Radeon 400 series

Radeon 400 series

Release date	29 June 2016;7 years ago (29 June 2016)
Codename	Polaris
Architecture	GCN 1st gen GCN 2nd gen GCN 4th gen
Transistors	950M (Olan) 28 nm 1.500M (Cape Verde) 28 nm 2.080M (Bonaire) 28 nm 3.000M (Baffin) 14 nm 5.700M (Ellesmere) 14 nm
Fabrication process	Samsung/GloFo 14 nm (FinFET) Some in 28 nm (CMOS)
Cards
Entry-level	Radeon R5 420 Radeon R5 430 Radeon R5 435 Radeon R7 430 Radeon R7 435 Radeon R7 450 Radeon RX 455 Radeon RX 460
Mid-range	Radeon RX 470D Radeon RX 470 Radeon RX 480
API support
DirectX	Direct3D 12.0 (feature level 12_0) [1] Shader Model 6.7 (GCN 4th gen) or Shader Model 6.5
OpenCL	OpenCL 2.1
OpenGL	OpenGL 4.5 (4.6 Windows 7+ and Adrenalin 18.4.1+) [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]
Vulkan	Vulkan 1.3 (GCN 4th gen) or Vulkan 1.2 [7] SPIR-V
History
Predecessor	Radeon 300 series
Successor	Radeon 500 series
Support status
GCN 4 cards supported

The Radeon 400 series is a series of graphics processors developed by AMD. These cards were the first to feature the Polaris GPUs, using the new 14 nm ^[8] FinFET manufacturing process, developed by Samsung Electronics and licensed to GlobalFoundries. The Polaris family initially included two new chips in the Graphics Core Next (GCN) family (Polaris 11 and Polaris 12). Polaris implements the 4th generation of the Graphics Core Next instruction set, and shares commonalities with the previous GCN microarchitectures.

Naming

The RX prefix is used for cards that offer over 1.5 teraflops of performance and 80 GB/s of memory throughput (with memory compression), and achieve at least 60 FPS at 1080p in popular games such as Dota 2 and League of Legends . Otherwise, it will be omitted. Like previous generations, the first numeral in the number refers to the generation (4 in this case) and the second numeral in the number refers to the tier of the card, of which there are six. Tier 4, the weakest tier in the 400 series, will lack the RX prefix and feature a 64-bit memory bus. Tiers 5 and 6 will have both RX prefixed and non-RX prefixed cards, indicating that while they will both feature a 128-bit memory bus and be targeted at 1080p gaming, the latter will fall short 1.5 teraflops of performance. Tiers 7 and 8 will each have a 256-bit memory bus and will be marketed as 1440p cards. The highest tier, tier 9, will feature a memory bus greater than 256-bit and shall be aimed at 4K gaming. Finally, the third numeral will indicate whether the card is in its first or second revision with either a 0 or 5, respectively. Therefore, for example, the RX 460 indicates that it has at least 1.5 teraflops of performance, 100 GB/s of memory throughput, has a 128-bit memory bus and will be able to achieve 60 FPS in the previously mentioned games at 1080p. ^[9]

OpenCL (API)

OpenCL allows use of GPUs for highly parallel numeric computation accelerates many scientific software packages against CPU up to factor 10 or 100 and more. OpenCL 1.0 to 1.2 are supported for all chips with Terascale or GCN architectures. OpenCL 2.0 is supported with GCN 2nd gen. or higher. ^[10] Any OpenCL 2.0 conformant card can gain OpenCL 2.1 and 2.2 support with only a driver update.^{[ citation needed ]}

Vulkan (API)

API Vulkan 1.0 is supported for all GCN architecture cards. Vulkan 1.2 requires GCN 2nd gen or higher with the Adrenalin 20.1 and Linux Mesa 20.0 drivers and newer.

