Third Vajpayee ministry

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Third Atal Bihari Vajpayee ministry
21st ministry of the Republic of India
The Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee delivering his speech at the 12th SAARC Summit in Islamabad, Pakistan on January 4, 2004 (1) (cropped).jpg
Date formed13 October 1999
Date dissolved22 May 2004
People and organisations
Head of state K. R. Narayanan (until 25 July 2002)
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
(from 25 July 2002)
Head of government Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Deputy head of government L. K. Advani
Member parties
Status in legislature Coalition
299 / 545(55%)
Opposition party Indian National Congress
(Congress alliance)
Opposition leader Sonia Gandhi (in Lok Sabha)
(13 October 1999 – 6 February 2004)
Manmohan Singh (in Rajya Sabha)
(till 21 May 2004)
History
Election 1999
Outgoing election 2004
Legislature terms4 years, 222 days
Predecessor Second Vajpayee ministry
Successor First Manmohan Singh ministry

Atal Bihari Vajpayee was sworn in as Prime Minister of India for third time on 13 October 1999. Here is the list of ministers in the Third Vajpayee Ministry. During its tenure, this ministry became the largest Union Council of Ministers in India's history, comprising around 88 ministers to managing the broad-based National Democratic Alliance including over two dozen coalition partners. [1]

Contents

The cabinet's size was later prompted the 91st Constitutional Amendment in 2003, which capped the number of ministers at 15% of the Lok Sabha strength. [2]

Reshuffles

In a reshuffle on 29 September 2000, Venkaiah Naidu and Sushma Swaraj were inducted in the ministry as cabinet ministers and Shripad Yasso Naik (Goa), Satyabrata Mookherjee (West Bengal), Kanyakumari MP P.Radhakrishnan and film star-turned-MP U V Krishnam Raju (Andhra Pradesh) as minister of state. Later that year Uma Bharti was elevated to cabinet rank.[[File:[ usurped ]]]

In a reshuffle in 2001 Vajpayee inducted Karia Munda, Ved Prakash Goyal, Syed Shahnawaz Hussain and Tapan Sikdar as Cabinet ministers and Anna Sahib Patil, Ashok Pradhan, Ravi Shankar Prasad and Rajiv Pratap Rudy as ministers of state.

In a reshuffle in 2002 he dropped four ministers and inducted four new cabinet ministers and nine new ministers of state. New cabinet ministers were: Shatrughan Sinha, Sahib Singh Verma, Jana Krishnamurthy, Balasaheb Vikhe Patil. The new ministers of state were: Basangouda Patil, Sanjay Paswan, Shripad Yasso Naik, Vinod Khanna, Nikhil Chaudhary, S.Thirunavukarasar, Anant Geete and A. K. Moorthy .

In a reshuffle in 2003 Vajpayee inducted three new cabinet rank ministers and five ministers of state . The new cabinet ministers were :Rajnath Singh, B.C. Khanduri and Subodh Mohite. The new ministers of state were : Chinmayanand Swami (BJP), Kailash Meghwal (BJP), Nagmani (Rashtriya Janata Dal-Democratic), Prahlad Singh Patel (BJP) and P.C. Thomas (Indian Federal Democratic Party).[ usurped ]

