Outline of autism

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to autism:

Autism spectrum disorder – a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects social interaction and communication, and involves restricted and repetitive behavior.

What is autism?

An autistic toddler stacking cans, sometimes associated with autism

Autism can be described as all of the following:

• Disability – may be physical, cognitive, mental, sensory, emotional, developmental or some combination of these.
  • Developmental disability – a term used in the United States and Canada to describe lifelong disabilities attributable to mental or physical impairments, manifested prior to age 18.
• Disorder –
  • Developmental disorder – occur at some stage in a child's development, often slowing the development.
  • Neurodevelopmental disorder – or disorder of neural development, is an impairment of the growth and development of the brain or central nervous system.
  • Spectrum disorder
• A form of neurodiversity

Autistic traits

Signs of autism are highly variable, and different individuals will have a different mix of traits. Some more common traits include:

• Avoidance of eye contact – preference to avoid eye contact and feelings of fear or being overwhelmed when looking into someone's eyes
• Developmental delay – slower acquisition of life skills
• Emotional dysregulation – mood swings, including outbursts when overwhelmed
• Executive dysfunction – difficulty staying organized, initiating tasks, and/or controlling impulses

• Picture thinking – visual thinking

• Routines – need for routine and fear of unexpected change
• Sensory processing disorder – over- or under-responsiveness to sensory input
• Sincerity – tendency to tell the truth
• Special interests – narrow and passionate areas of interest
• Stimming – repetitive movements or sounds that stimulate the senses and regulate emotion and sensory processing

Research areas

Assessment tools

• Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule – an instrument for diagnosing and assessing Autism.
• Autism-spectrum quotient – AQ, is a questionnaire published in 2001 by Simon Baron-Cohen and his colleagues at the Autism Research Centre in Cambridge, UK.

Research areas and subjects

• Double empathy problem – a theory suggesting that the communication difficulties present in autistic individuals are due to a reciprocal lack of understanding and bidirectional differences in communication style among other factors rather than an inherent deficiency.
• Epidemiology of autism – the study of factors affecting autism spectrum disorders (ASDs).
• Epigenetics of autism – the study of epigenetic effects in ASDs.
• Mirror neuron – a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another.
• Spindle neuron – also called von Economo neurons (VENs), are a specific class of neurons that are characterized by a large spindle-shaped soma, gradually tapering into a single apical axon in one direction, with only a single dendrite facing opposite.
• Weak central coherence theory (WCC) – also called the central coherence theory (CC), suggests that a specific perceptual-cognitive style, loosely described as a limited ability to understand context or to "see the big picture", underlies the central disturbance in autism and related ASDs.

History

Main article: History of autism

Controversies

Main article: Controversies in autism

• Applied behavior analysis – a therapy that some have argued may be potentially abusive or too controlling, especially if the therapist is poorly trained.
• Autism's False Prophets – written by vaccine expert Paul Offit.
• Autism Speaks – the world's largest autism advocacy organization that sponsors autism research and conducts awareness and outreach activities aimed at families, governments, and the public; some have argued that it is exploitative and unkind.
• Gluten-free, casein-free diet – diet that eliminates dietary intake of gluten and casein.
• MMR vaccine and autism – was a case of scientific misconduct which triggered a health scare.
• Mother Warriors – written by New York Times bestselling author Jenny McCarthy.
• Refrigerator mother – an accusing label for mothers of children diagnosed with autism or schizophrenia, now widely understood to be a myth.
• Thiomersal and vaccines – describing discredited claims that vaccines containing the mercury-based preservative thiomersal contribute to the development of autism and other brain development disorders.
• Barber National Institute – a pro-ABA non-profit organization that is prominent in the state of Pennsylvania.

Pseudoscience and disproven treatments

• Autistic enterocolitis – other studies have explicitly refuted its existence.
• Craniosacral therapy – (also called CST, also spelled Cranial Sacral bodywork or therapy) is an alternative medicine therapy used by physiotherapists, osteopaths, massage therapists, naturopaths, and chiropractors.
• Chelation therapy – the administration of chelating agents to remove heavy metals from the body. Not effective in autism.
• Facilitated communication – a debunked technique which purports to allow non-verbal autistics to communicate.
• Hyperbaric oxygen therapy – the medical use of oxygen at a level higher than atmospheric pressure.
• Secretin – a hormone that controls the secretions into the duodenum, and also separately, water homeostasis throughout the body. Ineffective in autism. ^[1]
• Vaccine controversy – a dispute over the morality, ethics, effectiveness, or safety of vaccinations.

