List of longest-reigning monarchs

For the current reigning monarchs, see List of current reigning monarchs by length of reign.

Louis XIV, the longest-reigning sovereign monarch whose reign is verifiable by exact date

This is a list of the longest-reigning monarchs in history, detailing the monarchs and lifelong leaders who have reigned the longest, ranked by length of reign.

Monarchs of sovereign states with verifiable reigns by exact date

The following are the 25 longest-reigning monarchs of states who were internationally recognised as sovereign for most or all of their reign. Byzantine emperors Constantine VIII and Basil II, reigning for 66 years in total (962–1028) and for 65 years in total (960–1025) respectively, are not included, because for part of those periods they reigned only nominally as junior co-emperors alongside senior emperors.

Regencies are not counted against monarchs, hence Louis XIV is listed first among the monarchs of sovereign states despite his mother Anne of Austria being his regent for eight years. A distinction is not made between absolute and constitutional monarchs, hence Elizabeth II is listed second despite being a figurehead her entire reign.

The currently living longest-reigning monarch, Hassanal Bolkiah of Brunei, is not included on the list because Brunei was not a sovereign state until 1984. Bolkiah will be eligible for inclusion if he is still reigning in 2040 and surpasses Conrad I's independent rule of 56 years, 99 days.

No.	Portrait	Name	State	Reign		Duration		Ref.
				From	To	(days)	(years, days)
1		Louis XIV	France   Andorra	14 May 1643	1 September 1715	26,407	72 years, 110 days	[1]
2		Elizabeth II	United Kingdom   Canada   Australia   New Zealand [a]	6 February 1952	8 September 2022	25,782	70 years, 214 days [b]	[2] [3] [4]
3		Rama IX (Bhumibol Adulyadej)	Thailand	9 June 1946	13 October 2016	25,694	70 years, 126 days	[5]
4		Johann II	Liechtenstein	12 November 1858	11 February 1929	25,658	70 years, 91 days	[6]
5		Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal I	Palenque (Mexico)	27 July 615 [c]	29 August 683	24,870	68 years, 33 days	[7] [9]
6		Franz Joseph I	Austrian Empire (1848–1867)   Austria-Hungary (1867–1916)	2 December 1848	21 November 1916	24,825	67 years, 355 days	[10]
7		Chan Imix Kʼawiil	Copán (Honduras)	5 February 628 [d]	15 June 695	24,602	67 years, 130 days	[13] [14]
8		Ferdinand III	Sicily (1759–1816)   Two Sicilies (1816–1825)	6 October 1759	4 January 1825	23,831	65 years, 90 days	[15]
9		Victoria	United Kingdom	20 June 1837	22 January 1901	23,226	63 years, 216 days	[16]
10		James I	Crown of Aragon	12 September 1213	27 July 1276	22,964	62 years, 319 days	[17]
11		Emperor Shōwa [e] (Hirohito)	Empire of Japan (1926–1947)   Japan (1947–1989)	25 December 1926	7 January 1989	22,659	62 years, 13 days	[18]
12		Kangxi Emperor [f]	China	5 February 1661	20 December 1722	22,597	61 years, 318 days	[19]
13		Honoré III	Monaco	29 December 1731	13 January 1793	22,296	61 years, 15 days	[20] [21]
14		Itzamnaaj Bahlam III [g]	Yaxchilan (Mexico)	20 October 681 [h]	15 June 742	22,153	60 years, 238 days	[11]
15		Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat	Quiriguá (Guatemala)	29 December 724 [i]	27 July 785	22,125	60 years, 210 days	[22] [23]
16		Qianlong Emperor [j]	China	18 October 1735	9 February 1796 [k]	22,029	60 years, 114 days	[24]
17		Christian IV	Denmark–Norway	4 April 1588	28 February 1648	21,879	59 years, 330 days	[25]
18		George III	Hanover (1760–1820)   Great Britain (1760–1800)   Ireland (1760–1800)   United Kingdom [l] (1801–1820)	25 October 1760	29 January 1820	21,644	59 years, 96 days	[26]
19		Louis XV	France   Andorra	1 September 1715	10 May 1774	21,436	58 years, 251 days	[27]
20		Pedro II	Brazil	7 April 1831	15 November 1889	21,407	58 years, 222 days	[28]
21		Al-Mustansir Billah	Fatimid Caliphate (Egypt)	13 June 1036 [m]	29 December 1094	21,383	58 years, 199 days	[29] [30]
22		Nicholas I	Principality of Montenegro (1860–1910)   Kingdom of Montenegro (1910–1918)	13 August 1860	26 November 1918	21,288	58 years, 105 days	[33]
23		Wilhelmina	Netherlands	23 November 1890	4 September 1948	21,104	57 years, 286 days	[34]
24		James VI	Scotland [n]	24 July 1567	27 March 1625	21,066	57 years, 246 days	[35]
25		Conrad I	Burgundy	12 July 937 [o]	19 October 993	20,553	56 years, 99 days	[36]

Monarchs of dependent or constituent states with verifiable reigns by exact date

The table below contains 100 monarchs of states that were not independent sovereigns for at least a portion of their reigns.

Sobhuza II, the longest-reigning monarch ever whose reign is verifiable by exact date

