September 1715	26,407	72 years, 110 days	[1]
2		Elizabeth II	United Kingdom   Canada   Australia   New Zealand [lower-alpha 1]	6 February 1952	8 September 2022	25,782	70 years, 214 days [lower-alpha 2]	[2] [3] [4]
3		Rama IX (Bhumibol Adulyadej)	Thailand	9 June 1946	13 October 2016	25,694	70 years, 126 days	[5]
4		Johann II	Liechtenstein	12 November 1858	11 February 1929	25,658	70 years, 91 days	[6]
5		Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal I	Palenque (Mexico)	27 July 615 [lower-alpha 3]	29 August 683	24,870	68 years, 33 days	[7] [9]
6		Franz Joseph I	Austrian Empire (1848–1867) Austria-Hungary (1867–1916)	2 December 1848	21 November 1916	24,825	67 years, 355 days	[10]
7		Chan Imix Kʼawiil	Copán (Honduras)	5 February 628 [lower-alpha 4]	15 June 695	24,602	67 years, 130 days	[13] [14]
8		Ferdinand III	Sicily (1759–1816)   Two Sicilies (1816–1825)	6 October 1759	4 January 1825	23,831	65 years, 90 days	[15]
9		Victoria	United Kingdom	20 June 1837	22 January 1901	23,226	63 years, 216 days	[16]
10		James I	Crown of Aragon	12 September 1213	27 July 1276	22,964	62 years, 319 days	[17]
11		Emperor Shōwa [lower-alpha 5] (Hirohito)	Empire of Japan (1926–1947)   Japan (1947–1989)	25 December 1926	7 January 1989	22,659	62 years, 13 days	[18]
12		Kangxi Emperor [lower-alpha 6]	Qing dynasty (China)	5 February 1661	20 December 1722	22,597	61 years, 318 days	[19]
13		Honoré III	Monaco	29 December 1731	13 January 1793	22,296	61 years, 15 days	[20] [21]
14		Itzamnaaj Bahlam III [lower-alpha 7]	Yaxchilan (Mexico)	20 October 681 [lower-alpha 8]	15 June 742	22,153	60 years, 238 days	[11]
15		Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat	Quiriguá (Guatemala)	29 December 724 [lower-alpha 9]	27 July 785	22,125	60 years, 210 days	[22] [23]
16		Qianlong Emperor [lower-alpha 10]	Qing dynasty (China)	18 October 1735	9 February 1796 [lower-alpha 11]	22,029	60 years, 114 days	[24]
17		Christian IV	Denmark–Norway	4 April 1588	28 February 1648	21,879	59 years, 330 days	[25]
18		George III	Great Britain (1760–1800)   Ireland (1760–1800)   United Kingdom [lower-alpha 12] (1801–1820)	25 October 1760	29 January 1820	21,644	59 years, 96 days	[26]
19		Louis XV	France   Andorra	1 September 1715	10 May 1774	21,436	58 years, 251 days	[27]
20		Pedro II	Brazil	7 April 1831	15 November 1889	21,407	58 years, 222 days	[28]
21		Al-Mustansir Billah	Fatimid Caliphate (Egypt)	13 June 1036 [lower-alpha 13]	29 December 1094	21,383	58 years, 199 days	[29] [30]
22		Nicholas I	Principality of Montenegro (1860–1910)   Kingdom of Montenegro (1910–1918)	13 August 1860	26 November 1918	21,288	58 years, 105 days	[33]
23		Wilhelmina	Netherlands	23 November 1890	4 September 1948	21,104	57 years, 286 days	[34]
24		James VI	Scotland [lower-alpha 14]	24 July 1567	27 March 1625	21,066	57 years, 246 days	[35]
25		Conrad I	Burgundy	11 July 937 [lower-alpha 15]	19 October 993	20,554	56 years, 100 days	[36]

Monarchs of dependent or constituent states with verifiable reigns by exact date

The table below contains 100 monarchs of states that were not internationally sovereign for most of their reign.

Sobhuza II, the longest-reigning monarch ever whose reign is verifiable by exact date

No.	Portrait	Name	State	Reign		Duration		Ref.
				From	To	(days)	(years, days)
1		Sobhuza II [lower-alpha 16]	Swaziland (British protectorate until 1968)	10 December 1899	21 August 1982	30,204	82 years, 254 days	[38]
2		Bernhard VII	Lippe (Holy Roman Empire)	11 August 1429	2 April 1511	29,819	81 years, 234 days	[39]
3		Udai Pratap Nath Shah Deo	Chotanagpur (British Raj)	9 July 1869	21 September 1950	29,658	81 years, 74 days	[40]
4		William IV	Henneberg-Schleusingen (Holy Roman Empire)	26 May 1480	24 January 1559	28,732	78 years, 243 days	[39]
5		Karansinhji II Vajirajji	Lakhtar State [lower-alpha 17]	15 June 1846	8 August 1924	28,543	78 years, 54 days	[41]
6		Maeda Tsunanori	Kaga Domain (Japan)	30 April 1645	6 May 1723	28,494	78 years, 6 days	[42]
7		Heinrich XI [lower-alpha 18]	Reuss-Obergreiz (Holy Roman Empire)	17 March 1723	28 June 1800	28,227	77 years, 103 days	[43] [44] [39]
8		Idris ibni Muhammad al-Qadri, Tunku Besar of Tampin	Tampin (Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia) (part of British Malaya until 1957)	31 May 1929	26 December 2005	27,968	76 years, 209 days	[39]
9		Christian August	Palatinate-Sulzbach (Holy Roman Empire)	14 August 1632	23 April 1708	27,635	75 years, 243 days	[39]
10		Bishan Chandra Jenamuni	Rairakhol State [lower-alpha 17]	13 March 1825	10 June 1900	27,482	75 years, 89 days	[45]
11		Charles I	Eu (France)	16 June 1397	25 July 1472	27,433	75 years, 39 days	[46]
12		Mudhoji IV Rao Naik Nimbalkar  [ d ]	Phaltan State [lower-alpha 17]	7 December 1841	17 October 1916	27,342	74 years, 315 days	[39]
13		Bhagvatsingh Sahib	Gondal State (British Raj)	14 December 1869	10 March 1944	27,114	74 years, 87 days	[39]
14		George William	Schaumburg-Lippe [lower-alpha 19] [lower-alpha 20]	13 February 1787	21 November 1860	26,944	73 years, 282 days	[39]
15		Charles Frederick	Baden (Holy Roman Empire until 1806)	12 May 1738	10 June 1811	26,691	73 years, 29 days	[39]
16		John III Louis	Nassau-Saarbrücken (Holy Roman Empire)	19 October 1472	4 June 1545	26,526	72 years, 228 days [lower-alpha 21]
17		Itō Nagatomo  [ ja ]	Okada Domain (Japan)	17 July 1778	19 July 1850	26,299	72 years, 2 days
18		Henry Frederick	Hohenlohe-Langenburg (Holy Roman Empire)	29 January 1628	2 June 1699	26,057	71 years, 124 days
