String figure

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Photograph of a boy having made "Lightning", from Jayne's String Figures and How to Make Them. String Figures and How to Make Them.djvu
Photograph of a boy having made "Lightning", from Jayne's String Figures and How to Make Them.
"Osage Two Diamonds". Osage Two Diamonds Jayne Fig 56.jpg
"Osage Two Diamonds".
Illustrations from Jayne's String Figures and How to Make Them. String Figures and How to Make Them.djvu
Illustrations from Jayne's String Figures and How to Make Them.

A string figure is a design formed by manipulating string on, around, and using one's fingers or sometimes between the fingers of multiple people. String figures may also involve the use of the mouth, wrist, and feet. They may consist of singular images or be created and altered as a game, known as a string game, or as part of a story involving various figures made in sequence (string story). String figures have also been used for divination, such as to predict the sex of an unborn child. [1]

Contents

A popular string game is cat's cradle, but many string figures are known in many places under different names, [2] and string figures are well distributed throughout the world. [3] [4]

History

According to Camilla Gryski, a Canadian librarian and author of numerous string figure books, "We don't know when people first started playing with string, or which primitive people invented this ancient art. We do know that all primitive societies had and used string—for hunting, fishing, and weaving—and that string figures have been collected from native peoples all over the world." [5]

"Of the games people play, string figures enjoy the reputation of being the most widespread form of amusement in the world: more cultures are familiar with string figures than with any other game. Over 2,000 individual patterns have been recorded worldwide since the 19th century. It was long believed that anthropologist Franz Boas was the first to describe the construction of string figures (a pair of Inuit string figures) in 1888 (Boas 1888a, 1888b, Abraham 1988:12)." [6] , but actually string figure instructions already feature in several 19th century European books on children's games prior to that. [7] String figures are probably one of humanity's oldest games,[ citation needed ] and is spread among an astonishing variety of cultures, even ones as unrelated as Europeans and the Dayaks of Indonesia; Alfred Wallace who, while traveling in Borneo in the 1800s, thought of amusing the Dayak youths with a novel game with string, was in turn very surprised when they proved to be familiar with it, and showed him some figures and transitions that he hadn't previously seen. [8] [9] The anthropologist Louis Leakey has also attributed string figure knowledge with saving his life [10] and described his use of this game in the early 1900s to obtain the cooperation of Sub-Saharan African tribes otherwise unfamiliar with, and suspicious of, Europeans, [8] having been told by his teacher A.C. Haddon, "You can travel anywhere with a smile and a piece of string." [10]

The Greek physician Heraklas produced the earliest known written description of a string figure in his first century monograph on surgical knots and slings. [11] [12] [13] This work was preserved by republication in Oribasius' fourth century Medical Collections. The figure is described as a sling to set and bind a broken jaw, with the chin being placed in the center of the figure and the four loops tied near the top of the head. Called the "Plinthios Brokhos", the resulting figure has been identified by multiple sources as the figure known to Aboriginal Australians as "The Sun Clouded Over". [14] The Inuit are purported to possess a string figure representing the extinct woolly mammoth. [15]

Women's string-figure depicting "menstrual blood of three women", illustrating the Yolngu people's tribal mythology of menstrual synchrony. String figure.tiff
Women's string-figure depicting "menstrual blood of three women", illustrating the Yolngu people's tribal mythology of menstrual synchrony.
The lovers Okiku and Yosuke play cat's cradle, by Eishosai Choki. Eishosai Choki - Cat's Cradle.jpg
The lovers Okiku and Yosuke play cat's cradle, by Eishōsai Chōki.

String figures were widely studied by anthropologists like James Hornell [17] from the 1880s through around 1900, as they were used in attempts to trace the origin and developments of cultures. String figures, once thought to have proven monogenesis, appear to have arisen independently as an entertainment pastime in many societies. Many figures were collected and described from south-east Asia, Japan, South America, West Indies, Pacific Islanders, Inuit and other Native Americans. [5] Figures have also been collected in Europe and Africa. One of the major works on the subject is String Figures and How to Make Them ( DjVu ), by Caroline Furness Jayne.