No.	Portrait	Name	State	Reign		Duration		Ref.
				From	To	(days)	(years, days)
1		Sobhuza II [p]	Swaziland (British protectorate until 1968)	10 December 1899	21 August 1982	30,204	82 years, 254 days	[38]
2		Bernhard VII	Lippe (Holy Roman Empire)	11 August 1429	2 April 1511	29,819	81 years, 234 days	[39]
3		Udai Pratap Nath Shah Deo	Chotanagpur (British Raj)	9 July 1869	21 September 1950	29,658	81 years, 74 days	[40]
4		Maeda Tsunanori	Kaga Domain (Tokugawa shogunate, Japan)	30 April 1645	29 June 1724 [q]	28,914	79 years, 60 days	[41]
5		William IV	Henneberg-Schleusingen (Holy Roman Empire)	26 May 1480	24 January 1559	28,732	78 years, 243 days	[39]
6		Karansinhji II Vajirajji	Lakhtar State [r]	15 June 1846	8 August 1924	28,543	78 years, 54 days	[42]
7		Heinrich XI [s]	Reuss-Obergreiz (Holy Roman Empire)	17 March 1723	28 June 1800	28,227	77 years, 103 days	[43] [44] [39]
8		Idrus ibni Muhammad Al-Qadri  [ ms ]	Tampin (Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia) (part of British Malaya until 1957)	31 May 1929	26 December 2005	27,968	76 years, 209 days	[39]
9		Christian August	Palatinate-Sulzbach (Holy Roman Empire)	14 August 1632	23 April 1708	27,635	75 years, 243 days	[39]
10		Bishan Chandra Jenamuni	Rairakhol State [r]	13 March 1825	10 June 1900	27,482	75 years, 89 days	[45]
11		Charles I	Eu (France)	16 June 1397	25 July 1472	27,433	75 years, 39 days	[46]
12		Mudhoji IV Rao Naik Nimbalkar	Phaltan State [r]	7 December 1841	17 October 1916	27,342	74 years, 315 days	[39]
13		Eugen Erwein the Posthumous	Schönborn-Heusenstamm (Holy Roman Empire)	27 January 1727	25 July 1801	27,207	74 years, 179 days	[47]
14		Bhagvatsingh Sahib	Gondal State (British Raj)	14 December 1869	10 March 1944	27,114	74 years, 87 days	[39]
15		George William	Schaumburg-Lippe [t] [u]	13 February 1787	21 November 1860	26,944	73 years, 282 days	[39]
16		Charles Frederick	Baden (Holy Roman Empire until 1806)	12 May 1738	10 June 1811	26,691	73 years, 29 days	[39]
17		John I	Leuchtenberg (Holy Roman Empire)	23 November 1334	2 December 1407	26,671	73 years, 9 days	[48]
18		John III Louis	Nassau-Saarbrücken (Holy Roman Empire)	19 October 1472	4 June 1545	26,526	72 years, 228 days [v]	[49]
19		Itō Nagatomo  [ ja ]	Okada Domain (Tokugawa shogunate, Japan)	17 July 1778	19 July 1850	26,299	72 years, 2 days	[50]
20		Ernest II	Oettingen-Wallerstein (Holy Roman Empire)	7 September 1598	3 March 1670	26,110	71 years, 177 days	[51]
21		Henry Frederick	Hohenlohe-Langenburg (Holy Roman Empire)	29 January 1628	2 June 1699	26,057	71 years, 124 days	[52]
22		Jagatjit Singh	Kapurthala State (British Raj)	3 September 1877	20 August 1948	25,918	70 years, 352 days [w]	[54]
23		Parashuramrao Shrinivas I	Aundh State (Maratha Empire, later British East India Company)	30 August 1777	11 June 1848	25,852	70 years, 286 days	[55]
24		Henryk IX Starszy	Żagań-Głogów (Bohemia)	14 March 1397	11 November 1467	25,809	70 years, 242 days	[56]
25		Werner von Salm-Reifferscheidt  [ bg ]	Salm-Reifferscheid (Holy Roman Empire)	31 October 1559	16 December 1629	25,614	70 years, 46 days	[57]
26		Carl I August	Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach [x]	28 May 1758	14 June 1828	25,584	70 years, 17 days	[58]
27		George I	Anhalt-Dessau (Holy Roman Empire)	19 January 1405	21 September 1474	25,447	69 years, 245 days	[59]
28		Alberico I	Massa and Carrara (Holy Roman Empire)	15 June 1553	18 January 1623	25,409	69 years, 207 days	[60]
29		Sanada Yukimichi	Matsuhiro Domain (Tokugawa shogunate, Japan)	8 March 1658	15 July 1727	25,330	69 years, 129 days
30		Heinrich Joseph Johann	Principality of Auersperg (Holy Roman Empire)	6 November 1713	9 February 1783	25,297	69 years, 95 days	[61]
31		Frederick III	Inner Austria (Holy Roman Empire)	10 June 1424	19 August 1493	25,272	69 years, 70 days	[62] [63]
32		George William	Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (Holy Roman Empire)	16 December 1600	25 December 1669	25,211	69 years, 9 days	[64]
33		Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne	Duchy of Bouillon (Holy Roman Empire, later France)	9 August 1652	26 July 1721	25,187	68 years, 351 days	[65]
34		Frederick V	Hesse-Homburg [y]	7 February 1751	20 January 1820	25,183	68 years, 347 days	[66]
35		John Louis Volrad	Löwenstein-Wertheim-Virneburg (Holy Roman Empire)	31 March 1721	4 February 1790	25,147	68 years, 310 days	[67]
36		Vikramatji Khimojiraj	Porbandar State [r]	20 June 1831	21 April 1900	25,142	68 years, 305 days	[68]
37		Krishnaraja Wodeyar III	Kingdom of Mysore (Princely State of East India Company after 1831; British Raj after 1857)	30 June 1799	27 March 1868	25,107	68 years, 271 days	[69]
38		Johann Friedrich  [ de ]	Castell-Rüdenhausen (Holy Roman Empire)	10 January 1681	23 June 1749	25,000	68 years, 164 days	[70]
39		Chintaman Rao I Patwardhan	Sangli State (Maratha Empire, later British East India Company)	6 February 1783	15 July 1851	24,995	68 years, 159 days	[71]
40		Otto II the One-Eyed	Brunswick-Göttingen (Holy Roman Empire)	13 November 1394	6 February 1463	24,922	68 years, 85 days	[72]
41		Sawant Singh	Pratapgarh State (Maratha Empire, later British East India Company)	26 October 1775	5 January 1844	24,907	68 years, 71 days	[73]
42		Christian Karl Reinhard	Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg (Holy Roman Empire)	3 November 1698	17 November 1766	24,850	68 years, 14 days	[74]
43		Raja Ram Singh	Bundi State [r]	14 May 1821	28 March 1889	24,790	67 years, 318 days	[75]
44		Malietoa Tanumafili II	Samoa	5 July 1939	11 May 2007	24,782	67 years, 310 days	[76] [77]
45		Vakhatsinhji Meghrajji	Vallabhipura State (British Raj)	20 August 1875	5 June 1943	24,760	67 years, 289 days	[78]
46		Philip I	Lippe-Alverdissen (1613-1640) Schaumburg-Lippe (1640-1681) (Holy Roman Empire)	7 December 1613	10 April 1681	24,596	67 years, 124 days	[79] [80]
47		Henry III	Margraviate of Meissen (Holy Roman Empire)	18 February 1221	15 February 1288	24,468	66 years, 362 days	[81] [82]
48		Eleanor [z]	Aquitaine (France)	9 April 1137	1 April 1204	24,464	66 years, 358 days	[83]
49		Sulaiman Sharif ul-'Alam Shah	Sultanate of Serdang (part of Dutch East Indies until 1945 and part of Indonesia since 1945)	20 December 1879	13 October 1946	24,403	66 years, 297 days	[84]