19		Jagatjit Singh Bahadur	Kapurthala State (British Raj)	3 September 1877	20 August 1948	25,918	70 years, 352 days [lower-alpha 22]
20		Parashuramrao Shrinivas	Aundh State (British India)	30 August 1777	11 June 1848	25,852	70 years, 286 days
21		Henryk IX Starszy	Żagań-Głogów (Holy Roman Empire)	14 March 1397	11 November 1467	25,809	70 years, 242 days
22		Werner von Salm-Reifferscheidt  [ bg ]	Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck (Holy Roman Empire)	31 October 1559	16 December 1629	25,614	70 years, 46 days	[48]
23		Carl I August	Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach [lower-alpha 23]	28 May 1758	14 June 1828	25,584	70 years, 17 days
24		George I	Anhalt-Dessau (Holy Roman Empire)	19 January 1405	21 September 1474	25,447	69 years, 245 days	[49]
25		Alberico I	Massa and Carrara (Holy Roman Empire)	15 June 1553	18 January 1623	25,409	69 years, 207 days
26		Heinrich Joseph Johann	Principality of Auersperg (Holy Roman Empire)	6 November 1713	9 February 1783	25,297	69 years, 95 days
27		Frederick III	Inner Austria (Holy Roman Empire)	10 June 1424	19 August 1493	25,272	69 years, 70 days
28		George William	Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (Holy Roman Empire)	16 December 1600	25 December 1669	25,211	69 years, 9 days
29		Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne	Duchy of Bouillon (Holy Roman Empire)	9 August 1652	26 July 1721	25,187	68 years, 351 days	[50]
30		Frederick V	Hesse-Homburg [lower-alpha 24]	7 February 1751	20 January 1820	25,183	68 years, 347 days
31		Vikramatji Khimojiraj	Porbandar State [lower-alpha 17]	20 June 1831	21 April 1900	25,142	68 years, 305 days
32		Krishnaraja Wadiyar III	Kingdom of Mysore (Princely State of East India Company after 1831; British Raj after 1857)	30 June 1799	27 March 1868	25,107	68 years, 271 days	[51]
33		Chintamanrao Appasaheb Patwardhan  [ d ]	Sangli State (British India)	6 November 1782	15 July 1851	25,087	68 years, 251 days	[52]
34		Johann Friedrich  [ de ]	Castell-Rüdenhausen (Holy Roman Empire)	10 January 1681	23 June 1749	25,000	68 years, 164 days
35		Otto VI the One-Eyed	Brunswick-Göttingen (Holy Roman Empire)	13 November 1394	6 February 1463	24,922	68 years, 85 days	[53]
36		Sawant Singh	Pratapgarh State (British India)	26 October 1775	5 January 1844	24,907	68 years, 71 days
37		Christian Karl Reinhard	Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg (Holy Roman Empire)	3 November 1698	17 November 1766	24,850	68 years, 14 days
38		Raja Ram Singh	Bundi State [lower-alpha 17]	14 May 1821	28 March 1889	24,790	67 years, 318 days
39		Malietoa Tanumafili II	Samoa	5 July 1939	11 May 2007	24,782	67 years, 310 days
40		Vakhatsinhji Meghrajji	Vallabhipura State (British Raj)	20 August 1875	5 June 1943	24,760	67 years, 289 days	[54]
41		Bernard	Strzelce, Niemodlin, and South Poland (Holy Roman Empire)	21 October 1382	31 July 1450	24,755	67 years, 283 days
42		Philip I [lower-alpha 25]	Lippe-Alverdissen (1613-1640) Schaumburg-Lippe (1640-1681) (Holy Roman Empire)	7 December 1613	10 April 1681	24,596	67 years, 124 days	[55] [56]
43		Henry III	Margraviate of Meissen (Holy Roman Empire)	18 February 1221	15 February 1288	24,468	66 years, 362 days
44		Eleanor [lower-alpha 26]	Aquitaine (France)	9 April 1137	1 April 1204	24,464	66 years, 358 days
45		Sulaiman Sharif ul-'Alam Shah	Sultanate of Serdang (part of Dutch East Indies until 1945 and part of Indonesia since 1945)	20 December 1879	13 October 1946	24,403	66 years, 297 days
46		Augustus	Anhalt-Plötzkau (Holy Roman Empire)	6 December 1586	22 August 1653	24,366	66 years, 259 days	[57]
47		Amarsinhji Banesinhji [lower-alpha 27]	Wankaner State (British Raj)	12 June 1881	15 February 1948	24,353	66 years, 248 days
48		Khengarji III	Cutch (British Raj)	19 December 1875	15 January 1942	24,133	66 years, 27 days
49		William IV the Victorious	Brunswick-Luneburg (Holy Roman Empire)	14 October 1416	25 July 1482	24,025	65 years, 284 days	[58]
50		Leopold III	Anhalt-Dessau (Holy Roman Empire)	16 December 1751	9 August 1817	23,977	65 years, 236 days
51		Makino Tadakiyo	Nagaoka Domain (Japan)	5 August 1766	17 August 1831	23,752	65 years, 12 days	[59]
52		Obizzo I d'Este  [ it; fr ]	Este and Ferrara (Holy Roman Empire)	15 December 1128	25 December 1193	23,751	65 years, 10 days	[60]
53		Jean I	Duchy of Brittany (France)	21 October 1221	8 October 1286	23,728	64 years, 352 days
54		Frederick William	Hohenzollern-Hechingen (Holy Roman Empire)	13 January 1671	14 November 1735	23,680	64 years, 305 days
55		Johann Seyfried von Eggenberg  [ bg; it; cs ]	Eggenberg (Holy Roman Empire)	19 February 1649	5 October 1713	23,603	64 years, 228 days	[61]
56		Gangadhar Rao III Bala Sahib Patwardhan	Miraj Senior (British Raj)	November 1874	23 June 1939	23,580 to 23,609	64 years, 205 days to 64 years, 234 days	[62]
57		Marie II	County of Soissons (France)	25 October 1482	1 April 1547	23,534	64 years, 158 days	[63]
58		Vishwanath Singh Bahadur	Chhatarpur State (British Raj)	4 November 1867	4 April 1932	23,527	64 years, 152 days	[64]
59		Friedrich II Magnus	Salm-Neuweiler (Holy Roman Empire)	26 October 1608	25 January 1673	23,467	64 years, 91 days
60		Ibrahim	Johor, Malaysia (part of British Malaya until 1957)	4 June 1895	8 May 1959	23,348	63 years, 338 days
61		Raja Rampalji Bahadur	Kutlehar State (British Raj)	15 January 1864	22 November 1927	23,321	63 years, 311 days	[65] [66]
62		Sayajirao Gaekwad III	Baroda State (British Raj)	27 May 1875	6 February 1939	23,265	63 years, 256 days
63		Albert Anton	Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (Holy Roman Empire)	4 November 1646	24 June 1710	23,242	63 years, 232 days