New features

This series is based on the fourth generation GCN architecture. It includes new hardware schedulers, ^[11] a new primitive discard accelerator, ^[12] a new display controller, ^[13] and an updated UVD that can decode HEVC at 4K resolutions at 60 frames per second with 10 bits per color channel. ^[13] On 8 December 2016, AMD released Crimson ReLive drivers (Version 16.12.1), which make GCN-GPUs support VP9 decode acceleration up to 4K@60 Hz and twinned with support for Dolby Vision and HDR10. ^{[14] [15]}

Chips

Polaris

Polaris 10 features 2304 stream processors across 36 Compute Units (CUs), ^[16] and supports up to 8GB of GDDR5 memory on a 256-bit memory interface. The GPU replaces the mid-range Tonga segment of the Radeon M300 line. According to AMD, their prime target with the design of Polaris was energy efficiency: Polaris 10 was initially planned to be a mid-range chip, to be featured in the RX 480, with a TDP of around 110-135W ^[17] compared to its predecessor R9 380's 190W TDP. Despite this, the Polaris 10 chip is anticipated to run the latest DirectX 12 games "at a resolution of 1440p with a stable 60 frames per second." ^[17]

Polaris 11, on the other hand, is to succeed the "Curacao" GPU which powers various low-to-mid-range cards. It features 1024 stream processors over 16 CUs, coupled with up to 4GB of GDDR5 memory on a 128 bit memory interface. ^{[18] [19]} Polaris 11 has a TDP of 75W. ^{[17] [19]}

Reviews

Many reviewers praised the performance of the RX 480 8GB when evaluated in light of its $239 release price. The Tech Report stated that the RX 480 is the fastest card for the $200 segment at the time of its launch. ^[20] HardOCP gave this card an Editor's Choice Silver award. ^[21] PC Perspective gave it the PC Perspective Gold Award. ^[22]

RX 480 reference card PCI Express power limit violations

Some reviewers discovered that the AMD Radeon RX 480 violates the PCI Express power draw specifications, which allows a maximum of 75 watts (66 watts on its 12v pins) being drawn from the motherboard's PCI Express slot. Chris Angelini of Tom's Hardware noticed that in a stress test it can draw up to an average of 90 watts from the slot and 86 watts in a typical gaming load. ^[23] The peak usage can be up to 162 watts and 300 watts altogether with the power supply in a gaming load. ^[23] TechPowerUp corroborated these results by noting it can also draw up to 166 watts from the power supply, past the limit of 75 watts for a 6-pin PCI Express power connector. ^[24] Ryan Shrout of PC Perspective did a follow-up test after other reports and found out his review sample takes 80-84 watts from the motherboard at stock speed, and that the other PCI Express slots' 12 volt power supply pins were supplying only 11.5 volts during load on his Asus ROG Rampage V Extreme motherboard. ^[25] He was not concerned about the voltage droop due to the specification's 8% voltage tolerance, but did note of possible problems in systems where multiple overclocked RX 480 cards are running in quad CrossFire, or in motherboards that are not designed to withstand high currents, such as budget and older models. ^[25]

AMD has released a driver that reprograms the voltage regulator module to draw less power from the motherboard, allowing the power draw from the motherboard to pass the PCI Express specification. ^[26] While this worsens the overage on the 6-pin power connector, that violation is not much of a concern because these connectors have a greater safety margin in their power rating. ^[26] The amount of power drawn from on the connector is dependent on a newly introduced "compatibility mode" in the driver. When on, compatibility mode reduces the total power consumption of the card, allowing both power sources to operate closer to their ratings. Standard mode yields essentially unchanged performance, while compatibility mode results in performance drops within the error of benchmarks. ^[27] Some RX 480 cards designed by AMD's partners include an 8-pin power connector which can provide more power than the stock design. ^{[28] [29]}

Chipset table

Main articles: List of AMD graphics processing units, List of AMD processors with 3D graphics, and Graphics Core Next

• Supported display standards are: DisplayPort 1.4 HBR, HDMI 2.0b, HDR10 color ^[30]
• Dual-Link DVI-D and DVI-I at resolutions up to 4096×2304 are also supported, despite ports not being present on the reference cards.