50		Augustus	Anhalt-Plötzkau (Holy Roman Empire)	6 December 1586	22 August 1653	24,366	66 years, 259 days	[85]
51		Amarsinhji Banesinhji [aa]	Wankaner State (British Raj)	12 June 1881	15 February 1948	24,353	66 years, 248 days	[86]
52		Frederick I	Helfenstein-Wiesensteig (Holy Roman Empire)	7 April 1372	20 August 1438	24,240	66 years, 135 days
53		Khengarji III	Cutch (British Raj)	19 December 1875	15 January 1942	24,133	66 years, 27 days	[87]
54		Philip I	Brunswick-Grubenhagen (Holy Roman Empire)	15 August 1485	4 September 1551	24,125	66 years, 20 days
55		William IV the Victorious	Brunswick-Lüneburg (Holy Roman Empire)	14 October 1416	25 July 1482	24,025	65 years, 284 days	[88]
56		Leopold III	Anhalt-Dessau (Holy Roman Empire)	16 December 1751	9 August 1817	23,977	65 years, 236 days	[89] [90]
57		Makino Tadakiyo	Nagaoka Domain (Tokugawa shogunate, Japan)	5 August 1766	17 August 1831	23,752	65 years, 12 days	[91]
58		Obizzo I d'Este  [ it; fr ]	Este and Ferrara (Holy Roman Empire)	15 December 1128	25 December 1193	23,751	65 years, 10 days	[92]
59		Jean I	Duchy of Brittany (France)	21 October 1221	8 October 1286	23,728	64 years, 352 days
60		Frederick William	Hohenzollern-Hechingen (Holy Roman Empire)	24 January 1671	14 November 1735	23,669	64 years, 294 days
61		Johann Seyfried von Eggenberg  [ bg; it; cs ]	Eggenberg (Holy Roman Empire)	5 February 1649	5 November 1713	23,648	64 years, 273 days	[93]
62		Gangadharrao II Patwardhan	Miraj Senior (British Raj)	6 June 1875	11 December 1939	23,563	64 years, 188 days	[94]
63		Marie II	County of Soissons (France)	25 October 1482	1 April 1547	23,534	64 years, 158 days	[95]
64		Vishwanath Singh Bahadur	Chhatarpur State (British Raj)	4 November 1867	4 April 1932	23,527	64 years, 152 days	[96]
65		Frederick II Magnus	Salm-Neuweiler (Holy Roman Empire)	26 October 1608	25 January 1673	23,467	64 years, 91 days
66		Oda Nobuhisa	Obata Domain (Tokugawa Shogunate, Japan)	6 August 1650	17 August 1714	23,386	64 years, 11 days
67		Ibrahim	Johor, Malaysia (part of British Malaya until 1957)	4 June 1895	8 May 1959	23,348	63 years, 338 days
68		Sayajirao Gaekwad III	Baroda State (British Raj)	27 May 1875	6 February 1939	23,265	63 years, 256 days
69		Albert Anton	Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (Holy Roman Empire)	4 November 1646	24 June 1710	23,242	63 years, 232 days
70		Anthony Günther	Duchy of Oldenburg (Holy Roman Empire)	12 November 1603	19 June 1667	23,230	63 years, 219 days
71		Frederick Augustus I [ab]	Saxony [ac]	17 December 1763	5 May 1827	23,149	63 years, 139 days
72		Matilda	Tuscany (Holy Roman Empire De jure)	6 May 1052	24 July 1115	23,088	63 years, 79 days
73		Johann Gerhard	Manderscheid-Gerolstein-Bettingen (Holy Roman Empire)	30 July 1648	5 October 1711	23,076	63 years, 67 days
74		Ludwig I	Principality of Anhalt (Holy Roman Empire)	6 December 1586	7 January 1650	23,043	63 years, 32 days	[97]
75		Isa bin Ali Al Khalifa	Bahrain [ad]	1 December 1869	9 December 1932 [ae]	23,018	63 years, 8 days
76		Charles III	Upper Lorraine (Holy Roman Empire)	12 June 1545	14 May 1608	22,972	62 years, 327 days
77		Philip II	Isenburg-Birstein (Holy Roman Empire)	18 May 1533	5 April 1596	22,968	62 years, 323 days
78		Johann Friedrich II	Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Öhringen (Holy Roman Empire)	17 October 1702	24 August 1765	22,957	62 years, 311 days
79		Philipp Ernst	Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst (Holy Roman Empire)	21 February 1697	29 November 1759	22,925	62 years, 281 days
80		Bernhard II	Saxe-Meiningen [af]	24 December 1803	20 September 1866	22,916	62 years, 270 days
81		Philip II	Nassau-Weilburg (Holy Roman Empire)	2 July 1429	19 March 1492	22,906	62 years, 261 days [ag]
82		Nicolas Leopold I  [ de ]	Salm-Hoogstraat (Holy Roman Empire)	6 June 1707	4 February 1770	22,889	62 years, 243 days
83		Philip Joseph	Salm-Kyrburg (Holy Roman Empire)	16 October 1716	7 June 1779	22,879	62 years, 234 days
84		Christian II	Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Bischweiler (Holy Roman Empire)	6 September 1654	26 April 1717	22,877	62 years, 232 days
85		Léopold Philippe	Arenberg (Holy Roman Empire)	19 August 1691	4 March 1754	22,842	62 years, 197 days
86		Hafiz Muhammad Ibrahim Ali Khan Bahadur	Tonk State (British Raj)	20 December 1867	23 June 1930	22,830	62 years, 185 days
87		Rudolf I	Bregenz-Chur-Lower Raetia (Holy Roman Empire)	26 October 1097	27 April 1160	22,828	62 years, 184 days
88		Hosokawa Tsunatoshi  [ ja ]	Kumamoto Domain (Tokugawa shogunate, Japan)	28 January 1650	11 July 1712	22,809	62 years, 165 days
89		Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi	Ras Al Khaimah (United Arab Emirates)	17 July 1948	27 October 2010	22,747	62 years, 102 days
90		Nahar Singh	Shahpura State (British Raj)	21 April 1870	24 June 1932	22,709	62 years, 64 days
91		Johann Christian I	Eggenberg (Holy Roman Empire)	5 February 1649	14 December 1710	22,591	61 years, 312 days	[ citation needed ]
92		Tuanku Abdul Hamid Halim Shah	Kedah Kedah Sultanate (British Malaya)	22 September 1881	13 May 1943	22,512	61 years, 233 days
93		John Dominic	Salm-Kyrburg (Holy Roman Empire)	16 October 1716	2 June 1778	22,509	61 years, 229 days
94		Philipp IV	Waldeck-Wildungen (Holy Roman Empire)	28 May 1513	30 November 1574	22,466	61 years, 186 days
95		Wakhatsinhji II Dalelsinhji	Lunavada State (British Raj)	31 October 1867	27 April 1929	22,458	61 years, 178 days
96		Paku Alam VIII	Pakualaman (part of Dutch East Indies until 1945 and part of Indonesia since 1945)	12 April 1937	11 September 1998	22,432	61 years, 152 days
97		Ludwig Gustav	Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst (Holy Roman Empire)	20 September 1635	21 February 1697	22,435	61 years, 154 days
98		Kamei Koremasa	Tsuwano Domain (Tokugawa shogunate, Japan)	22 September 1619	6 February 1681	22,418	61 years, 137 days
99		Victor Amadeus	Anhalt-Bernburg (Holy Roman Empire)	22 September 1656	14 February 1718	22,414	61 years, 135 days
100		Isipum	Geumgwan Gaya (Gaya confederacy)	8 July 346	4 October 407	22,368	61 years, 88 days	[98] [99]