65		Anthony Günther	Duchy of Oldenburg (Holy Roman Empire)	12 November 1603	19 June 1667	23,230	63 years, 219 days
66		Udai Chand	Beja [lower-alpha 17]	30 December 1841	20 June 1905	23,182	63 years, 172 days
67		Frederick Augustus I [lower-alpha 28]	Saxony [lower-alpha 29]	17 December 1763	5 May 1827	23,149	63 years, 139 days
68		Ludwig I	Principality of Anhalt (Holy Roman Empire)	6 December 1586	7 January 1650	23,043	63 years, 32 days	[67]
69		Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa	Bahrain [lower-alpha 30]	1 December 1869	9 December 1932 [lower-alpha 31]	23,018	63 years, 8 days
70		Charles III	Upper Lorraine (Holy Roman Empire)	12 June 1545	14 May 1608	22,972	62 years, 327 days
71		Johann Friedrich II	Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Öhringen (Holy Roman Empire)	17 October 1702	24 August 1765	22,957	62 years, 311 days
72		Philipp Ernst	Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst (Holy Roman Empire)	21 February 1697	29 November 1759	22,925	62 years, 281 days
73		Bernhard II	Saxe-Meiningen [lower-alpha 32]	24 December 1803	20 September 1866	22,916	62 years, 270 days
74		Philip II	Nassau-Weilburg (Holy Roman Empire)	2 July 1429	19 March 1492	22,906	62 years, 261 days [lower-alpha 33]
75		Nicolas Leopold I  [ de ]	Salm-Hoogstraat (Holy Roman Empire)	6 June 1707	4 February 1770	22,889	62 years, 243 days
76		Christian II [lower-alpha 34]	Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Bischweiler (Holy Roman Empire)	6 September 1654	26 April 1717	22,877	62 years, 232 days
77		Léopold Philippe	Arenberg (Holy Roman Empire)	19 August 1691	4 March 1754	22,842	62 years, 197 days
78		Hafiz Muhammad Ibrahim Ali Khan Bahadur	Tonk State (British Raj)	20 December 1867	23 June 1930	22,830	62 years, 185 days
79		Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi	Ras Al Khaimah (United Arab Emirates)	17 July 1948	27 October 2010	22,747	62 years, 102 days
80		Hosokawa Tsunatoshi  [ ja ]	Kumamoto Domain (Japan)	18 April 1650	11 July 1712	22,729	62 years, 84 days
81		Nahar Singh	Shahpura State (British Raj)	21 April 1870	24 June 1932	22,709	62 years, 64 days
82		Gopal Lal	Kamta-Rajaula State [lower-alpha 17]	29 November 1812	23 October 1874	22,608	61 years, 328 days	[68]
83		Johann Christian I	Eggenberg (Holy Roman Empire)	19 February 1649	14 December 1710	22,577	61 years, 298 days	[ citation needed ]
84		Tuanku Abdul Hamid Halim Shah	Kedah Kedah Sultanate (British Malaya)	22 September 1881	13 May 1943	22,512	61 years, 233 days
85		Philipp IV	Waldeck-Wildungen (Holy Roman Empire)	28 May 1513	30 November 1574	22,466	61 years, 186 days
86		Wakhat Singh Dalil Singh	Lunavada State (British Raj)	31 October 1867	27 April 1929	22,458	61 years, 178 days
87		Paku Alam VIII	Pakualaman (part of Dutch East Indies until 1945 and part of Indonesia since 1945)	12 April 1937	11 September 1998	22,432	61 years, 152 days
88		Victor Amadeus	Anhalt-Bernburg (Holy Roman Empire)	22 September 1656	14 February 1718	22,414	61 years, 135 days
89		Kamei Koremasa	Tsuwano Domain (Japan)	22 September 1619	6 February 1681	22,418	61 years, 137 days
90		Lakshman Singh, Maharawal of Banswara	Banswara State [lower-alpha 17]	2 February 1844	29 April 1905	22,366	61 years, 86 days	[ citation needed ]
91		Ulrich V	Württemberg-Stuttgart (Holy Roman Empire)	2 July 1419	1 September 1480	22,342	61 years, 61 days [lower-alpha 35]
92		Ranbir Singh	Jind State (British Raj)	7 March 1887	31 March 1948	22,304	61 years, 24 days [lower-alpha 36]	[ citation needed ]
93		Ernest Louis	Hesse-Darmstadt (Holy Roman Empire)	31 August 1678	12 September 1739	22,291	61 years, 12 days
94		Johann Friedrich I  [ de; bg ]	Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Öhringen (Holy Roman Empire)	11 October 1641	17 October 1702	22,285	61 years, 6 days
95		Wilhelm Moritz II	Isenburg-Philippseich (Holy Roman Empire)	8 March 1711	7 March 1772	22,280	60 years, 365 days
96		Christian Ernest	Stolberg-Wernigerode (Holy Roman Empire)	27 August 1710	25 October 1771	22,339	61 years, 59 days
97		Adolf III	Schauenburg and Holstein (Holy Roman Empire)	6 July 1164	3 January 1225	22,096	60 years, 181 days
98		Leopold Louis	Palatinate-Veldenz (Holy Roman Empire)	3 June 1634	29 September 1694	22,033	60 years, 118 days
99		Friedrich Günther	Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt [lower-alpha 37]	28 April 1807	28 June 1867	21,976	60 years, 61 days	[69]
100		Johann Jakob I	Waldburg-Zeil (Holy Roman Empire)	4 May 1614 [lower-alpha 38]	18 April 1674	21,899	59 years, 349 days

Monarchs whose exact dates of rule are unknown

These monarchs are grouped according to length of reign by year in whole numbers. Within each year-grouping, they appear in historical order. In a given year, there may have been a wide array of actual reign lengths based on days. Thus, this table does not present a precise ranking by length of reign. The list is limited to those that might reasonably be expected to lie within the range of those in the tables above, at minimum 56 years. The list is sorted alphabetically. Emphasised states were sovereign. Japanese legendary emperors, according to the ancient Japanese calendar, reigned for very long terms of 60–70 years each. The longest ruler of the legendary emperors, Emperor Kōan, was claimed to have reigned for about 101 years. These figures are not included in the table because they are regarded as inaccurate by modern scholars. For those, see Longevity myths.

