History
Influences and precursors
Screamin' Jay Hawkins has been seen as a pioneer for shock rock. After the success of his 1956 hit "I Put a Spell on You", Hawkins began to perform a recurring stunt at many of his live shows: he would emerge from a coffin, sing into a skull-shaped microphone and set off smoke bombs. [5] Another artist who performed similar stunts was the British singer-songwriter Screaming Lord Sutch.
1960s–1970s: Origins
The 1960s brought several proto-shock rock artists.[ citation needed ] The term was originally coined to describe the music of Frank Zappa and his group the Mothers of Invention. [4] In England, the Who often destroyed their instruments, the Move did the same to television sets, and Arthur Brown wore vivid makeup and a flaming headpiece. [7] In the US, Jimi Hendrix set his guitar alight at the Monterey Pop Festival in 1967. Detroit musician Iggy Pop of the Stooges adopted a violent, erratic onstage persona which drew influence from Jim Morrison of the Doors. Pop would often throw his body around the stage and was known to wear a dog collar during some performances, along with arm length silver lamé gloves, exemplifying both shock and glam rock sensibilities. [8] At one show in 1970, Pop smeared peanut butter on his body and threw it into the crowd. [8] In 1973, Pop committed self-mutilation on stage with a knife and at a later show exposed himself. [9]
On seeing Arthur Brown, Alice Cooper, often described as 'The Godfather of Shock rock', [10] stated, "Can you imagine the young Alice Cooper watching that with all his make-up and hellish performance? It was like all my Halloweens came at once!" [11]
1980s–2000s: Popularity
Subsequently, Roky Erickson coined the term "horror rock" [3] in 1980, when describing the music of his band Roky Erickson and the Aliens, whose music influenced by horror movies was retroactively noted by Compass News, [3] as influential to the development of shock rock. [12] [13] [14] [15]
The Plasmatics were an American punk rock band formed by Yale University art school graduate Rod Swenson with Wendy O. Williams. The band was a controversial group known for wild live shows. In addition to chainsawing guitars, blowing up speaker cabinets and sledgehammering television sets, Williams and the Plasmatics blew up automobiles live on stage. Williams was arrested in Milwaukee by the Milwaukee police before being charged with public indecency. [16] [ citation not found ] Jim Farber of Sounds described the show: "Lead singer/ex-porn star/current weight lifter Wendy Orleans Williams (W.O.W. for short) spends most of the Plasmatics' show fondling her family size breasts, scratching her sweaty snatch and eating the drum kit, among other playful events". [17] [ citation not found ]
In the 1980s in Richmond, Virginia, Gwar formed as a collaboration of artists and musicians, and since 2024, has been touring consistently for over forty years. [18] The band members make their own lavish monster costumes, which they claim are inspired by many of the creatures from H. P. Lovecraft's literary multiverse, the Cthulhu Mythos. Gwar frequently incorporates extravagant theatrics into their shows, such as mock jousts and pretending to murder each other.
The Mentors cultivated a shock-rock image by wearing executioners' hoods in concert and making deliberately outlandish statements to the press. In the 1990s, vocalist Eldon Hoke also began incorporating onstage sex acts into the band's repertoire. [19]
In the 1990s and 2000s, Marilyn Manson became perhaps the most notable and well known act in shock rock.[ according to whom? ] His band was once dubbed by former US Senator Joseph Lieberman (D-Conn) as "perhaps the sickest group ever promoted by a mainstream record company." Manson's stage antics, such as burning the American flag and ripping pages out of the Bible, have been the focus of protests throughout his career. [20] Manson argued that every artist has their means of presentation and that his visual and vocal styles are merely a way for him to control the angle that his audience and the general public view and interpret what he is trying to convey artistically. [21]