Desktop

Model (Codename)	Release Date & Price	Architecture &  Fab	Transistors & Die Size	Core		Fillrate [lower-alpha 1] [lower-alpha 2] [lower-alpha 3]		Processing power [lower-alpha 1] [lower-alpha 4] (GFLOPS)		Memory				TBP	Bus interface
				Config [lower-alpha 5]	Clock [lower-alpha 1] (MHz)	Texture (GT/s)	Pixel (GP/s)	Single	Double	Size (GiB)	Bus type & width	Clock (MT/s)	Band- width (GB/s)
Radeon R5 430 (Oland Pro) [31] [32]	June 30, 2016 OEM	GCN 1st gen 28 nm	1040×106 90 mm2	384:24:8 6 CU	730 780	17.52 18.72	5.84 6.24	560 599	37.4 40	1 2	DDR3 GDDR5 128-bit	1800 4500	28.8 72	50 W	PCIe 3.0 ×8
Radeon R5 435 (Oland) [31] [33]				320:20:8 5 CU	1030	20.6	8.24	659	41.2	2	DDR3 64-bit	2000	16
Radeon R7 430 (Oland Pro) [34] [35]				384:24:8 6 CU	730 780	17.52 18.72	5.84 6.24	560 599	37.4 40	1 2 4	DDR3 GDDR5 128-bit	1800 4500	28.8 72
Radeon R7 435 (Oland) [34] [36]				320:20:8 5 CU	920	18.4	7.36	589	36.8	2	DDR3 64-bit	2000	16
Radeon R7 450 (Cape Verde Pro) [34] [37]			1500×106 123 mm2	512:32:16 8 CU	1050	33.6	16.8	1075	65.2		GDDR5 128-bit	4500	72	65 W	PCIe 3.0 ×16
Radeon RX 455 (Bonaire Pro) [34] [38]		GCN 2nd gen 28 nm	2080×106 160 mm2	768:48:16 12 CU		50.4		1613	100.8			6500	104	100 W
Radeon RX 460 (Baffin) [39] [40] [41] [19] [42]	August 8, 2016 $109 USD(2 GB) $139 USD(4 GB)	GCN 4th gen GloFo 14LPP [43] [lower-alpha 6]	3000×106 123 mm2	896:56:16 14 CU	1090 1200	61 67.2	17.4 19.2	1953 2150	122 132	2 4		7000	112	<75 W	PCIe 3.0 ×8
Radeon RX 470D (Ellesmere) [45]	October 21, 2016 CNY ¥1299 (China Only)		5700×106 232 mm2	1792:112:32 28 CU	926 1206	103.7 135.1	29.6 38.6	3319 4322	207 270	4	GDDR5 256-bit		224	120 W	PCIe 3.0 ×16
Radeon RX 470 (Ellesmere Pro) [39] [41] [19]	August 4, 2016 $179 USD			2048:128:32 32 CU		118.5 154.4		3793 4940	237 309	4 8		6600	211
Radeon RX 480 (Ellesmere XT) [46] [47] [48] [49]	June 29, 2016 $199 USD (4 GB) $239 USD (8 GB)			2304:144:32 36 CU	1120 1266	161.3 182.3	35.8 40.5	5161 5834	323 365			7000 8000	224 256	150 W

• v
• t
• e

1. Boost values (if available) are stated below the base value in italic.
2. Texture fillrate is calculated as the number of Texture Mapping Units multiplied by the base (or boost) core clock speed.
3. Pixel fillrate is calculated as the number of Render Output Units multiplied by the base (or boost) core clock speed.
4. Precision performance is calculated from the base (or boost) core clock speed based on a FMA operation.
5. Unified Shaders  : Texture Mapping Units  : Render Output Units and Compute Units (CU)
6. GlobalFoundries' 14 nm 14LPP FinFET process is second-sourced from Samsung Electronics. ^[44]