Portrait	Name	Country	Reign		Duration (approx. years)	Ref.
			from	to
	Min Hti [70]	Launggyet Dynasty of Arakan (Myanmar)	1279	1374	95 years	[70]
	Pepi II Neferkare [lower-alpha 39]	Egypt (Old Kingdom)	2278 BC	2184 BC(disputed)	94 years (disputed)	[71]
	Taejo [lower-alpha 40]	Goguryeo (Korea)	53	146 [lower-alpha 41] (disputed)	93 years (disputed)	[72]
	Nintoku [lower-alpha 42]	Japan (Kofun period)	313(disputed)	399(disputed)	86 years (disputed)	[73]
	Abd al-Muttalib	Quraysh (Mecca, Saudi Arabia)	497	578	81 years	[74]
	Ermanaric [lower-alpha 43]	Oium (Ukraine)	296(disputed)	376	80 years (disputed)	[75]
	Hanayos	Hariphunchai (Thailand)	669(disputed) [lower-alpha 44]	749		[76]
	Raja Sawai Basavalinga I Rajendra Udaiyar	Sundem (Portuguese India)	1763	15 May 1843	80 years	[77]
	Trần Minh Công	Trần Lãm (Vietnam)	888(disputed) [lower-alpha 45]	967	79 years (disputed)	[78]
	An Dương Vương	Âu Lạc (Vietnam)	257 BC(disputed)	179 BC(disputed)	78 years (disputed)	[79]
	Jangsu	Goguryeo (Korea)	413	491	78 years	[72]
	Ram Singh I	Ramgarh Raj (India)	1459	1537		[80]
	Abu'l-Jaysh Ishaq ibn Ibrahim	Ziyadid dynasty (Yemen)	904	981	77 years	[81]
	Azmat Tallah Khan	Rajouri (British India from 1712)	1683	12 November 1760		[82]
	Mirian III	Kingdom of Iberia (Georgia)	284	361		[83]
	Raisingh Deo	Patna (British India from 1712)	1685	1762		[84]
	Mulla Ismail	Dir (Pakistan, British India from 1712)	1676	1752	76 years	[85]
	Mohan Singh	Rajgarh (India)	1638	14 April 1714
	Otto I [lower-alpha 46]	Baden-Hachberg-Sausenberg (Holy Roman Empire)	1308	1384
	Jadunath Singh Mangaraj	Khandpara (India)	1599	1675		[86]
	Johann Philipp	Stadion (Holy Roman Empire)	1666	1741
	Aji Raja Mahkota Mulia Alam  [ id ]	Kutai Kartanegara (Indonesia)	1525	1600	75 years
	Raja Abhiram Singh	Saraikela (British India)	1743	1818
	Sauromaces I	Kingdom of Iberia (Georgia)	234 BC	159 BC		[88]
	Sukhachain	Jind (British India from 1712)	1676	1751
	Tai Wu	Shang dynasty (China)	1486 BC(disputed)	1411 BC(disputed)
	Vakhtang I Gorgasali	Kingdom of Iberia (Georgia)	447	522
	Uthiyan Cheralathan	Chera dynasty (India)	55	130		[89]
	Wilhelm I	Sayn-Wittgenstein (Holy Roman Empire)	1494	18 April 1568	74 years
	Yo-Tha	Hariphunchai (Thailand)	1197	1271		[89]
	Afonso I Henriques	County of Portugal (1112–1139) Kingdom of Portugal (1139-1185)	1112 [lower-alpha 47]	6 December 1185	73 years	[90] [91]
	Fazl Ali Khan II Bahadur	Banganapalle (Pakistan, British India from 1712)	1686	1759
	Gangesvara Anantvarman Chodaganga Deva	Eastern Ganga (India)	1077	1150		[92]
	Tezozomoc	Azcapotzalco (Mexico)	1353(disputed)	1426		[93]
	Grigor II	Syunik (Armenia)	1094	1166	72 years
	Raja Sang Tawal (Abdullah)	Kelantan (Malaysia)	1267	1339		[94]
	Arwa al-Sulayhi	Sulayhid Sultanate (Yemen)	1067	5 May 1138	71 years	[95]
	Heinrich VIII	Fürstenberg-Wolfach (Holy Roman Empire)	Late 1419	30 November 1490
	Poppo IX	Henneberg-Aschach (Holy Roman Empire)	1292	1363
	Simon I	County of Lippe (Holy Roman Empire)	1273	10 August 1344
	John III  [ de ]	Aarberg (Holy Roman Empire)	1327	1397	70 years
	John Ulrich	Stadion (Holy Roman Empire)	1530	1600
	Rawat Kandhalji	Begun (India)	1443	1513
	Muhtarram Shah Kator I	Chitral (Pakistan)	1585	1655
	Niandfo the Great	Oubritenga (Nigeria)	1441	1511		[96]
	Pandukabhaya of Anuradhapura	Kingdom of Anuradhapura (Sri Lanka)	437 BC	367 BC		[97]
	Shapur II [lower-alpha 48]	Sasanian Empire (Iran)	309	379
	Tshudpud Namgyal	Kingdom of Sikkim [lower-alpha 49]	1793	1863
	Jai Chandra Katoch	Lambagraon-Kangra (British Raj)	1864	1933	69 years
	Gerlach IV	Isenburg-Grenzau (1220-1258) Isenburg-Limburg (1258-1289) (Holy Roman Empire)	1220	1289		[98]
	Henry VI	County of Gorizia (Holy Roman Empire)	6 May 1385	1454
	Huan	State of Qi (China)	636 BC	567 BC		[99]
	Sultan Deria Hassan	Isaaq Sultanate (British Somaliland from 1884)	1870	1939		[100]
	Alberto Azzo II	Margraviate of Milan and Este (Holy Roman Empire)	1029	20 August 1097	68 years
	Bhagirathi Birabara Harichandan	Talcher State (British India)	1778	1846
	Debi Singh	Chanderi (British India from 1712)	1646	1714
	Ernest II	Oettingen-Wallerstein (Holy Roman Empire)	1602	1670
	Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II	Kedah Sultanate (Malaysia)	1710	1778		[101]
	Hkun Ti	Mongpawn (Myanmar)	1860	1928
	King Obunumankoma	Bono-Tekyiman (Ghana)	1363	1431
	Louis II	Stadion (Holy Roman Empire)	1260	1328
	Malojirao III	Mudhol State (British India)	1737	1805
	Sizzo II	County of Schwarzburg (Holy Roman Empire)	1050	1118
	Eberhard II	Arenberg (Holy Roman Empire)	1387	1454	67 years
	Gopal Singha Dev II	Mallabhum State [lower-alpha 17]	1809	1876
	Osman Mahamuud/ Uthman III ibn Mahmud	Majeerteen Sultanate (Italian Somaliland from 1889)	1860	30 September 1927
	Rawal Kehar Singh II	Jaisalmer State (India)	1335	1402
	Johann III	Sponheim-Starkenburg (Holy Roman Empire)	1324	1398
	Man Singh, Raja of Jhabua	Jhabua State (India)	1610	1677