Monarchs whose exact dates of rule are unknown

These monarchs are grouped according to length of reign by year in whole numbers. Within each year-grouping, they appear in historical order. In a given year, there may have been a wide array of actual reign lengths based on days. Thus, this table does not present a precise ranking by length of reign. The list is limited to those that might reasonably be expected to lie within the range of those in the tables above, at minimum 56 years. Emphasised states were sovereign. Japanese legendary emperors, according to the ancient Japanese calendar, reigned for very long terms of 60–70 years each. The longest ruler of the legendary emperors, Emperor Kōan, was claimed to have reigned for about 101 years. These figures are not included in the table because they are regarded as inaccurate by modern scholars. For those, see Longevity myths. Rulers with both independent and dependent rules are combined.

Portrait	Name	Country	Reign		Duration (approx. years)	Ref.
			from	to
	Min Hti [100]	Launggyet Dynasty of Arakan (Myanmar)	1279	1374	95 years	[100]
	Pepi II Neferkare [ah]	Egypt (Old Kingdom)	2278 BC	2184 BC(disputed)	94 years (disputed)	[101]
	Taejo [ai]	Goguryeo (Korea)	53	146 [aj] (disputed)	93 years (disputed)	[102]
	Nintoku [ak]	Japan (Kofun period)	313(disputed)	399(disputed)	86 years (disputed)	[103]
	Abd al-Muttalib	Quraysh (Mecca, Saudi Arabia)	497	578	81 years	[104]
	Ermanaric [al]	Oium (Ukraine)	296(disputed)	376	80 years (disputed)	[105]
	Hanayos	Hariphunchai (Thailand)	669(disputed) [am]	749		[106]
	Jangsu	Goguryeo (Korea)	412	491	79 years	[107]
	Sigismondo III	Este and San Martino in Rio (Holy Roman Empire)	1653	28 August 1732		[108]
	An Dương Vương	Âu Lạc (Vietnam)	257 BC(disputed)	179 BC(disputed)	78 years (disputed)	[109]
	Abu'l-Jaysh Ishaq ibn Ibrahim	Ziyadid dynasty (Yemen)	904	981	77 years	[110]
	Azmat Tallah Khan	Rajouri (Mughal Empire)	1683	12 November 1760		[111]
	Mirian III	Kingdom of Iberia (Georgia)	284	361		[112]
	Raisingh Deo	Patna (Mughal Empire, later Maratha Empire)	1685	1762		[113]
	Jadunath Singh Mangaraj	Khandpara (Mughal Empire)	1599	1675	76 years	[114]
	John Philip I	Stadion (Holy Roman Empire)	1666	2 January 1742		[115]
	Mulla Ismail	Dir (Mughal Empire)	1676	1752		[116]
	William I the Elder	Sayn-Wittgenstein (Holy Roman Empire)	1494	18 April 1570		[117]
	Raja Abhiram Singh	Saraikela (Maratha Empire, later British East India Company)	1743	1818	75 years	[118]
	Sauromaces I	Kingdom of Iberia (Georgia)	234 BC	159 BC		[120]
	Tai Wu	Shang dynasty (China)	1486 BC(disputed)	1411 BC(disputed)		[121]
	Vakhtang I Gorgasali	Kingdom of Iberia (Georgia)	447	522		[122]
	Uthiyan Cheralathan	Chera dynasty (India)	55	130		[123]
	Johann III	Sponheim-Starkenburg (Holy Roman Empire)	1324	30 December 1398	74 years	[124]
	Yo-Tha	Hariphunchai (Thailand)	1197	1271		[123]
	Afonso I Henriques	County of Portugal (1112–1139) Kingdom of Portugal (1139-1185)	1112 [an]	6 December 1185	73 years	[125] [126]
	Deria Hassan	Isaaq Sultanate (British Somaliland from 1884)	1870	1943		[127]
	Gangesvara Anantvarman Chodaganga Deva	Eastern Ganga (India)	1077	1150		[128]
	Tezozomoc	Azcapotzalco (Mexico)	1353(disputed)	1426		[129]
	Grigor II	Syunik (Armenia)	1094	1166	72 years	[130]
	Raja Sang Tawal (Abdullah)	Kelantan (Malaysia)	1267	1339		[131]
	Arwa al-Sulayhi	Sulayhid Sultanate (Yemen)	1067	5 May 1138	71 years	[132]
	Heinrich VIII the Noble	Fürstenberg-Wolfach (Holy Roman Empire)	Late 1419	30 November 1490		[133]
	Ngawang Tashi Drakpa	Phagmodrupa dynasty of Tibet (China)	1491 1556	1554 1564		[134]
	Huan	State of Qi (China)	637 BC	567 BC	70 years	[135]
	John III  [ de ]	Aarberg (Holy Roman Empire)	1427	1497		[136]
	John Ulrich	Stadion (Holy Roman Empire)	1530 [ao]	1600		[115]
	Muhtarram Shah Kator I	Chitral (Mughal Empire)	1585	1655		[137]
	Niandfo	Oubritenga (Nigeria)	1441	1511		[138]
	Pandukabhaya	Kingdom of Anuradhapura (Sri Lanka)	437 BC	367 BC		[139]
	Shapur II [ap]	Sasanian Empire (Iran)	309	379		[140]
	Tshudpud Namgyal	Kingdom of Sikkim [aq]	1793	1863		[141]
	Gerlach IV	Isenburg-Grenzau (1220-1258) Isenburg-Limburg (1258-1289) (Holy Roman Empire)	1220	1289	69 years	[142]
	Henry VI	County of Gorizia (Holy Roman Empire)	6 May 1385	1454		[143]
	Jai Chandra Katoch	Lambagraon-Kangra (British Raj)	1864	1933		[144]
	Simon I	County of Lippe (Holy Roman Empire)	1275	10 August 1344		[145]
	Alberto Azzo II	Margraviate of Milan and Este (Holy Roman Empire)	1029	20 August 1097	68 years	[146]
	Bernard	Strzelce, Niemodlin, and South Poland (Holy Roman Empire)	21 October 1382	1450		[147]
	Bhagirathi Birabara Harichandan	Talcher State (Maratha Empire, later British East India Company)	1778	1846		[148]
	Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II	Kedah Sultanate (Malaysia)	1710	1778		[149]
	Hkun Ti	Mongpawn (Myanmar)	1860	1928		[150]
	Louis II	Stadion (Holy Roman Empire)	1260	1328		[115]
	Malojirao III	Mudhol State (Maratha Empire)	1737	1805		[151]