Mobile

Model (Codename)	Launch	Architecture &  Fab	Core		Fillrate [lower-alpha 1] [lower-alpha 2] [lower-alpha 3]		Processing power [lower-alpha 1] [lower-alpha 4] (GFLOPS)	Memory				TDP
			Config [lower-alpha 5]	Clock [lower-alpha 1] (MHz)	Texture (GT/s)	Pixel (GP/s)		Bus type & width	Size (GiB)	Clock (MHz)	Band- width (GB/s)
Radeon R5 M420 [50] (Jet Pro)	15 May 2016	GCN 1st gen 28 nm	320:20:8	780 855	15.6 17.1	6.24 6.84	499 547	DDR3 64-bit	2	1000	16.0	~20 W
Radeon R5 M430 [51] (Exo Pro)	15 May 2016		320:20:8	1030 ?	20.6	8.2	659.2 659.2	DDR3 64-bit	2	1000	14.4	18 W
Radeon R7 M435 [52] (Jet Pro)	15 May 2016		320:20:8	780 855	15.6 17.1	6.24 6.84	499 547	GDDR5 64-bit	4	1000	32	~20 W
Radeon R7 M440 [53] (Meso Pro)	15 May 2016		320:20:8	1021 ?	20.4	8.17	653 653	DDR3 64-bit	4	1000	16	~20 W
Radeon R7 M445 [54] (Meso Pro)	14 May 2016		320:20:8	780 920	15.6 18.4	6.24 7.36	499 589	GDDR5 64-bit	4	1000	32	~20 W
Radeon R7 M460 [55] [56] (Meso XT)	April 2016		384:24:8	1100 1125	26.4 27.0	8.8 9.00	844 864	DDR3 64-bit	2	900	14.4	Un­known
Radeon RX 460 [57] (Baffin)	August 2016	GCN 4th gen 14 nm	896:56:16	Un­known	Un­known	Un­known	Un­known	GDDR5 128-bit	2	1750	112	35 W?
Radeon R7 M465 [58] [59] (Litho XT)	May 2016	GCN 1st gen 28 nm	384:24:8	825 960	19.8 23.0	6.6 7.68	634 737	GDDR5 128-bit	4	1150	32	Un­known
Radeon R7 M465X [60] (Tropo XT)	May 2016		512:32:16	900 925	28.8 29.6	14.4 14.80	921 947	GDDR5 128-bit	4	1125	72	Un­known
Radeon R9 M470 [61] (Strato Pro)	May 2016	GCN 2nd gen 28 nm	768:48:16	900 1000	43.2 48.0	14.4 16.00	1382 1536	GDDR5 128-bit	4	1500	96	~75 W
Radeon R9 M470X [62] (Strato XT)	May 2016		896:56:16	1000 1100	56.0 61.6	16.00 17.60	1792 1971	GDDR5 128-bit	4	1500	96	~75 W
Radeon RX 470 [63] (Ellesmere Pro)	August 2016	GCN 4th gen 14 nm	2048:128:32	Un­known	Un­known	Un­known	Un­known	GDDR5 256-bit	4	1650	211	85 W?
Radeon RX 480M (Baffin)	TBA		1024:xx:xx	Un­known	Un­known	Un­known	Un­known	GDDR5 128-bit	Un­known	Un­known	Un­known	35 W
Radeon R9 M485X [64] (Antigua XT)	May 2016	GCN 3rd gen 28 nm	2048:128:32	723	92.5	23.14	2961	GDDR5 256-bit	8	1250	160	~100 W

• v
• t
• e

1. Boost values (if available) are stated below the base value in italic.
2. Texture fillrate is calculated as the number of Texture Mapping Units multiplied by the base (or boost) core clock speed.
3. Pixel fillrate is calculated as the number of Render Output Units multiplied by the base (or boost) core clock speed.
4. Precision performance is calculated from the base (or boost) core clock speed based on a FMA operation.
5. Unified Shaders  : Texture Mapping Units  : Render Output Units

Radeon Feature Matrix

The following table shows features of AMD/ATI's GPUs (see also: List of AMD graphics processing units).

