TRPM3-related neurodevelopmental disorder

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TRPM3-related neurodevelopmental disorder
Specialty Neurology

TRPM3-related neurodevelopmental disorder [1] is a monogenetic developmental and epileptic encephalopathy that affects the central nervous system. [2] The broad phenotype includes global developmental delay, intellectual disability, epilepsy, musculoskeletal anomalies, altered pain perception, ataxia, hypotonia, nystagmus, and cerebellar atrophy. [2] [3] [4]

Contents

Signs and Symptoms

The earliest sign for TRPM3-related neurodevelopmental disorder is usually congenital hypotonia. Infant feeding issues including dysphagia and gastroesophageal reflux are also reported. [1] Global developmental delay is nearly always present along with mild-to-severe intellectual disability. [1] [2] [4] Epilepsy is reported in 50% of cases. [1] [2]

Other signs of TRPM3-related neurodevelopmental disorder are dysmorphic facial features, scoliosis, hip dysplasia, exotropia, strabismus, nystagmus, ataxia, and altered pain perception. [1] [2]

Cause

TRPM3-related neurodevelopmental disorder is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder. [1] It is caused by missense mutations in the TRPM3 gene. [1] [2] Since the general population has numerous truncating variants and microdeletions throughout TRPM3, the underlying mechanism for neurodevelopmental disorder is not haploinsufficiency. [3]

Research has shown that the disease-associated mutations lead to a gain-of-function. The mutations produce increased basal activity of the TRPM3 ion channel as well as increased response to chemical and noxious heat stimuli. The gain-of-function results in increased intracellular Ca2+. It is possible that this increased channel activity and/or Ca2+ induced nerve damage could be the underlying mechanism of the disease. [5] [6] [2]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is made through genetic testing using an intellectual disability or epilepsy multigene panel that includes TRPM3 or whole exome sequencing. [1] Following identification of a mutation in the TRPM3 gene, alterations in channel activity are evaluated using electrophysiological assays and calcium imaging [2] [6] [5]

Treatment

There is currently no known cure or treatment for TRPM3-related neurodevelopmental disorder. Treatment for individual manifestations of symptoms may follow standard of care (anti-epileptic medication for seizures, physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, etc). [1]

A single study points to the anti-convulsant drug primidone as an off label therapeutic. [7] Primidone is a known TRPM3 antagonist. [8]

Prognosis

Life span is apparently not impacted by TRPM3-related neurodevelopmental disorder. Not enough data currently exists to understand the disease progression. [1]

Epidemiology

There are currently >30 reported cases of TRPM3-related neurodevelopmental disorder. [1] [4] [2] [9] [10] [11] It is unknown what the prevalence of this disorder is worldwide.



Other Resources

TRPM3 Foundation

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References

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