	Eberhard II	Arenberg (Holy Roman Empire)	1387	1454	67 years	[152]
	Gopal Singha Dev II	Mallabhum State [r]	1809	1876		[153]
	Osman Mahamuud/ Uthman III ibn Mahmud	Majeerteen Sultanate (Italian Somaliland from 1889)	1860	30 September 1927		[154]
	Maha Singh	Jhabua State (Mughal Empire)	1610	1677		[155] [156]
	Sultan Abdul Kadir Moh Aidid	Sultanate of Gowa (Dutch East Indies)	1826	30 January 1893		[157]
	Mahmud Iskandar Shah	Perak (Malaysia)	1653	1720		[158]
	Eberhard I	Katzenelnbogen Junior (Holy Roman Empire)	1245	23 August 1311	66 years	[159]
	Jing	Song State (China)	517	451 [ar]		[160]
	Otto I	Baden-Hachberg-Sausenberg (Holy Roman Empire)	1318	1384		[161]
	Ramesses II	Egypt (New Kingdom)	31 May 1279 BC [162] [163]	Late July or Early August 1213 BC [164]		[164]
	Robert I [as]	Duchy of Bar (Holy Roman Empire)	December 1344	12 April 1411		[165]
	Togbi Amedor Kpegla I	Anlo Ewe (Ghana)	1840	22 January 1906		[166]
	Zhao Tuo [at]	Nanyue	203 BC	137 BC		[167]
	Catherine De' Medici	Auvergne (France)	1524 [au]	5 January 1589	65 years	[168]
	Haydar Mohammad Khan Bahadur	Pathari State [r]	1794	1859		[169]
	Matilda I	Nevers (France)	1192	1257		[170]
	Raja Miyan Syed Nuruddin Ali	Tarakote Raj [r]	1804	21 January 1869		[171]
	Raja Raj Ram Singh I	Sitamau State [r]	1802	1867		[172]
	Nandivarman II	Pallava Empire (India)	731	796		[173]
	Pharnavaz I	Kingdom of Iberia (Georgia)	299 BC	234 BC		[174] [175]
	Zhao	Song State (China)	469 BC [av]	404 BC		[176]
	Albert V	Anhalt-Dessau (Holy Roman Empire)	19 January 1405	1469	64 years	[59]
	Amoghavarsha	Rashtrakuta Empire (India)	814	878		[177]
	Henry VI	Henneberg-Aschach-Römhild (Holy Roman Empire)	1292	1356		[178]
	Udai Chand	Beja [r]	1841	20 June 1905		[179]
	Zhuang I	State of Qi (China)	794 BC	730 BC		[180]
	Andrew I	Vitré (France)	1072	1135	63 years
	Bagauda/Yakano	Kingdom of Kano (Nigeria)	998/999	1063/1064		[aw]
	Fahrettin Behramşah	Mengüjek (Turkey)	1162	1225		[184]
	Ganapati Deva	Kakatiya Dynasty (India)	1199	1262		[185]
	Mahmud III	Mali Empire	1496	1559		[186]
	Zombré	Wogodogo (Nigeria)	1681	1744		[187]
	Pradip Shah	Garhwal Kingdom (Maratha Empire)	1709	1772		[188]
	Raja Rampalji Bahadur	Kutlehar State (British Raj)	1864	22 November 1927		[189]
	Sripurusha	Western Ganga (India)	725	788		[190]
	Vijaya Sena	Sena dynasty (India)	1096	1159		[191]
	Abdul Jalilul Akbar	Brunei	1597	1659	62 years
	Bhola Bhima II	Gurjaradesa (India)	1178	1240
	Charles	Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn-Altenkirchen (Holy Roman Empire)	1741	1803
	Georg II	Montfort-Pfannberg (Holy Roman Empire)	1482	1544
	Gopal Lal	Kamta-Rajaula State [r]	1812	23 October 1874		[192]
	Henry I	Isenburg-Grenzau (Holy Roman Empire)	1158	1220
	Kaloji I Panchanji	Dhrol (Mughal Empire)	1644	1706
	King Oldman	Miskito Nation (Nicaragua and Honduras)	1625	1687
	Madhaba Rautara	Chikiti-Eastern Ganga (India)	997	1059
	Oubri	Oubritenga (Nigeria)	1182	1244
	Prithvi Shah	Garhwal Kingdom (Mughal Empire)	1552	9 January 1614
	Askia Hanga the Great	Dendi State (Niger)	1700	1761	61 years
	Bhavsinhji I Ratanji	Bhavnagar State (Mughal Empire)	1703	1764
	Chera Udaya Martanda Varma	Venadu Chera (India)	1383	1444
	Cleomenes II	Sparta (Greece)	370 BC	309 BC
	Donnchadh MacMurrough Kavanagh	Laighin (Ireland)	1417	1478
	Francis William	Salm-Reifferscheid-Bedbur (Holy Roman Empire)	1673	1734
	Hyeokgeose Geoseogan	Silla (Korea)	57 BC	4
	Leon II	Abasgia (767-778), Abkhazia (778-828)	767	828
	Peter II	Urgell (Catalonia, Spain)	1347	June 1408
	Orontes III	Armenia	321 BC	260 BC
	Otto I	Solms-Braunfels (Holy Roman Empire)	1349	1410
	Rao Shri Vijayraj Singh	Sirohi (India)	1250	1311
	Ravi Varma Chera	Venadu Chera (India)	1252	1313
	Winnemar	Manderscheid (Holy Roman Empire)	1206	1267
	Adesida I	Kingdom of Akure (Nigeria)	22 June 1897	1957	60 years
	Aescwine	Kingdom of Essex (England)	527	587
	Ali ibn Dawud I	Kilwa Sultanate (Tanzania)	1023	1083
	Avinita	Western Ganga (India)	469	529
	Cleopatra II	Egypt (Ptolemaic)	175 BC	115 BC
	Cynan Garwyn	Kingdom of Powys (Wales)	550	610
	Kotokuhene Nana Attafua	Akyem Kotoku (Ghana)	1867	25 September 1927
	Padam Singh Bundela	Jigni State (Mughal Empire)	1730	1790
	Friedrich I	Salm-Blankenburg (Holy Roman Empire)	1210	1270
	Friedrich II	County of Castell (Holy Roman Empire)	1289	1349		[193]
	Gerhard I	Schwarzburg–Hallermund (Holy Roman Empire)	1266	1326
	Gopinath Birabara Harichandan	Talcher State (India)	1651	1711
	Gusti Ngurah Agung II	Tabanan (Dutch East Indies)	Mid 1843	21 November 1903
	Heinrich II	Salm-Blankenburg (Holy Roman Empire)	1301	1361
	Hiero II	Syracuse (Sicily, Italy)	275 BC	215 BC
	Henry I	Isenburg-Cleeberg (Holy Roman Empire)	1167	1227
	Khingila	Alchon Huns (India)	430	490
	Kilhan	Dhundhar (India)	1216	1276
	Krishna Chandra Mardraj Harichandan [194]	Nilagiri State [r]	1833	1893
	Ludwig	Salm-Blankenburg (Holy Roman Empire)	1443	1503
	Mayadunne	Kingdom of Sitawaka (Sri Lanka)	1521	1581
	Mölambo	Bubi Kingdom (Nigeria)	1700	1760
	Mutasiva	Anuradhapura Kingdom (Sri Lanka)	367 BC	307 BC