[  VisualEditor  ]

• view
• talk
• edit

Name of GPU series	Wonder	Mach	3D Rage	Rage Pro	Rage 128	R100	R200	R300	R400	R500	R600	RV670	R700	Evergreen	Northern Islands	Southern Islands	Sea Islands	Volcanic Islands	Arctic Islands/Polaris	Vega	Navi 1x	Navi 2x	Navi 3x
Released	1986	1991	Apr 1996	Mar 1997	Aug 1998	Apr 2000	Aug 2001	Sep 2002	May 2004	Oct 2005	May 2007	Nov 2007	Jun 2008	Sep 2009	Oct 2010	Jan 2012	Sep 2013	Jun 2015	Jun 2016, Apr 2017, Aug 2019	Jun 2017, Feb 2019	Jul 2019	Nov 2020	Dec 2022
Marketing Name	Wonder	Mach	3D Rage	Rage Pro	Rage 128	Radeon 7000	Radeon 8000	Radeon 9000	Radeon X700/X800	Radeon X1000	Radeon HD 2000	Radeon HD 3000	Radeon HD 4000	Radeon HD 5000	Radeon HD 6000	Radeon HD 7000	Radeon 200	Radeon 300	Radeon 400/500/600	Radeon RX Vega, Radeon VII	Radeon RX 5000	Radeon RX 6000	Radeon RX 7000
AMD support
Kind	2D		3D
Instruction set architecture	Not publicly known										TeraScale instruction set					GCN instruction set					RDNA instruction set
Microarchitecture											TeraScale 1 (VLIW)			TeraScale 2 (VLIW5)	TeraScale 2 (VLIW5) up to 68xx TeraScale 3 (VLIW4) in 69xx [65] [66]	GCN 1st gen	GCN 2nd gen	GCN 3rd gen	GCN 4th gen	GCN 5th gen	RDNA	RDNA 2	RDNA 3
Type	Fixed pipeline [lower-alpha 1]						Programmable pixel & vertex pipelines				Unified shader model
Direct3D	—		5.0	6.0		7.0	8.1	9.0 11 (9_2)	9.0b 11 (9_2)	9.0c 11 (9_3)	10.0 11 (10_0)	10.1 11 (10_1)		11 (11_0)		11 (11_1) 12 (11_1)	11 (12_0) 12 (12_0)			11 (12_1) 12 (12_1)		11 (12_1) 12 (12_2)
Shader model	—						1.4	2.0+	2.0b	3.0	4.0	4.1		5.0		5.1	5.1 6.5			6.7
OpenGL	—			1.1	1.2	1.3		2.1 [lower-alpha 2] [67]			3.3			4.5 (on Linux: 4.5 (Mesa 3D 21.0)) [68] [69] [70] [lower-alpha 3]		4.6 (on Linux: 4.6 (Mesa 3D 20.0))
Vulkan	—															1.0 (Win 7+ or Mesa 17+)	1.2 (Adrenalin 20.1.2, Linux Mesa 3D 20.0) 1.3 (GCN 4 and above (with Adrenalin 22.1.2, Mesa 22.0))						1.3
OpenCL	—										Close to Metal		1.1 (no Mesa 3D support)	1.2+ (on Linux: 1.1+ (no Image support on clover, with by rustiCL) with Mesa 3D, 1.2+ on GCN 1.Gen)			2.0+ (Adrenalin driver on Win7+) (on Linux ROCM, Linux Mesa 3D 1.2+ (no Image support in clover, but in rustiCL with Mesa 3D, 2.0+ and 3.0 with AMD drivers or AMD ROCm), 5th gen: 2.2 win 10+ and Linux RocM 5.0+				2.2+ and 3.0 windows 8.1+ and Linux ROCM 5.0+ (Mesa 3D rustiCL 1.2+ and 3.0 (2.1+ and 2.2+ wip)) [71] [72] [73]
HSA / ROCm	—																				?
Video decoding ASIC	—										Avivo/UVD	UVD+	UVD 2	UVD 2.2	UVD 3	UVD 4	UVD 4.2	UVD 5.0 or 6.0	UVD 6.3	UVD 7 [74] [lower-alpha 4]	VCN 2.0 [74] [lower-alpha 4]	VCN 3.0 [75]	VCN 4.0
Video encoding ASIC	—															VCE 1.0	VCE 2.0	VCE 3.0 or 3.1	VCE 3.4	VCE 4.0 [74] [lower-alpha 4]
Fluid Motion [lower-alpha 5]																							?
Power saving	?										PowerPlay				PowerTune	PowerTune & ZeroCore Power					?
TrueAudio	—																Via dedicated DSP		Via shaders
FreeSync	—																1 2
HDCP [lower-alpha 6]	?																1.4		2.2		2.3 [76]
PlayReady [lower-alpha 6]	—																		3.0		3.0
Supported displays [lower-alpha 7]						1–2	2							2–6							?
Max. resolution	?													2–6 × 2560×1600		2–6 × 4096×2160 @ 30 Hz			2–6 × 5120×2880 @ 60 Hz	3 × 7680×4320 @ 60 Hz [77]	7680×4320 @ 60 Hz PowerColor		7680x4320 @165 HZ
/drm/radeon [lower-alpha 8]																		—
/drm/amdgpu [lower-alpha 8]	—															Experimental [78]