Notable autistic people

Greta Thunberg in 2019

• Susan Boyle (b. 1961) was first seen on Britain's Got Talent when she sang "I Dreamed a Dream" from Les Misérables. She has since become a successful singer and has mentioned how alive it makes her feel. She has also stated that her autism diagnosis came as a "relief" to her. ^[2]
• Michelle Dawson (b. 1961) is a Canadian autism researcher.
• Temple Grandin (b. 1947) is an American doctor of animal science and professor at Colorado State University, bestselling author, and consultant to the livestock industry on animal behavior.
• Anthony Hopkins (b. 1937) is a Welsh actor who is the first openly autistic actor to win an Academy Award. ^[3]
• Chris Packham (b. 1961) is an English naturalist, author, nature photographer and television presenter. ^[4]
• Jim Sinclair (activist) is an autism rights activist who wrote the landmark essay "Don't Mourn For Us".
• Greta Thunberg (b. 2003) is a Swedish leading climate change activist.
• Donna Williams (1963–2017) was a best-selling Australian author, artist, singer-songwriter, screenwriter and sculptor diagnosed with autism after being assessed as a psychotic infant in 1965 at age two, tested multiple times for deafness and labeled disturbed throughout childhood, before treatment for gut, immune and sensory perceptual disorders in adulthood.

See also

• List of autistic fictional characters – fictional characters who have been confirmed to be autistic.

Culture

Main article: Societal and cultural aspects of autism

• Autism rights movement (ARM) – (a subset of the neurodiversity movement, also known as the anti-cure movement or autistic culture movement) is a social movement that encourages autistic people, their caregivers and society to adopt a position of neurodiversity, accepting autism as a variation in functioning rather than a mental disorder to be cured.
• Autistic art – art created by autistic artists or art which captures or conveys a variety of autistic experiences or demeanor.
• Global perceptions of autism − an overview of the diagnosis, treatment, and experience of autism in developing nations.
• Identity-first language − the practice of using disability-related words as regular adjectives, such as saying "autistic person" rather than "person with autism".
• Neurodiversity – the standpoint that atypical neurological development is a normal human difference that should be accommodated instead of rejected.
• Neurotypical – (or NT) is a term that was coined in the autistic community as a label for non-autistic people who have no brain-related health conditions or disabilities: specifically, neurotypical people have neurological development and states that are consistent with what most people would perceive as normal, particularly with respect to their ability to process linguistic information and social cues.
• Social model of disability – the view that disability is caused by societal failure to accommodate human diversity, rather than by a defect in the individual.
• Societal and cultural aspects of autism – come into play with recognition of autism, approaches to its support services and therapies, and how autism affects how we define personhood.

Legislation

• Autism Act 2009 – campaign which led to the creation of a Private Members Bill.
• Children's Health Act –The children's health act increased research and treatment of health issues, including autism, asthma, and epilepsy, in children. ^[5]
• Combating Autism Act – an act in the US that authorized funding into autism; it was renamed after controversy.
• Jonathan's Law – an act meant to curtail abuse in care facilities, named in honor of a child who was killed.

Organizations, stakeholder groups and events

Organizations

• Aspies For Freedom (AFF) – a solidarity and campaigning group which aims at raising public awareness of the autism rights movement.
• Autism Awareness Campaign UK – The Autism Awareness Campaign UK were involved in the first United Nations World Autism Awareness Day, declared by the UN General Assembly on Wednesday 2 April 2008 on the recommendation of the State of Qatar.
• Autism Network International – founded and run by autistic people. Parents and professionals are welcome but the focus is on living autistic rather than curing it.
• Autism Resource Centre (Singapore) – non-profit organization focused on autistic people.
• Autism Society of America (ASA) – controversial, primarily parent-led advocacy group founded in 1965 by Bernard Rimland, Ruth C. Sullivan and others.
• Autism Speaks – the world's largest autism advocacy organization that sponsors autism research and conducts awareness and outreach activities aimed at families, governments and the public. It is controversial (among other reasons) due to its previous focus on searching for a cure, previous support for the debunked belief that vaccines make children autistic, previous portrayals of autistic people as diseased and broken, failure to include a significant number of autistic people in leadership, support of applied behavior analysis and tendency to ignore, antagonize or speak over autistic people with differing views.
• Autistic Self Advocacy Network – a nonprofit advocacy organization run by and for Autistic people.
• Center for Autism and Related Disorders – Applied behavior analysis (ABA) provider founded by Ole Ivar Løvaas protegé and Andrew Wakefield collaborator Doreen Granpeesheh, which has promoted the false idea that suppressing autistic traits in children via ABA to the point they are no longer formally diagnosable is equivalent to "recovery" from an injury or disease.
• Generation Rescue – a defunct nonprofit organization that promoted the debunked view that vaccines and other post-natal environmental factors make children autistic.
• M.I.N.D. Institute – research and treatment center.
• National Autistic Society (NAS) – a British charity for Autistic people.
• National Vaccine Information Center (NVIC) – a private non-profit advocacy group that promotes the debunked belief that vaccines make children autistic.
• Sacar (charity) – a charity focusing on autistic people.
• TreeHouse – a school in the United Kingdom that focuses on educating autistic children.
• Wrong Planet – an online community designed for autistic and other neurodivergent people. There are forums and discussions to help neurodivergent people with daily life and the struggles that come with it, such as making friends, general socialization and tips for going to overwhelming places. ^[6] (Sometimes referred to by its URL, WrongPlanet.net)