	Pawl	Kingdom of Glywysing (Wales)	480	540
	Phromkuman	Singhanavati (Thailand)	1029	1089
	Pravarsena I the Great	Vakataka (India)	275	335
	Sophie	County of Bar (Holy Roman Empire)	1033	1093
	Sri Pravarasena II	Alchon Huns (India)	530	590
	Vanaraja	Chavada/Anahilawada (India)	846	906
	Vanghoji II Rao	Phaltan State (Mughal Empire)	1570	1630
	Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladithya	Kodungallur Chera (India)	962	1021	59 years
	Kulashekara Alupendra I	Alupa dynasty	1156	1215
	Bu Jiang	Xia dynasty (China)	1890 BC	1831 BC
	David I Anhoghin	Tashir-Dzoraget (Armenia)	989	1048
	Kulottunga I	Eastern Chalukyas, then Cholas	1061	1120
	Eberhard IV	Werdenberg-Trochtelfingen (Holy Roman Empire)	October 1416	Winter 1475
	Harisingh Vidyadhara	Dhenkanal State (India)	1531	1590		[195] [196]
	Himiko	Yamatai (Japan)	189	248
	Hu	State of Chen (China)	1045 BC	986 BC
	Gerlach II	Isenburg-Covern (Holy Roman Empire)	1158	1217
	John the Magnificent	Poitou (France)	1357	15 June 1416
	Mohan Singh	Rajgarh (Mughal Empire)	1638	1697
	Muhammad Bayazid Khan Bahadur	Jagir of Maler (1600–1657) Malerkotla (1657–1659) (Mughal Empire)	1600	1659
	Nawab Asad Ali Khan	Basoda State [r]	1800 11 May 1822 [ax]	1817 22 May 1864
	Raja Alhad Singh	Pratihar Rajputs of Nagod State (Maratha Empire)	1721	1780
	Konrad I the Scheerer	Tübingen (Holy Roman Empire)	1317	1376
	Otto I	Salm-Kyrburg (Holy Roman Empire)	1548	7 June 1607
	Raja Adesinhji I	Bhaderwah (Maratha Empire)	1722	1781
	Renaud II, Count of Orange	Principality of Orange (Holy Roman Empire)	1062	1121
	Sri Tegin Shah	Turk Shahis/Kabul Shahis (Afghanistan)	Autumn 680	739
	William III	County of Toulouse (France)	978	30 September 1037
	William IV	Jülich (Holy Roman Empire)	1219	1278
	Wu Ding	Shang dynasty (China)	1250 BC	1191 BC	59 years
	Gomani II Phillip [ay]	Maseko (Malawi)	1896	12 May 1954	58 years
	Guled Abdi	Isaaq Sultanate (Somaliland)	1750	1808
	Harald I Fairhair	Norway	872	930
	Henry II	Baden-Hachberg (Holy Roman Empire)	1231	1289
	Henry II	Isenburg-Grenzau (Holy Roman Empire)	1220	29 September 1278		[142]
	Henry IV	Henneberg-Schleusingen (Holy Roman Empire)	1347	1405
	Mwezi IV Gisabo	Kingdom of Burundi [az]	1850	1908
	Nan	Zhou dynasty (China)	314 BC	256 BC
	Rudolf II	Sargans-Werdenberg (Holy Roman Empire)	1264	30 December 1322
	Nedum Cheralathan	Chera Dynasty (India)	130	188
	Jadumani Rautara	Chikiti-Eastern Ganga (Mughal Empire)	Winter 1633	31 December 1691
	Jayaba Mukne	Jawhar State (India)	1307	1365
	Jit Sen	Suket (Mughal Empire)	1663	1721
	Muhammad Shafi Ud-Din II	Sultanate of Sambas (Borneo)	1866	1924
	Mulraj II	Jaisalmer (Maratha Empire, later British East India Company)	1762	1820
	Rajapala	Gurjara-Pratihara (India)	960	1018
	Ramasimhadeva	Karnata (India)	1227	1285
	Rawat Shri Suraj Mal Sahib	Devgarh (India)	1473	1531
	Rudolph I	Saxe-Wittenberg (Holy Roman Empire)	1298	12 March 1356
	Tuoba Liwei/Emperor Shenyuan	Tuoba Clan (China)	219	277
	Yusa	Kingdom of Kano (Nigeria)	1136	1194		[182] [183]
	Balabhadra Rautara	Chikiti-Eastern Ganga (India)	840	897	57 years
	Bajradhar Narendra	Ranpur (India)	1842	12 July 1899
	Bernhard I	Bentheim-Bentheim (Holy Roman Empire)	1364	1421
	Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg	Aq Qoyunlu (Iran)	1378	1435
	Birakesari Deva I Bhagirathi Deva	Khurda Kingdom (Maratha Empire)	1736	1793
	Deria Sugulle Ainanshe	Habr Yunis Sultanate (Somaliland)	1797	1854
	Jaswant Singh	Nabha (British East India Company)	1783	22 May 1840
	Jing	Qi (China)	547 BC	490 BC
	John II	Auxerre (France)	1304	1361
	Pharasmanes I the Great	Kingdom of Iberia (Georgia)	1	58
	Prithvi Chand	Baghal State (Mughal Empire)	1670	1727
	Kori	Oyo Empire (Nigeria)	1300	1357
	Mithridates VI	Pontus (Turkey)	120 BC	63 BC
	Nasir al-Din Muhammad	Mihrabanid dynasty	1261	1318
	Maredudd ap Tewdws	Kingdom of Dyfed (Wales)	740	797
	Sargon	Akkadian Empire (Iraq)	2272 BC	2215 BC
	Sheikh Hamad bin Abdullah Al Sharqi	Emirate of Fujairah (United Arab Emirates)	1879	31 December 1936
	Sourigna Vongsa	Lan Xang (Laos)	1637	1694
	Orontes I	Armenia	401 BC	344 BC
	Vseslav II Bryachislavich [ba]	Polotsk (Belarus)	1044	1101
	Yi Hham Hka	Kengtung (Myanmar)	1403	1460
	Zhaoxiang	Qin (China)	307 BC	250 BC
	Abas I	Tashir-Dzoraget (Armenia)	989	1045	56 Years
	Bhup Singh	Nalagarh State (Maratha Empire)	1705	1761
	Eberhard III	Nordgau (Holy Roman Empire)	864	920
	Genghis Khan	Khamag Mongol (1171–1206) Mongol Empire (1206–1227)	1171	25 August 1227
	Gruffudd ap Cynan	Gwynedd (Wales)	1081	1137
	Idris Ibn Abi Bakr	Dar Qimr  [ ca ] (Sudan)	1879	1935
	Mun	Balhae (Korea)	737	793
	Nripati Beta I Garuda	Kakatiya Dynasty (India)	995	1051
	Prithvisimhji Gajsinhji	Danta State (Mughal Empire)	1687	1743
	Qasim Yaqut Khan	Jafarabad State (Mughal Empire)	1678	1734
	Sartanji II Vikmatji	Porbandar State (British India)	1757	1813
	Sultan Mustafa	Kota Pinang (Dutch Indonesia from 1816)	1815	28 August 1871
	Theodoric III	County of Montbéliard (Holy Roman Empire)	1227	1283