	Robert I [lower-alpha 50]	Duchy of Bar (Holy Roman Empire)	1344	12 April 1411
	Lạng Chượng	Ngưu Hống (Vietnam)	1000	1067
	Sultan Abdul Kadir Moh Aidid	Sultanate of Gowa (Indonesia)	1826	30 January 1893
	Sultan Mahmud Shah II	Perak (Malaysia)	1653	1720
	Eberhard I	Katzenelnbogen Junior (Holy Roman Empire)	1245	1311	66 years
	Henry II	Isenburg-Grenzau (Holy Roman Empire)	1220	1286
	Narayana Rautara	Chikiti-Eastern Ganga (India)	Early 1464	Mid 1530
	Ramesses II	Egypt (New Kingdom)	31 May 1279 BC [102] [103]	Late July or Early August 1213 BC [104]
	Togbi Amedor Kpegla I	Anlo Ewe (Ghana)	1840	14 March 1906
	Zhao Tuo [lower-alpha 51]	Nanyue	203 BC	137 BC
	Aji Raja Mahkota Mulia Alam  [ id ]	Kutai Kartanegara (Indonesia)	1545	1610	65 years
	Catherine De' Medici	Auvergne (France)	1524 [lower-alpha 52]	5 January 1589
	Dayang Kalangitan	Pasig (Metro Manila, Philippines)	1450	1515
	Haydar Mohammad Khan Bahadur	Pathari State [lower-alpha 17]	1794	29 December 1859
	Matilda I	Nevers (France)	1192	1257
	Raja Miyan Syed Nuruddin Ali	Tarakote Raj [lower-alpha 17]	1804	21 January 1869
	Raja Raj Ram Singh I	Sitamau State [lower-alpha 17]	1802	1867
	Nandivarman II	Pallava Empire (India)	731	796
	Pharnavaz I	Kingdom of Iberia (Georgia)	299 BC	234 BC
	Sagramji I Kumbhoji	Gondal State (British India from 1712)	1648	1713
	Raja Ashoka Challa	Khasa-Malla (India)	1222	1287
	Albert V	Anhalt-Dessau (Holy Roman Empire)	19 January 1405	1469	64 years
	Amoghavarsha	Rashtrakuta Empire (India)	814	878
	Harisingh Vidyadhara	Dhenkanal State (India)	1530	1594
	Henry VI	Henneberg-Aschach-Römhild (Holy Roman Empire)	1292	1356
	Friedrich IV	County of Castell (Holy Roman Empire)	1285	1349
	Inere	Ughelli (Nigeria)	1460	1524
	Khuman III	Udaipur State (India)	878	942
	Zhao	Song State (China)	468 BC	404 BC
	Zhuang I	State of Qi (China)	794 BC	730 BC
	Bagauda/Yakano	Kingdom of Kano (Nigeria)	998 / 999	1063 / 1064	63 years	[lower-alpha 53]
	Andrew I	Vitré (France)	1072	1135
	Fahrettin Behramşah	Mengüjek (Turkey)	1162	1225
	Frederick I	Zollern (Holy Roman Empire)	1062	1124
	Ganapati Deva	Kakatiya Dynasty (India)	1199	1262
	Hamirji	Kutch (India)	1472	1535		[108]
	Maharana Bhimdev Harisinhji Sahib	Kingdom of Rajpipla (India)	1463	1526
	Ngawang Tashi Drakpa	Phagmodrupa dynasty of Tibet (China)	1499, 1554	1556, 1564
	Mahmud III	Mali Empire	1496	1559
	Naba Zombré	Wogodogo (Nigeria)	1681	1744
	Philip	Isenburg-Büdingen-Birstein (Holy Roman Empire)	1533	1596
	Pradip Shah	Garhwal Kingdom (  British India from 1712)	1709	28 December 1772
	Raimund II	Principality of Orange (Holy Roman Empire)	1319	1382
	Rawat Sawai Megh Singh II	Begun (British India)	1740	1804
	Rudolf I	Bregenz-Chur-Lower Raetia (Holy Roman Empire)	1097	1160
	Sheikh Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi	Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah (United Arab Emirates)	1803	10 September 1866
	Sripurusha	Western Ganga (India)	725	788
	Jayavarman VIII	Khmer Empire (Cambodia)	1232	1295
	Johann Gerhard	Manderscheid-Gerolstein-Bettingen (Holy Roman Empire)	1648	1711
	Vijaya Sena	Sena dynasty (India)	1096	1159
	Abdul Jalilul Akbar	Brunei	1597	1659	62 years
	Bhola Bhima II	Gurjaradesa (India)	1178	1240
	Charles	Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn-Altenkirchen (Holy Roman Empire)	1741	1803
	Georg II	Montfort-Pfannberg (Holy Roman Empire)	1482	1544
	Henry I	Isenburg-Grenzau (Holy Roman Empire)	1158	1220
	Joseph Wilhelm Ernst [lower-alpha 54]	Fürstenberg-Fürstenberg (Holy Roman Empire)	1700	1762
	Kaloji I Panchanji	Dhrol (India)	1644	1706
	King Oldman	Miskito Nation (Nicaragua and Honduras)	1625	1687
	Madhaba Rautara	Chikiti-Eastern Ganga (India)	997	1059
	Oubri	Oubritenga (Nigeria)	1182	1244
	Phạm Phòng Át	Phạm Bạch Hổ (Vietnam)	910	972
	Prithvi Shah	Garhwal Kingdom (India)	1552	9 January 1614
	Askia Hanga the Great	Dendi State (Niger)	1700	1761	61 years
	Bhavsinhji I Ratanji	Bhavnagar State (British India from 1712)	1703	1764
	Chera Udaya Martanda Varma	Venadu Chera (India)	1383	1444
	Cleomenes II	Sparta (Greece)	370 BC	309 BC
	Donnchadh MacMurrough Kavanagh	Laighin (Ireland)	1417	1478
	Francis William	Salm-Reifferscheid-Bedbur (Holy Roman Empire)	1673	1734
	Hyeokgeose Geoseogan	Silla (Korea)	57 BC	4
	Leon II	Abasgia (767-778), Abkhazia (778-828)	767	828
	Moritz Kasimir I	Bentheim-Tecklenburg-Rheda (Holy Roman Empire)	1707	1768
	Nguyễn Thái Bình	Nguyễn Khoan (Vietnam)	906	967
	Peter II	Urgell (Catalonia, Spain)	1347	June 1408
	Orontes III	Armenia	321 BC	260 BC
	Otto I	Solms-Braunfels (Holy Roman Empire)	1349	1410
	Rao Shri Vijayraj Singh	Sirohi (India)	1250	1311
	Ravi Varma Chera	Venadu Chera (India)	1252	1313
	Winnemar	Manderscheid (Holy Roman Empire)	1206	1267
	Adesida I	Kingdom of Akure (Nigeria)	22 June 1897	1957	60 years
	Aescwine	Kingdom of Essex (England)	527	587
	Ali ibn Dawud I	Kilwa Sultanate (Tanzania)	1023	1083
	Aji Maharaja Sultan  [ id ]	Kutai Kartanegara (Indonesia)	1360	1420