1. The Radeon 100 Series has programmable pixel shaders, but do not fully comply with DirectX 8 or Pixel Shader 1.0. See article on R100's pixel shaders.
2. R300, R400 and R500 based cards do not fully comply with OpenGL 2+ as the hardware does not support all types of non-power of two (NPOT) textures.
3. OpenGL 4+ compliance requires supporting FP64 shaders and these are emulated on some TeraScale chips using 32-bit hardware.
4. The UVD and VCE were replaced by the Video Core Next (VCN) ASIC in the Raven Ridge APU implementation of Vega.
5. Video processing for video frame rate interpolation technique. In Windows it works as a DirectShow filter in your player. In Linux, there is no support on the part of drivers and / or community.
6. To play protected video content, it also requires card, operating system, driver, and application support. A compatible HDCP display is also needed for this. HDCP is mandatory for the output of certain audio formats, placing additional constraints on the multimedia setup.
7. More displays may be supported with native DisplayPort connections, or splitting the maximum resolution between multiple monitors with active converters.
8. DRM (Direct Rendering Manager) is a component of the Linux kernel. AMDgpu is the Linux kernel module. Support in this table refers to the most current version.

See also

• AMD Radeon Pro
• AMD FirePro
• AMD FireMV
• AMD FireStream
• AMD Vega
• List of AMD graphics processing units