See also

• List of centenarians (politicians and civil servants)
• List of oldest living state leaders
• List of shortest-reigning monarchs
• Lists of state leaders
• Lists of state leaders by age
• Records of heads of state

Notes

1. Elizabeth was Queen of many other states, but other than these four, her reign was shorter. Lengths listed below are for Elizabeth as monarch of an independent country or dominion; except for Jamaica for which she would rank 17th, none would entitle her to a place on this list. The following states were British dominions at the start of Queen Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became independent as republics during her reign:
   •   Pakistan (including Bangladesh) (republic 23 March 1956; 4 years, 46 days)
   •   South Africa (republic 31 May 1961; 9 years, 114 days)
   •   Ceylon (republic, with the name Sri Lanka, 22 May 1972; 20 years, 106 days)
   The following states were not sovereign at the start of Queen Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became sovereign and later became republics during her reign:
   •   Ghana (sovereign 6 March 1957, republic 1 July 1961; 4 years, 87 days)
   •   Nigeria (sovereign 1 October 1960, republic 1 October 1963; 3 years, 0 days)
   •   Sierra Leone (sovereign 27 April 1961, republic 19 April 1971; 9 years, 357 days)
   •   Tanganyika (sovereign 9 December 1961, republic 9 December 1962; 1 year, 0 days)
   •   Trinidad and Tobago (sovereign 31 August 1962, republic 1 August 1976; 13 years, 336 days)
   •   Uganda (sovereign 9 October 1962, republic 9 October 1963; 1 year, 0 days)
   •   Kenya (sovereign 12 December 1963, republic 12 December 1964; 1 year, 0 days)
   •   Malawi (sovereign 6 July 1964, republic 6 July 1966; 2 years, 0 days)
   •   Malta (sovereign 21 September 1964, republic 13 December 1974; 10 years, 83 days)
   •   The Gambia (sovereign 18 February 1965, republic 24 April 1970; 5 years, 65 days)
   •   Rhodesia (UDI 11 November 1965, republic 2 March 1970; 4 years, 111 days)
   •   Guyana (sovereign 26 May 1966, republic 23 February 1970; 3 years, 273 days)
   •   Barbados (sovereign 30 November 1966, republic 30 November 2021; 55 years, 0 days)
   •   Mauritius (sovereign 12 March 1968, republic 12 March 1992; 24 years, 0 days)
   •   Fiji (sovereign 10 October 1970, republic 6 October 1987; 16 years, 361 days)
   The following states were not sovereign at the start of Queen Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became sovereign during her reign and retained her as Queen:
   •   Jamaica (sovereign 6 August 1962; 60 years, 33 days)
   •   Bahamas (sovereign 10 July 1973; 49 years, 60 days)
   •   Grenada (sovereign 7 February 1974; 48 years, 213 days)
   •   Papua New Guinea (sovereign 16 September 1975; 46 years, 357 days)
   •   Solomon Islands (sovereign 7 July 1978; 44 years, 63 days)
   •   Tuvalu (sovereign 1 October 1978; 43 years, 342 days)
   •   Saint Lucia (sovereign 22 February 1979; 43 years, 198 days)
   •   Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (sovereign 27 October 1979; 42 years, 316 days)
   •   Belize (sovereign 21 September 1981; 40 years, 352 days)
   •   Antigua and Barbuda (sovereign 1 November 1981; 40 years, 311 days)
   •   Saint Kitts and Nevis (sovereign 19 September 1983; 38 years, 354 days)
2. Length of reign applies to the independent states that have remained monarchies since her accession: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.
3. In the Mayan calendar, acceded 9.9.2.4.8, 5 Lamat 1 Mol; died 9.12.11.5.18, 6 Etz'nab 11 Yax. Long Count dates are converted using the GMT+2 correlation and the Julian Calendar. ^{[7] [8]}
4. In the Maya calendar, acceded 9.9.14.17.5, 6 Chikchan 18 K'ayab; died 9.13.3.5.7 12 Manik' 0 Yaxk'in. Western date is given by the GMT+2 correlation in the Julian Calendar. ^{[11] [12]}
5. Served as Regent for his father Emperor Taishō, from 29 November 1921 until his formal accession.
6. Longest de jure ruler of China, although the Qianlong Emperor held longer de facto power.
7. Sometimes called "Itzamnaaj Bahlam II", ^[11] or "Shield Jaguar". ^[12]
8. In the Maya calendar, acceded 9.12.9.8.1 5 Imix 4 Mak; died 9.15.10.17.14 6 Ix 12 Yaxk'in. Western date is given by the GMT+2 correlation in the Julian Calendar. ^[11]
9. In the Maya calendar, acceded 9.14.13.4.17 12 Kab'an 5 K'ayab'; died 9.17.14.13.2 11 Ik 5 Yax. Western date is given by the GMT+2 correlation in the Julian Calendar. ^[11]
10. Longest de facto ruler of China, although the Kangxi Emperor held longer de jure power.
11. Abdicated, but maintained de facto power as Retired Emperor until 7 February 1799.
12. Great Britain and Ireland were joined as the United Kingdom effective 1 January 1801 by the Acts of Union 1800.
13. In the Islamic calendar, acceded on 15th Shaban 427; died 18th Zilhaja 487. ^[29] His death date is sometimes given as 6 January 1095, ^[29] but most sources give 29 December 1094. ^{[30] [31] [32]}
14. James VI of Scotland was also the King of England and King of Ireland as James I, although he only became King of England and Ireland after the death of Elizabeth I in 1603.
15. The death of Rudolph II, Conrad's predecessor, is variously given as 11, 12 or 13 July. ^{[36] [37]}
16. He was proclaimed king at the age of four months, and his grandmother, Labotsibeni Mdluli, acted as regent until 22 December 1921 and then formally transferred all monarchial power to Sobhuza II. Some sources take the date of succession as the date on which his grandmother handed over the royal duties to him, not when he was proclaimed king. Swaziland became independent from the United Kingdom in 1968.