	Avinita	Western Ganga (India)	469	529
	Cleopatra II	Egypt (Ptolemaic)	175 BC	115 BC
	Cynan Garwyn	Kingdom of Powys (Wales)	550	610
	Kotokuhene Nana Attafua	Akyem Kotoku (Ghana)	1867	25 September 1927
	Padam Singh Bundela	Jigni State (British India)	1730	1790
	Friedrich I	Salm-Blankenburg (Holy Roman Empire)	1210	1270
	Gerhard I	Schwarzburg–Hallermund (Holy Roman Empire)	1266	1326
	Gopinath Birabara Harichandan	Talcher State (India)	1651	1711
	Gusti Ngurah Agung II	Tabanan (Dutch East Indies)	Mid 1843	21 November 1903
	Heinrich II	Salm-Blankenburg (Holy Roman Empire)	1301	1361
	Hiero II	Syracuse (Sicily, Italy)	275 BC	215 BC
	Henry I	Isenburg-Cleeberg (Holy Roman Empire)	1167	1227
	Khingila	Alchon Huns (India)	430	490
	Kilhan	Dhundhar (India)	1216	1276
	Krishna Chandra Mardraj Harichandan [109]	Nilagiri State [lower-alpha 17]	1833	1893
	Ludwig	Salm-Blankenburg (Holy Roman Empire)	1443	1503
	Matilda	Margraviate of Tuscany (Holy Roman Empire De jure )	1055	23 July 1115
	Mayadunne	Kingdom of Sitawaka (Sri Lanka)	1521	1581
	Mölambo	Bubi Kingdom (Nigeria)	1700	1760
	Mutasiva	Anuradhapura Kingdom (Sri Lanka)	367 BC	307 BC
	Pawl	Kingdom of Glywysing (Wales)	480	540
	Phromkuman	Singhanavati (Thailand)	1029	1089
	Pravarsena I the Great	Vakataka (India)	275	335
	Sejakji, Thakore Sahib of Sejakpur	Sejakpur, Jhalawar (India)	1194	1254
	Sophie	County of Bar (Holy Roman Empire)	1033	1093
	Sri Pravarasena II	Alchon Huns (India)	530	590
	Vanaraja	Chavada/Anahilawada (India)	846	906
	Vanghoji II Rao	Phaltan State (India)	1570	1630
	Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladithya	Kodungallur Chera (India)	962	1021	59 years
	Bu Jiang	Xia dynasty (China)	1890 BC	1831 BC
	David I Anhoghin	Tashir-Dzoraget (Armenia)	989	1048
	Kulottunga I	Eastern Chalukyas, then Cholas	1061	1120
	Eberhard IV	Werdenberg-Trochtelfingen (Holy Roman Empire)	October 1416	Winter 1475
	Himiko	Yamatai (Japan)	189	248
	Hu	State of Chen (China)	1045 BC	986 BC
	Gerlach II	Isenburg-Covern (Holy Roman Empire)	1158	1217
	John the Magnificent	Poitou (France)	1357	15 June 1416
	Muhammad Bayazid Khan Bahadur	Jagir of Maler (1600–1657) Malerkotla State (1657–1659) (India)	1600	1659
	Nawab Asad Ali Khan	Basoda State [lower-alpha 17]	1800 11 May 1822 [lower-alpha 55]	1817 22 May 1864
	Raja Alhad Singh	Pratihar Rajputs of Nagod State (decendants of Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)	1721	1780
	Nguyễn Lệnh công/ Vũ Ninh vương [lower-alpha 56]	Nguyễn Thủ Tiệp (Vietnam)	908	967
	Konrad I the Scheerer	Tübingen (Holy Roman Empire)	1317	1376
	Otto I	Salm-Kyrburg (Holy Roman Empire)	1548	7 June 1607
	Raja Adesinhji I	Bhaderwah (British India)	1722	1781
	Renaud II, Count of Orange	Principality of Orange (Holy Roman Empire)	1062	1121
	Sri Tegin Shah	Turk Shahis/Kabul Shahis (Afghanistan)	Autumn 680	739
	William III	County of Toulouse (France)	978	30 September 1037
	William IV	Jülich (Holy Roman Empire)	1219	1278
	Wu Ding	Shang dynasty (China)	1250 BC	1191 BC
	Gomani II Phillip [lower-alpha 57]	Maseko (Malawi)	1896	12 May 1954	58 years
	Guled Abdi	Isaaq Sultanate (Somaliland)	1750	1808
	Harald I Fairhair	Norway	872	930
	Henry II	Baden-Hachberg (Holy Roman Empire)	1231	1289
	Henry IV	Henneberg-Schleusingen (Holy Roman Empire)	1347	1405
	Mwezi IV Gisabo	Kingdom of Burundi [lower-alpha 58]	1850	1908
	Nan	Zhou dynasty (China)	314 BC	256 BC
	Rudolf II	Sargans-Werdenberg (Holy Roman Empire)	1264	30 December 1322
	Imayavaramban Neduncheralathan	Chera Dynasty (India)	130	188
	Jadumani Rautara	Chikiti-Eastern Ganga (India)	Winter 1633	31 December 1691
	Jayaba Mukne	Jawhar State (India)	1307	1365
	Jit Sen	Suket (British India from 1712)	1663	1721
	Muhammad Shafi Ud-Din II	Sultanate of Sambas (Borneo)	1866	1924
	Mulraj II	Jaisalmer (British India)	1762	1820
	Rajapala	Gurjara-Pratihara (India)	960	1018
	Ramasimhadeva	Karnata (India)	1227	1285
	Rawat Shri Suraj Mal Sahib	Devgarh (India)	1473	1531
	Rudolph I	Saxe-Wittenberg (Holy Roman Empire)	1298	12 March 1356
	Tuoba Liwei/Emperor Shenyuan	Tuoba Clan (China)	219	277
	Yusa	Kingdom of Kano (Nigeria)	1136	1194		[106] [107]
	Adolf Ludwig Wilhelm	Sayn-Wittgenstein-Karlsburg (Holy Roman Empire)	1749	1806	57 years
	Balabhadra Rautara	Chikiti-Eastern Ganga (India)	840	897
	Bajradhar Narendra	Ranpur (India)	1842	July 12, 1899
	Bernhard I	Bentheim-Bentheim (Holy Roman Empire)	1364	1421
	Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg	Aq Qoyunlu (Iran)	1378	1435
	Birakesari Deva I Bhagirathi Deva	Khurda Kingdom (British India)	1736	1793
	Deria Sugulle Ainanshe	Habr Yunis Sultanate (Somaliland)	1797	1854
	Jaswant Singh	Nabha (British India)	1783	22 May 1840
	Jing	Qi (China)	547 BC	490 BC
	John	Waldburg-Waldsee (Holy Roman Empire)	1667	1724
	John II	Auxerre (France)	1304	1361
	Pharasmanes I the Great	Kingdom of Iberia (Georgia)	1	58
	Prithvi Chand	Baghal State (British India from 1712)	1670	1727
	Kori	Oyo Empire (Nigeria)	1300	1357