Events

• 2000 Simpsonwood CDC conference – was a meeting convened in June 2000 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), held at the Simpsonwood Methodist retreat and conference center in Norcross, Georgia.
• Autism Sunday – also known as the International Day of Prayer for Autism and Asperger syndrome, is observed annually on the second Sunday of February.
• Autistic Pride Day – a celebration of the neurodiversity of people on the autism spectrum on June 18 each year.
• Autreat – founded by members of ANI, this is a yearly gathering for autistic people along with parents and professionals to meet and share ideas in an autism-friendly environment.

Other

• Children of the Stars – documentary
• Sensory friendly

Therapies, interventions, and potentially effective treatments

Main article: Autism therapies

An autistic child and a therapist enjoying an aquarium

• Applied behavior analysis (ABA) – a science that involves using modern behavioral learning theory to modify behaviors.
• Cognitive behavior therapy – a therapy to help with thought distortions.
• Dialectical behavior therapy – a therapy that works on emotion regulation and social skills, originally developed for people with borderline personality disorder.
• Floortime – a developmental intervention involving meeting a child at their current developmental level, and challenging them to move up the hierarchy of milestones outlined in the DIR Model.
• Gluten-free, casein-free diet – or gluten-free dairy-free diet (GFDF diet) eliminates dietary intake of the naturally occurring proteins gluten (found most often in wheat, barley, rye, and commercially available oats), and casein (found most often in milk and dairy products).
• Hyperbaric oxygen therapy – a potentially risky therapy with unclear evidence of benefit.
• Hug machine – hug box, a squeeze machine, or a squeeze box, is a deep-pressure device designed to calm hyper-sensitive persons, usually autistic people.
• Lovaas technique – a behavior modification technique.
• Pivotal response therapy (PRT) – also referred to as pivotal response treatment or pivotal response training, is a behavioral intervention therapy for autism.
• The P.L.A.Y. Project –
• Relationship Development Intervention (RDI) – a trademarked proprietary treatment program for autism spectrum disorders (ASD), based on the belief that the development of dynamic intelligence is the key to improving the quality of life for individuals with autism.
• Son-Rise – a therapy encouraging adults to connect with autistic children.
• Speech therapy – therapy to improve speaking skills.
• TEACCH – a program that provides quality-of-life services.

Medications and supplements

• Clomipramine – (trademarked as Anafranil) is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA).
• Fluvoxamine – (brand name Luvox) is an antidepressant which functions as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).
• Haloperidol – a typical antipsychotic.
• Risperidone – (Risperdal, and generics) is a second-generation or atypical antipsychotic.
• Vitamin B12 – vitamin B12, also called cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin with a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and for the formation of blood.

Considerations

• Ethical challenges to autism treatment – considerations about whether autism treatments could be harmful or inhumane, especially if therapists are physically hurting the person or training them to suppress important coping mechanisms in order to please non-autistic people.

Associated and possibly associated conditions

Suspected genetic relations

• Autism spectrum disorder – a spectrum of developmental disabilities present from birth usually resulting in social difficulties, communication differences, and restricted and repetitive behavior. Also referred to simply as "autism".
• Fragile X syndrome (FXS) – (also Martin-Bell syndrome, or Escalante's syndrome), is a genetic syndrome suspected to be a genetic cause of autism in some cases
• Isodicentric 15 – a genetic variation involving extra genetic material in chromosome 15.
• Rett syndrome – a neurodevelopmental disorder of the grey matter of the brain that almost exclusively affects females, previously considered to be a form of autism.

Comorbid conditions

Main article: Conditions comorbid to autism

These are conditions that people on the autism spectrum may experience more often than is typical.