References

1. "AMD Radeon Software Crimson Edition 16.6.2 Release Notes". AMD . Retrieved 20 April 2018.
2. "AMD Radeon Software Crimson Edition 16.3 Release Notes". AMD . Retrieved 20 April 2018.
3. "AMDGPU-PRO Driver for Linux Release Notes". 2016. Archived from the original on 11 December 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
4. "Mesamatrix". mesamatrix.net. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
5. "RadeonFeature". X.Org Foundation . Retrieved 20 April 2018.
6. "AMD Adrenalin 18.4.1 Graphics Driver Released (OpenGL 4.6, Vulkan 1.1.70) | Geeks3D". May 2018.
7. "AMD Open Source Driver for Vulkan". GPUOpen . Retrieved 27 April 2022.
8. Moammer, Khalid (1 November 2015). "AMD Confirms 14nm CPUs, GPUs and APUs For 2016 – Working Samples Delivered by Globalfoundries". WCCFtech.com. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
9. WhyCry (30 June 2016). "AMD Radeon RX 400 series naming scheme explained". Videocardz.com. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
10. "The Khronos Group". The Khronos Group. 5 February 2019.
11. Shrout, Ryan (29 June 2016). "The AMD Radeon RX 480 Review - The Polaris Promise". PC Perspective. p. 2. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
12. Angelini, Chris (29 June 2016). "AMD Radeon RX 480 8GB Review". Tom's Hardware . p. 1. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
13. Angelini, Chris (29 June 2016). "AMD Radeon RX 480 8GB Review". Tom's Hardware . p. 2. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
14. AMD. "Radeon Software Crimson ReLive Edition 16.12.1 Release Notes". amd.com. amd.com. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
15. Jon Martindale. "AMD Crimson ReLive drivers should improve all GCN cards 8th Dec". kitguru.net. kitguru.net. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
16. Bayer, Thilo (4 July 2016). "Polaris 10: "There's nothing hidden on that product to unlock" - interview". PC Games Hardware. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
17. Anwar, Gohar (15 April 2016). "AMD Polaris 10 & Polaris 11 TDP Info Leaked, "Baffin" is Incredibly Power Efficient with Just 50W TDP". TechFrag. Hizzmedia. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
18. Anwar, Gohar (30 April 2016). "AMD Polaris 10 and Polaris 11 OpenGL Benchmarks Leaked, Polaris 11 having Two SKUs". TechFrag. Hizzmedia. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
19. Angelini, Chris (8 August 2016). "AMD Radeon RX 460 Review". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
20. Kampman, Jeff; Wild, Robert (29 June 2016). "AMD's Radeon RX 480 graphics card reviewed". The Tech Report. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
21. Justice, Brent (29 June 2016). Bennett, Kyle (ed.). "AMD Radeon RX 480 Video Card Review". HardOCP. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
22. Shrout, Ryan (29 June 2016). "The AMD Radeon RX 480 Review - The Polaris Promise". PC Perspective. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
23. Angelini, Chris (29 June 2016). "AMD Radeon RX 480 8GB Review". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
24. W1zzard (29 June 2016). "AMD Radeon RX 480 8 GB". TechPowerUp. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
25. Shrout, Ryan (30 June 2016). "Power Consumption Concerns on the Radeon RX 480". PC Perspective. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
26. Shrout, Ryan (7 July 2016). "AMD Radeon RX 480 Power Consumption Concerns Fixed with 16.7.1 Driver". PC Perspective. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
27. Smith, Ryan (7 July 2016). "AMD Posts Radeon 16.7.1 Drivers, Fixes RX 480 Power Consumption Issues". Anandtech.com. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
28. Williams, Daniel (26 July 2016). "MSI Show New Radeon RX 480 Gaming Cards". AnandTech. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
29. Chacos, Brad (22 July 2016). "Sapphire Nitro+ RX 480 review: Polaris rethought and refined". PC World. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
30. "Radeon RX 480 Graphics Card". AMD . Retrieved 19 August 2016.
31. "Radeon™ R5 Series Graphics Cards | OEM | AMD". www.amd.com. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
32. "AMD Radeon R5 430 OEM".
33. "AMD Radeon R5 435 OEM".