The International String Figure Association (ISFA) was formed in 1978 with the primary goal of gathering, preserving, and distributing string figure knowledge so that future generations will continue to enjoy this ancient pastime. [18]

Terms

The "cup and saucer" begins with opening A, and step 3 (illustrated) is a Navajo. Tasse3.jpg
The "cup and saucer" begins with opening A, and step 3 (illustrated) is a Navajo.
Anatomical string figure locations, both hand. Labels indicate string/loop location (near/far, below/above, between hands, back of hand/(palm side)) unambiguously. Anatomical string figure locations, both hands.png
Anatomical string figure locations, both hand. Labels indicate string/loop location (near/far, below/above, between hands, back of hand/(palm side)) unambiguously.
Heraklas' "Plinthios Brokhos" made in a doubled cord. Resembles "A Hole in the Tree" with different crossings. Heraklas Plinthios Brokhos Jaw Sling.jpg
Heraklas' "Plinthios Brokhos" made in a doubled cord. Resembles "A Hole in the Tree" with different crossings.

While in string figure literature there are many phrases often used, there may be some variation with the fingers, loops, and strings indicated in different ways. A loop is the strings that go around the back of a finger, multiple fingers, or another body part such as the wrist. Some authors name the strings, fingers and their loops (near middle finger string, right index finger, pinky loop, for example), while others number them (3n, R1, 5 loop).[ citation needed ] One of the first methods of recording figures and sets of terminology was an anatomical system proposed in "A Method of Recording String Figures and Tricks" by W. H. R. Rivers and A. C. Haddon. [20] Though location or locations of a string are most often indicated by casual systems of terms such as "near" or "far", the Rivers and Haddon system is far less ambiguous, though this may be unnecessary for the most common, illustrated, figures. [21]

Below are some common[ citation needed ] moves, openings, and extensions.

Notable collectors and enthusiasts

Anthropologists & ethnologists
Other

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cat's cradle</span> String figure game

Cat's cradle is a game involving the creation of various string figures between the fingers, either individually or by passing a loop of string back and forth between two or more players. The true origin of the name is debated, though the first known reference is in The light of nature pursued by Abraham Tucker in 1768. The type of string, the specific figures, their order, and the names of the figures vary. Independent versions of this game have been found in indigenous cultures throughout the world, including in Africa, Eastern Asia, the Pacific Islands, Australia, the Americas, and the Arctic.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caroline Furness Jayne</span> American ethnologist (1873–1909)

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Honor Courtney Maude was a British-Australian authority on Oceanic string figures, having published Maude & Maude 1958, Maude & Wedgewood 1967, Firth & Maude 1970, Maude 1971, Maude 1978, Emory & Maude 1979, Maude 1984, and Beaglehole & Maude 1989. Maude was a charter member of the International String Figure Association in 1978.

Camilla Gryski is a Canadian librarian and string figure enthusiast. She has a degree in English, an M.L.S., an M.Ed, and a Montessori Primary Teaching Certificate. She worked in Toronto's Hospital for Sick Children as a Therapeutic Clown.

Julia Pavlovna Petrova-Averkieva was a Soviet anthropologist and string figure collector. A student of Franz Boas, and influenced by Lewis Henry Morgan, she went on to serve as the director of North American Studies at the Institute of Ethnography in Moscow. She compiled the a collection of Kwakwakaʼwakw string figures, which is recognized as "the most comprehensive Native American string figure collection ever assembled from a single tribe [or nation]."