	Mithridates VI	Pontus (Turkey)	120 BC	63 BC
	Nasir al-Din Muhammad	Mihrabanid dynasty	1261	1318
	Maredudd ap Tewdws	Kingdom of Dyfed (Wales)	740	797
	Rawat Sawai Anup Singhji II of Begun	Begun (British Raj)	1890	1947
	Sargon	Akkadian Empire (Iraq)	2272 BC	2215 BC
	Sheikh Hamad bin Abdullah Al Sharqi	Emirate of Fujairah (United Arab Emirates)	1879	31 December 1936
	Sourigna Vongsa	Lan Xang (Laos)	1637	1694
	Orontes I	Armenia	401 BC	344 BC
	Vseslav II Bryachislavich [lower-alpha 59]	Polotsk (Belarus)	1044	1101
	Yi Hham Hka	Kengtung (Myanmar)	1403	1460
	Zhaoxiang	Qin (China)	307 BC	250 BC
	Abas I	Tashir-Dzoraget (Armenia)	989	1045	56 Years
	Berthold IV	Henneberg-Schleusingen (Holy Roman Empire)	1284	1340
	Bhup Singh	Nalagarh State (British India from 1712)	1705	1761
	Eberhard III	Nordgau (Holy Roman Empire)	864	920
	Genghis Khan	Khamag Mongol (1171–1206) Mongol Empire (1206–1227)	1171	25 August 1227
	Gruffudd ap Cynan	Gwynedd (Wales)	1081	1137
	Harendra Narayan	Cooch Behar State (British India)	1783	1839
	Idris Ibn Abi Bakr	Dar Qimr  [ ca ] (Sudan)	1879	1935
	Mun	Balhae (Korea)	737	793
	Nripati Beta I Garuda	Kakatiya Dynasty (India)	995	1051
	Prithvisimhji Gajsinhji	Danta State (British India from 1712)	1687	1743
	Qasim Yaqut Khan	Jafarabad State (British India from 1712)	1678	1734
	Sartanji II Vikmatji	Porbandar State (British India)	1757	1813
	Sultan Mustafa	Kota Pinang (Dutch Indonesia from 1816)	1815	28 August 1871
	Theodoric III	County of Montbéliard (Holy Roman Empire)	1227	1283

See also

• List of centenarians (politicians and civil servants)
• List of oldest living state leaders
• List of shortest-reigning monarchs
• Lists of state leaders
• Lists of state leaders by age
• Records of heads of state

Notes

1. Elizabeth was Queen of many other states, but other than these four, her reign was shorter. Lengths listed below are for Elizabeth as monarch of an independent country or dominion; except for Jamaica for which she would rank 17th, none would entitle her to a place on this list. The following states were British dominions at the start of Queen Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became independent as republics during her reign:
   •   Pakistan (including Bangladesh) (republic 23 March 1956; 4 years, 46 days)
   •   South Africa (republic 31 May 1961; 9 years, 114 days)
   •   Ceylon (republic, with the name Sri Lanka, 22 May 1972; 20 years, 106 days)
   The following states were not sovereign at the start of Queen Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became sovereign and later became republics during her reign:
   •   Ghana (sovereign 6 March 1957, republic 1 July 1961; 4 years, 87 days)
   •   Nigeria (sovereign 1 October 1960, republic 1 October 1963; 3 years, 0 days)
   •   Sierra Leone (sovereign 27 April 1961, republic 19 April 1971; 9 years, 357 days)
   •   Tanganyika (sovereign 9 December 1961, republic 9 December 1962; 1 year, 0 days)
   •   Trinidad and Tobago (sovereign 31 August 1962, republic 1 August 1976; 13 years, 336 days)
   •   Uganda (sovereign 9 October 1962, republic 9 October 1963; 1 year, 0 days)
   •   Kenya (sovereign 12 December 1963, republic 12 December 1964; 1 year, 0 days)
   •   Malawi (sovereign 6 July 1964, republic 6 July 1966; 2 years, 0 days)
   •   Malta (sovereign 21 September 1964, republic 13 December 1974; 10 years, 83 days)
   •   The Gambia (sovereign 18 February 1965, republic 24 April 1970; 5 years, 65 days)
   •   Guyana (sovereign 26 May 1966, republic 23 February 1970; 3 years, 273 days)
   •   Barbados (sovereign 30 November 1966, republic 30 November 2021; 55 years, 0 days)
   •   Mauritius (sovereign 12 March 1968, republic 12 March 1992; 24 years, 0 days)
   •   Fiji (sovereign 10 October 1970, republic 6 October 1987; 16 years, 361 days)
   The following states were not sovereign at the start of Queen Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became sovereign during her reign and retained her as Queen:
   •   Jamaica (sovereign 6 August 1962; 60 years, 33 days)
   •   Bahamas (sovereign 10 July 1973; 49 years, 60 days)
   •   Grenada (sovereign 7 February 1974; 48 years, 213 days)
   •   Papua New Guinea (sovereign 16 September 1975; 46 years, 357 days)
   •   Solomon Islands (sovereign 7 July 1978; 44 years, 63 days)
   •   Tuvalu (sovereign 1 October 1978; 43 years, 342 days)
   •   Saint Lucia (sovereign 22 February 1979; 43 years, 198 days)
   •   Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (sovereign 27 October 1979; 42 years, 316 days)
   •   Belize (sovereign 21 September 1981; 40 years, 352 days)
   •   Antigua and Barbuda (sovereign 1 November 1981; 40 years, 311 days)
   •   Saint Kitts and Nevis (sovereign 19 September 1983; 38 years, 354 days)
2. Length of reign applies to the independent states that have remained monarchies since her accession: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.