34. "Radeon™ R7 Series Graphics Cards | OEM | AMD". www.amd.com. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
35. "AMD Radeon R7 430 OEM".
36. "AMD Radeon R7 435 OEM".
37. "AMD Radeon R7 450 OEM".
38. "AMD Radeon RX 455 OEM".
39. Sexton, Michael (13 June 2016). "AMD Rounds Out Polaris Offerings With RX 470, RX 460 GPUs". Tom's Hardware . Purch Group . Retrieved 13 June 2016.
40. Smith, Ryan (15 June 2016). "A bit more on AMDs Polaris GPUs: 36 16 CUs". AnandTech . Purch Group . Retrieved 15 June 2016.
41. Smith, Ryan (28 July 2016). "AMD Announces RX 470 & RX 460 Specifications; Shipping in Early August". Anandtech. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
42. Justice, Brent (8 August 2016). "AMD Radeon RX 460 Official Specification Information". Hard OCP. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
43. "14LPP 14nm FinFET Technology". GLOBALFOUNDRIES. GLOBALFOUNDRIES.
44. Schor, David (22 July 2018). "VLSI 2018: GlobalFoundries 12nm Leading-Performance, 12LP". WikiChip Fuse. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
45. "AMD Radeon RX 470D".
46. "Radeon RX 480 Set to Drive Premium VR Experiences into the Hands of Millions of Consumers; Starting at Just $199" (Press release). Taipei, Taiwan. AMD Communications. 1 June 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
47. Smith, Ryan (1 June 2016). "AMD Teases Radeon RX 480: Launching June 29th for 199". Anandtech.com. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
48. Smith, Ryan (29 June 2016). "The AMD Radeon RX 480 Preview". Anandtech. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
49. "Radeon RX 480 Graphics Card". AMD. 29 June 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
50. "AMD Radeon R5 M420 Specs". TechPowerUp.
51. "AMD Radeon R5 M430 Specs". TechPowerUp.
52. "AMD Radeon R5 M435 Specs". TechPowerUp.
53. "AMD Radeon R7 M440 Specs". TechPowerUp.
54. "AMD Radeon R7 M445 Specs". TechPowerUp.
55. http://news.lenovo.com/news-releases/lenovo-launches-new-travel-ready-windows-10-tablet-and-yoga-laptops.htm
56. "AMD Radeon R7 M460 Specs". TechPowerUp.
57. "Radeon™ RX 460 HD Graphics Cards for Desktop | AMD". AMD.
58. "AMD Radeon R7 M465 Specs". TechPowerUp.
59. "Radeon™ R7 Series Graphics Cards | AMD". AMD.
60. "AMD Radeon R7 M465X Specs". TechPowerUp.
61. "AMD Radeon R9 M470 Specs". TechPowerUp.
62. "AMD Radeon R9 M470X Specs". TechPowerUp.
63. "Radeon™ RX 470 Graphics Cards for Desktop | AMD". AMD.
64. "AMD Radeon R9 M485X Specs". TechPowerUp.
65. "AMD Radeon HD 6900 (AMD Cayman) series graphics cards". HWlab. hw-lab.com. 19 December 2010. Archived from the original on 23 August 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022. New VLIW4 architecture of stream processors allowed to save area of each SIMD by 10%, while performing the same compared to previous VLIW5 architecture
66. "GPU Specs Database". TechPowerUp. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
67. "NPOT Texture (OpenGL Wiki)". Khronos Group. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
68. "AMD Radeon Software Crimson Edition Beta". AMD . Retrieved 20 April 2018.
69. "Mesamatrix". mesamatrix.net. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
70. "RadeonFeature". X.Org Foundation . Retrieved 20 April 2018.
71. "AMD Radeon RX 6800 XT Specs". TechPowerUp. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
72. "AMD Launches The Radeon PRO W7500/W7600 RDNA3 GPUs". Phoronix. 3 August 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
73. "AMD Radeon Pro 5600M Grafikkarte". TopCPU.net (in German). Retrieved 4 September 2023.
74. Killian, Zak (22 March 2017). "AMD publishes patches for Vega support on Linux". Tech Report. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
75. Larabel, Michael (15 September 2020). "AMD Radeon Navi 2 / VCN 3.0 Supports AV1 Video Decoding". Phoronix. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
76. Edmonds, Rich (4 February 2022). "ASUS Dual RX 6600 GPU review: Rock-solid 1080p gaming with impressive thermals". Windows Central. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
77. "Radeon's next-generation Vega architecture" (PDF). Radeon Technologies Group (AMD). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
78. Larabel, Michael (7 December 2016). "The Best Features of the Linux 4.9 Kernel". Phoronix . Retrieved 7 December 2016.