Mark Allen Sherman of Pasadena, California is a biochemist (PhD) and prominent string figure enthusiast. His editing and writing led to the publishing of Kwakiutl String Figures by Julia Averkieva, "the most comprehensive Native American string figure collection ever assembled from a single tribe," the Kwakwaka'wakw. He founded ISFA Press in 1993, co-edited and illustrated String Figure Magazine from 1996 to 2005, and has been editor of the Bulletin of the International String Figure Association, which he founded, since 1994.

Kathleen Haddon Rishbeth was a British zoologist, photographer and collector of string figures. She was the wife of Australian geographer Oswald Rishbeth.

References

  1. ↑ Foster Jr., George M. (1941). "String-Figure Divination". American Anthropologist. New Series. 43 (1): 126–127. doi: 10.1525/aa.1941.43.1.02a00300 .
  2. ↑ Jayne (1962), p.340. Also Elffers & Schuyt (1979), p.44-5.
  3. ↑ Lois & Earl W. Stokes. "The Ancient Art of Hawaiian String Figures". Web of Life International, a project of Aloha International.
  4. ↑ Elffers, Joost and Schuyt, Michael (1978/1979). Cat's Cradles and Other String Figures, p.197. ISBN   0-14-005201-1.
  5. 1 2 Gryski, Camilla (1983). Cat's Cradle, Owl's Eyes: A Book of String Games, p.4. ISBN   0-688-03941-3.
  6. ↑ Averkieva, Julia P. and Sherman, Mark A. (1992) "Introduction by Mark A. Sherman", Kwakiutl String Figures , p.xiii. University of British Columbia. ISBN   978-0-7748-0432-5.
  7. ↑ Celnart, Mme (1827) Manuel Complet des Jeux de Société. Paris: Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret. p. 339-340.
  8. 1 2 Buchanan, Andrea J. and Peskowitz, Miriam (2007). The Daring Book for Girls, p.277. ISBN   978-0-06-147257-2.
  9. ↑ Wallace, Alfred (1872). The Malay Archipelago, Volume 1, p.89. Macmillan.
  10. 1 2 Morell, Virginia (1996). Ancestral Passions, p.33. ISBN   978-0-684-82470-3.
  11. ↑ Miller, Lawrence G. (1945). "The Earliest (?) Description of a String Figure". American Anthropologist. New Series. 47 (3): 461–462. doi:10.1525/aa.1945.47.3.02a00190.
  12. ↑ D'Antoni, Joseph (1997), Bulletin of the International String Figure Association, vol. 4, pp. 90–94, ISSN   1076-7886
  13. ↑ ISFA (June 2001). "Plinthios Brokhos". String Figure Magazine. 6 (2). International String Figure Association: 3–4. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
  14. ↑ Day, Cyrus L. (1967). Quipus and Witches' Knots . Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press. pp.  86–89, 124–126.
  15. ↑ T. T. Paterson (1949), "Eskimo String Figures and Their Origin," Acta Arctica 3:1-98.
  16. ↑ Knight, C. (1995). Blood Relations: Menstruation and the Origins of Culture. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 445. Figure re-drawn after McCarthy, F. D. (1960). "The string figures of Yirrkalla". In Mountford, C. P. (ed.). Records of the American-Australian Scientific Expedition in Arnhem Land. Anthropology and Nutrition. Vol. 2. Melbourne University Press. pp. 415–513 [466].
  17. ↑ Heppell, David; Sherman, Mark (2000). "Abstract A Tribute to James Hornell (1865-1949)". Bulletin of the International String Figure Association. No. 7. pp. 1–56.
  18. ↑ "About ISFA". 1999-06-26. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
  19. ↑ Gryski (1983), p.18-9. ISBN   0590254863.
  20. ↑ "A Method of Recording String Figures and Tricks". W. H. R. Rivers; A. C. Haddon. Man, Vol. 2. (1902), pp. 146-153. Man is currently published by Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.
  21. ↑ Averkieva and Sherman (1992), p.xxviii. ISBN   978-0-7748-0432-5.

Further reading

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