• Alexithymia – a term coined by psychotherapist Peter Sifneos in 1973 to describe a state of deficiency in understanding, processing, or describing emotions.
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) – a condition with three subtypes: hyperactive, inattentive, and combined.
• Clinical depression – a mental illness involving low mood and fatigue.
• Coeliac disease – spelled celiac disease in North America and often celiac sprue, is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine that occurs in genetically predisposed people of all ages from middle infancy onward.
• Communication disorder – a speech and language disorder which refers to problems in communication and in related areas such as oral motor function.
• Crohn's disease (MAP) – which causes a similar disease, Johne's disease, in cattle.
• Deafness – or hearing impairment, is a partial or total inability to hear where the ability would usually be expected.
• Developmental coordination disorder – a disorder involving motor skill impairments.
• Dyscalculia – a specific learning disability involving innate difficulty in learning or comprehending arithmetic.
• Dysgraphia – a deficiency in the ability to write primarily in terms of handwriting, but also in terms of coherence.
• Dyslexia – a very broad term defining a learning disability that impairs a person's fluency or comprehension accuracy in being able to read, and which can manifest itself as a difficulty with phonological awareness, phonological decoding, orthographic coding, auditory short-term memory, or rapid naming.
• Echolalia – the automatic repetition of vocalizations made by another person.
• Erotophobia – a term coined by a number of researchers in the late 1970s and early 1980s to describe one pole on a continuum of attitudes and beliefs about sexuality.
• Hyperlexia – the precocious ability to read words without prior training in learning to read typically before the age of 5.
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) – a group of inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine.
• Intellectual disability – a generalized disorder appearing before adulthood, characterized by significantly impaired cognitive functioning and deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors.
• Language delay – slow development of language abilities compared to the usual developmental timetable.
• Learning disability – a classification including several areas of functioning in which a person has difficulty learning in a typical manner, usually caused by an unknown factor or factors.
• Multiple-complex Developmental Disorder –
• Multisystem Developmental Disorder –
• Nonverbal learning disorder – or nonverbal learning disability (NLD or NVLD) is a condition characterized by a significant discrepancy between higher verbal and lower motor, visuo-spatial, and social skills on an IQ test.
• Obsessive Compulsive Disorder – an anxiety disorder characterized by obsessive thoughts and compulsive behavior that temporarily eases anxiety.
• Pyroluria –
• Sensory processing disorder – a disorder characterized by a sensory integration deficit.
• Sensory defensiveness – a condition defined as having "a tendency to react negatively or with alarm to sensory input which is generally considered harmless or non-irritating" to neurotypical persons.
• Sensory overload – related to cognitive load in general, is a condition where one or more of the senses are strained and it becomes difficult to focus on the task at hand.
• Social alienation – estrangement, division, or distancing of people from each other, or of people from what is important or meaningful to them, or of a person from their own sense of self.
• Social communication disorder – a condition similar to autism that involves difficulty with written language.
• Tourette syndrome – a disorder characterized by repetitive motor and vocal tics.

Obsolete autism spectrum disorders

Disorders formerly considered distinct, but now diagnosed as autism spectrum disorder, include:

• Asperger syndrome – a previously diagnosed form of autism often applied to people with a higher IQ who can have a less difficult time communicating with others and understanding concepts or phrases than other individuals with more severe autism. As of 2013, it is no longer a diagnosis on its own. Instead, patients are diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder, which encompasses Asperger syndrome. Many people still use Asperger's as a term when referring to "high-functioning" individuals with autism, but it is not an official diagnosis.
• Childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD) – a condition in which a child experiences developmental regression.
• Classic autism - (or Kanner's syndrome) the first described form of autism written about in 1943
• Pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) – as opposed to specific developmental disorders (SDD), refers to a group of five disorders characterized by delays in the development of multiple basic functions including socialization and communication.
• Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified – (PDD-NOS) was a pervasive developmental disorder, and is also considered an autism spectrum disorder. It was diagnosed when deficits in social interaction and verbal/nonverbal communication or stereotyped, repetitive behaviors and interests were present but criteria was not met for a specific PDD.

References

1. Barrett, Stephen (11 May 2015). "Secretin Found Ineffective for Treating Autism". www.quackwatch.org. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
2. "Susan Boyle Reveals Her Autism". Child Mind Institute. 9 December 2013. Retrieved 2020-12-12.
3. Martinelli, Marissa (26 April 2021). "Anthony Hopkins Oscar win: The autistic actor made history for more than his age". Slate . Retrieved 14 January 2022.
4. "Chris Packham on being autistic: 'I felt that I was broken'". BBC. 2024-03-24. Retrieved 2024-11-09.
5. Bilirakis, Michael (2000-10-17). "H.R.4365 - 106th Congress (1999-2000): Children's Health Act of 2000". www.congress.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-13.
6. "Asperger & Autism Forum Community Wrong Planet". Wrong Planet. 2 November 2018. Retrieved 2020-12-13.