3. In the Mayan calendar, acceded 9.9.2.4.8, 5 Lamat 1 Mol; died 9.12.11.5.18, 6 Etz'nab 11 Yax. Long Count dates are converted using the GMT+2 correlation and the Julian Calendar. ^{[7] [8]}
4. In the Maya calendar, acceded 9.9.14.17.5, 6 Chikchan 18 K'ayab; died 9.13.3.5.7 12 Manik' 0 Yaxk'in. Western date is given by the GMT+2 correlation in the Julian Calendar. ^{[11] [12]}
5. Served as Regent for his father Emperor Taishō, from 29 November 1921 until his formal accession.
6. Longest de jure ruler of China, although the Qianlong Emperor held longer de facto power.
7. Sometimes called "Itzamnaaj Bahlam II", ^[11] or "Shield Jaguar". ^[12]
8. In the Maya calendar, acceded 9.12.9.8.1 5 Imix 4 Mak; died 9.15.10.17.14 6 Ix 12 Yaxk'in. Western date is given by the GMT+2 correlation in the Julian Calendar. ^[11]
9. In the Maya calendar, acceded 9.14.13.4.17 12 Kab'an 5 K'ayab'; died 9.17.14.13.2 11 Ik 5 Yax. Western date is given by the GMT+2 correlation in the Julian Calendar. ^[11]
10. Longest de facto ruler of China, although the Kangxi Emperor held longer de jure power.
11. Abdicated, but maintained de facto power as Retired Emperor until 7 February 1799.
12. Great Britain and Ireland were joined as the United Kingdom effective 1 January 1801 by the Acts of Union 1800.
13. In the Islamic calendar, acceded on 15th Shaban 427; died 18th Zilhaja 487. ^[29] His death date is sometimes given as 6 January 1095, ^[29] but most sources give 29 December 1094. ^{[30] [31] [32]}
14. James VI of Scotland was also the King of England and King of Ireland as James I, although he only became King of England and Ireland after the death of Elizabeth I in 1603.
15. The death of Rudolph II, Conrad's predecessor, is variously given as 11, 12 or 13 July. ^{[36] [37]}
16. He was proclaimed king at the age of four months, and his grandmother, Labotsibeni Mdluli, acted as regent until 22 December 1921 and then formally transferred all monarchial power to Sobhuza II. Some sources take the date of succession as the date on which his grandmother handed over the royal duties to him, not when he was proclaimed king. Swaziland became independent from the United Kingdom in 1968.
17. British India until 1858, British Raj from 1858.
18. Heinrich XI succeeded to the throne as Count of Reuss-Obergreiz in 1723 on the death of his brother, Heinrich IX (all male members of the family were named Heinrich in order of birth, even across cousins). In 1778 he became the first Prince of Reuss Elder Line.
19. Holy Roman Empire until 1806, from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
20. Ruled as Count until 1807, as Prince thereafter.
21. Count John Louis was born after the death of his father Count Johann II on 25 July 1472; he succeeded to the throne at birth.
22. Acceded to the Union of India on 15 August 1947. Merged Kapurthala into the Patiala and Eastern Punjab States Union (PEPSU) on 5 May 1948, relinquished his sovereign powers with effect from 20 August. ^[47] Rajpramukh of the PEPSU from 5 May 1948 until his death on 17 June 1949
23. Holy Roman Empire until 1806, from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
24. Holy Roman Empire until 1806,from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
25. From 1640 he also ruled Schaumburg-Lippe
26. Eleanor was Duchess of Aquitaine in her own right, although medieval law dictated that her various husbands (Louis VII of France, Henry II of England) and sons (Richard I and John of England) reign with her jointly.
27. Merged his state into the United State of Kathiawad on 15 February 1948, but lived until 28 June 1954.
28. Frederick Augustus I was known as Frederick Augustus III before 1806.
29. Holy Roman Empire until 1806,from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
30. British protectorate from 1880
31. Was forced to abdicate by the British in 1923 but the Bahrinis did not recognize this and considered him the rightful monarch until 1932.
32. Holy Roman Empire until 1806,from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
33. Philipp II ruled as co-ruler with his brother till 1442 when they divided their inheritances.
34. After 1671 Christian also ruled Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld after that line went extinct.
35. Ulrich V was Count of all Württemberg until its partition between Württemberg-Urach and Württemberg-Stuttgart in 1442. He continued as Count of the latter branch until his death in 1480.
36. Acceded to the Union of India on 14 August 1947, but retained sovereignty over his state until his death on 31 March 1948
37. Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt was part of the German Confederation from 1815 until 1866.
38. Johann Jakob I succeeded as Truchsess (Archsteward), and was raised to the rank of Graf (Count) in 1628.
39. Pepi II's figure has been disputed by some Egyptologists who favour a shorter reign length of 64 years, given the absence of attested dates known for Pepi after his 31st Count, which would equate to 62 years assuming the count to be biennial. Others point, however, to the consistency between the existing historical sources all crediting Pepi with over 90 years of reign. Finally, the lack of evidence beyond his 62nd year does not preclude a much longer reign, especially in view of the decay of the Egyptian state into the chaos of the First Intermediate Period at the end of Pepi's reign.
40. A dispute exists concerning when Taejo's reign ended. Lower estimates suggest 121–145 and higher ones up to 167 but the most widely believed one is 146 since Korean historians claim that he died in that year.
41. 121 CE is another possible accepted date of Taejo's end reign
42. While the chronology of his reign is disputed, his existence is generally accepted by most historians.
43. Some sources just give 80 years of lifespan not reign and Chronology disputed
44. Other sources put his start date as 679 or 688.
45. Some sources just give 79 Years of Lifespan not Reign.
46. During his lifetime, Otto I had many co-monarchs, including his father Rudolph IV, who made him ruler in 1308; he also ruled with his brother Henry IV until he died in 1318, as well as his brother Rudolph VI, who died in 1352.
47. In Co-Reign with his Mother until 1128
48. Shapur II was crowned in utero: the crown was placed upon his mother's belly. This child, named Shapur, was therefore born king; the government was conducted by his mother and the magnates.
49. Dominated by Nepal until 1816 and then by the British.
50. Robert I was in co-rule with his step-brother Edward II until 1352
51. Historians debate whether he was a Chinese or Vietnamese ruler (named Triệu Vũ Đế))
52. Sometimes her aunt Anne de La Tour d'Auvergne's death is given as June 1524 or 16 June 1524 (see for example her French wikipedia article), though sources seem to be laking for such specific dates and so she remains here. If sources are found for the 16th of June, she can be moved into the second section with 64 years, 203 days as her reign length
53. ^{[105] [106] [107]}
54. In Co-Reign with his father until 1704
55. Had a interruption between 1818 and 1822 but later regained it in 1822, counting both of his periods he had a reign of 59 years.
56. Disputed name or ruler has two names.
57. He had Regents until 1921.
58. Part of German East Africa from 1890.
59. He also ruled Russia for a brief period between 1068 and 1069.

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