17. Formally "abdicated" on 6 May 1723 but officially continued to rule until his death on 29 June 1724 after which point his son Maeda Yoshinori assumed full power.
18. British East India Company until 1858, British Raj from 1858.
19. Heinrich XI succeeded to the throne as Count of Reuss-Obergreiz in 1723 on the death of his brother, Heinrich IX (all male members of the family were named Heinrich in order of birth, even across cousins). In 1778 he became the first Prince of Reuss Elder Line.
20. Holy Roman Empire until 1806, from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
21. Ruled as Count until 1807, as Prince thereafter.
22. Count John Louis was born after the death of his father Count Johann II on 25 July 1472; he succeeded to the throne at birth.
23. Acceded to the Union of India on 15 August 1947. Merged Kapurthala into the Patiala and Eastern Punjab States Union (PEPSU) on 5 May 1948, relinquished his sovereign powers with effect from 20 August. ^[53] Rajpramukh of the PEPSU from 5 May 1948 until his death on 17 June 1949
24. Holy Roman Empire until 1806, from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
25. Holy Roman Empire until 1806,from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
26. Eleanor was Duchess of Aquitaine in her own right, although medieval law dictated that her various husbands (Louis VII of France, Henry II of England) and sons (Richard I and John of England) reign with her jointly.
27. Merged his state into the United State of Kathiawad on 15 February 1948, but lived until 28 June 1954.
28. Frederick Augustus I was known as Frederick Augustus III before 1806.
29. Holy Roman Empire until 1806,from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
30. British protectorate from 1880
31. Was forced to abdicate by the British in 1923 but the Bahrinis did not recognize this and considered him the rightful monarch until 1932.
32. Holy Roman Empire until 1806,from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
33. Philipp II ruled as co-ruler with his brother till 1442 when they divided their inheritances.
34. Pepi II's figure has been disputed by some Egyptologists who favour a shorter reign length of 64 years, given the absence of attested dates known for Pepi after his 31st Count, which would equate to 62 years assuming the count to be biennial. Others point, however, to the consistency between the existing historical sources all crediting Pepi with over 90 years of reign. Finally, the lack of evidence beyond his 62nd year does not preclude a much longer reign, especially in view of the decay of the Egyptian state into the chaos of the First Intermediate Period at the end of Pepi's reign.
35. A dispute exists concerning when Taejo's reign ended. Lower estimates suggest 121–145 and higher ones up to 167 but the most widely believed one is 146 since Korean historians claim that he died in that year.
36. 121 CE is another possible accepted date of Taejo's end reign
37. While the chronology of his reign is disputed, his existence is generally accepted by most historians.
38. Some sources just give 80 years of lifespan not reign and Chronology disputed
39. Other sources put his start date as 679 or 688.
40. In co-reign with his mother, Theresa, until 1128
41. His start date is also sometimes given as 1537
42. Shapur II was crowned in utero: the crown was placed upon his mother's belly. This child, named Shapur, was therefore born king; the government was conducted by his mother and the magnates.
43. Dominated by Nepal until 1816 and then by the British.
44. Alternatively his death date is put as 469. Might have co-reigned with his son until 451
45. Robert I was in co-rule with his step-brother Edward II until 1352
46. Historians debate whether he was a Chinese or Vietnamese ruler (named Triệu Vũ Đế))
47. Sometimes her aunt Anne de La Tour d'Auvergne's death is given as June 1524 or 16 June 1524 (see for example her French wikipedia article), though sources seem to be laking for such specific dates and so she remains here. If sources are found for 16 June, she can be moved into the second section with 64 years, 203 days as her reign length
48. An alternate start date is put as being 451. Could have possibly co-ruled with his father since 469.
49. ^{[181] [182] [183]}
50. Had a interruption between 1818 and 1822 but later regained it in 1822, counting both of his periods he had a reign of 59 years.
51. He had Regents until 1921.
52. Part of German East Africa from 1890.
53. He also ruled Russia for a brief period between 1068 and 1069.

References

1. "BBC – History – Historic Figures: Louis XIV (1638–1715)". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
2. "Queen Elizabeth II has died, Buckingham Palace announces". BBC News. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
3. "Her Majesty the Queen". The Royal Family. 29 December 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
4. Waites, Rosie (6 February 2012). "The moment a princess became a queen". BBC News. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
5. Crossette, Barbara (13 October 2016). "Bhumibol Adulyadej, 88, People's King of Thailand, Dies After 7-Decade Reign". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 12 April 2020.
6. "Biographies of the Princes and Princesses". House of Liechtenstein .
7. Pharo, Lars Kirkhusmo (2013). The Ritual Practice of Time: Philosophy and Sociopolitics of Mesoamerican Calendars. Brill. p. 92. ISBN   9789004252363.
8. Parmington, Alexander (2011). Space and Sculpture in the Classic Maya City. Brill. pp. 51, 95. ISBN   9789004252363.
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