Council of Ministers

Cabinet Ministers

PortfolioMinisterTookofficeLeftofficePartyRemarks
Prime Minister and also in-charge of:
Ministry of Planning
Department of Atomic Energy
Department of Space
And all other important portfolios and policy issues not allocated
to any Minister.
13 October 199922 May 2004  BJP  
Deputy Prime Minister 29 June 200222 May 2004  BJP  
Minister of Home Affairs 13 October 199922 May 2004  BJP  
Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions 13 October 199929 January 2003  BJP Prime Minister was responsible.
29 January 200322 May 2004  BJP  
Minister of External Affairs 13 October 19991 July 2002  BJP  
1 July 200222 May 2004  BJP  
Minister of Finance 13 October 19991 July 2002  BJP Renamed as Finance and Company Affairs.
Minister of Finance and Company Affairs 1 July 200222 May 2004  BJP  
Minister of Defence 13 October 199916 March 2001  SAP  
16 March 200118 March 2001  BJP Prime Minister was responsible.
18 March 200115 October 2001  BJP Additional charge.
15 October 200122 May 2004  JD(U)  
Minister of Human Resource Development
Minister of Science and Technology
13 October 199922 May 2004  BJP  
Minister of Ocean Development 13 October 199922 November 1999  BJP Prime Minister was responsible.
22 November 199922 May 2004  BJP  
Minister of Statistics and Programme Implementation 13 October 19991 September 2001  BJP Prime Minister was responsible.
1 September 200118 November 2001  BJP  
18 November 20011 July 2002  BJP Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.
1 July 200222 May 2004  BJP Prime Minister was responsible.
Minister of Agriculture 13 October 199922 November 1999  BJP Prime Minister was responsible.
22 November 19993 March 2001  SAP  
3 March 20016 March 2001  BJP Prime Minister was responsible.
6 March 200127 May 2001  BJP  
27 May 200122 July 2001  SAP  
22 July 200124 May 2003  RLD  
24 May 200322 May 2004  BJP  
Minister of Labour 13 October 199922 November 1999  BJP Prime Minister was responsible.
22 November 19991 September 2001  BJP  
1 September 20011 July 2002  SAP  
1 July 200222 May 2004  BJP  
Minister of Water Resources 13 October 199922 November 1999  BJP  
22 November 199927 May 2000  BJP  
27 May 200022 May 2004  BJD  
Minister of Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution 13 October 199917 July 2000  BJP Renamed as Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution.
Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution 17 July 20001 July 2002  BJP  
1 July 200222 May 2004  JD(U)  
Minister of Food Processing Industries 1 September 20011 July 2002  BJP Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.
1 July 200215 January 2004  PMK Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.
15 January 200417 January 2004  BJP Prime Minister was responsible.
17 January 200422 May 2004  BJP  
Minister of Health and Family Welfare 13 October 199927 May 2000  PMK Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.
27 May 20001 July 2002  BJP  
1 July 200229 January 2003  BJP  
29 January 200322 May 2004  BJP  
Minister of Railways 13 October 199916 March 2001  AITC  
16 March 200120 March 2001  BJP Prime Minister was responsible.
20 March 200122 May 2004  JD(U)  
Minister of Civil Aviation 13 October 19991 September 2001  SAP  
1 September 200124 May 2003  BJP  
24 May 200322 May 2004  BJP Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.
Minister of Surface Transport 13 October 199922 November 1999  SAP  
22 November 199925 October 2000  BJP  
25 October 20007 November 2000  BJP Prime Minister was responsible.
Bifurcated into Ministry of Road Transport and Highways and
Ministry of Shipping.
Minister of Road Transport and Highways 7 November 200024 May 2003  BJP Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.
24 May 200322 May 2004  BJP  
Minister of Shipping 7 November 20001 September 2001  BJP Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.
1 September 200129 January 2003  BJP  
29 January 200322 May 2004  BJP  
Minister of Rural Development 13 October 199930 September 2000  BJP  
30 September 20001 July 2002  BJP  
1 July 20026 April 2003  BJP  
6 April 200324 May 2003  BJP  
24 May 200322 May 2004  BJP  
Minister of Urban Development 13 October 199922 November 1999  BJP  
26 November 199927 May 2000  BJP Merged with Ministry of Urban Employment and Poverty
Alleviation to form the Ministry of Urban Development
and Poverty Alleviation.
Minister of Urban Employment and Poverty Alleviation 13 October 199922 November 1999  BJP  
22 November 199926 November 1999  BJP  
26 November 199927 May 2000  BJP Merged with Ministry of Urban Development to form the
Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation.
Minister of Works and Estates 22 November 199926 November 1999  SAD Merged with Ministry of Urban Development.
Minister of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation 27 May 20001 September 2001  BJP  
1 September 200112 July 2003  BJP  
12 July 20038 September 2003  BJP  
8 September 200322 May 2004  BJP Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.
Minister of Commerce and Industry 13 October 19999 November 2002  DMK  
9 July 200229 January 2003  BJP  
29 January 200322 May 2004  BJP  
Minister of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises 13 October 19999 May 2002  SS  
9 May 20021 July 2002  SS  
1 July 200224 May 2003  SS  
24 May 200322 May 2004  SS  
Minister of Small Scale Industries, Agro and Rural Industries 13 October 19991 September 2001  BJP Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.
Bifurcated into Ministry of Small Scale Industries and
Ministry of Agro and Rural Industries.
Minister of Small Scale Industries 1 September 200129 January 2003  BJP Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.
29 January 200322 May 2004  BJP  
Minister of Agro and Rural Industries 1 September 200129 January 2003  BJP  
29 January 200322 May 2004  BJP Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.
Minister of Textiles 13 October 199924 May 2003  BJP  
24 May 200322 May 2004  BJP  
Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas 13 October 199922 May 2004  BJP  
Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers 13 October 199930 September 2000  SS  
30 September 20007 November 2000  BJP  
7 November 200022 May 2004  SAD  
Minister of Mines and Minerals 13 October 19994 March 2000  BJD  
4 March 20006 March 2000  BJP Prime Minister was responsible.
6 March 200027 May 2000  BJP Bifurcated into Ministry of Mines and Ministry of Coal.
Minister of Mines 27 May 20007 November 2000  SAD  
7 November 20001 September 2001  BJP  
1 September 200129 April 2002  LJP  
29 April 20021 July 2002  BJP Prime Minister was responsible.
1 July 200226 August 2002  BJP  
26 August 200229 January 2003  BJP  
29 January 20039 January 2004  BJP Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.
9 January 200422 May 2004  AITC  
Minister of Coal 27 May 20007 February 2001  PMK Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.
8 February 20011 September 2001  BJP Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.
1 September 200129 April 2002  LJP  
29 April 20021 July 2002  BJP Prime Minister was responsible.
1 July 200226 August 2002  BJP  
26 August 200229 January 2003  BJP  
29 January 20039 January 2004  BJP  
9 January 200422 May 2004  AITC  
Minister of Power 13 October 199923 August 2000  BJP Died in office.
23 August 200030 September 2000  BJP Prime Minister was responsible.
30 September 200024 August 2002  SS  
24 August 200226 August 2002  BJP Prime Minister was responsible.
26 August 200222 May 2004  SS  
Minister of Non-Conventional Energy Sources 13 October 199930 December 2003  MDMK Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.
30 December 20039 January 2004  BJP Prime Minister was responsible.
9 January 200422 May 2004  BJP  
Minister of Parliamentary Affairs 13 October 199929 January 2003  BJP  
29 January 200322 May 2004  BJP
Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs 13 October 199923 July 2000  BJP  
24 July 20001 July 2002  BJP Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.
Bifurcated into Ministry of Law and Justice and Department of
Company Affairs.
Minister of Law and Justice 1 July 200229 January 2003  BJP  
29 January 200322 May 2004  BJP  
Minister of Information and Broadcasting 13 October 199930 September 2000  BJP Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.
30 September 200029 January 2003  BJP  
29 January 200322 May 2004  BJP Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.
Minister of Communications 13 October 19991 September 2001  LJP  
22 November 199922 December 2001  BJP Merged with Ministry of Information Technology to form
Ministry of Communications and Information Technology.
Minister of Information Technology 13 October 199922 November 1999  BJP Prime Minister was responsible.
22 November 199922 December 2001  BJP Merged with Ministry of Communications to form Ministry of
Communications and Information Technology.
Minister of Communications and Information Technology 22 December 200129 January 2003  BJP  
29 January 200322 May 2004  BJP  
Minister of Culture, Youth Affairs and Sports 13 October 19992 February 2000  BJP Bifurcated into Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports and
Ministry of Culture.
Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports 2 February 20007 November 2000  SAD  
7 November 200026 August 2002  BJP  
26 August 200222 May 2004  BJP  
Minister of Department of Culture 2 February 200027 May 2000  BJP Merged with Ministry of Tourism to form Ministry of
Tourism and Culture.
Minister of Tourism 13 October 19992 February 2000  BJP Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.
2 February 200027 May 2000  BJP Merged with Department of Culture to form Ministry of
Tourism and Culture.
Minister of Tourism and Culture 27 May 20001 September 2001  BJP Bifurcated into Ministry of Tourism and Ministry of Culture.
Minister of Culture 1 September 200118 November 2001  IND Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.
Merged with Ministry of Tourism to form Ministry of
Tourism and Culture.
Minister of Tourism 1 September 200118 November 2001  BJP Merged with Ministry of Culture to form Ministry of
Tourism and Culture.
Minister of Tourism and Culture 18 November 200122 May 2004  BJP  
Minister of Environment and Forests 13 October 199921 December 2003  DMK  
21 December 20039 January 2004  BJP  
9 January 200422 May 2004  BJP Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.
Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment 13 October 19991 September 2001  IND Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.
1 September 200122 May 2004  BJP  
Minister of Tribal Affairs 13 October 199922 May 2004  BJP  
Minister of Disinvestment 10 December 199924 July 2000  BJP Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.
24 July 20001 September 2001  BJP Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.
1 September 200122 May 2004  BJP
Minister of Development of North Eastern Region 1 September 200129 January 2003  BJP  
29 January 200322 May 2004  BJP  
Minister without portfolio 9 November 200223 November 2003  DMK Died in office.
8 September 20039 January 2004  AITC  

Ministers of State (Independent Charge)

PortfolioMinisterTookofficeLeftofficeParty
Minister of Steel (Independent Charge) of Steel 13 October 199927 May 2000  BJD
27 May 200022 May 2004  BJD

Ministers of State

PortfolioMinisterTookofficeLeftofficePartyRemarks
Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs 13 October 199922 May 2004  BJP
13 October 199929 January 2003  BJP
29 January 200322 May 2004  BJP
24 May 200322 May 2004  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance 13 October 19991 July 2002  SS
13 October 199930 September 2000  BJP  
30 September 20001 July 2002  MDMK Renamed as Finance and Company
Affairs.
Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance and Company Affairs 1 July 200224 May 2003  MDMK
1 July 200226 August 2002  SS
26 August 200222 May 2004  SS
8 September 200322 May 2004  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of External Affairs 13 October 199916 March 2001  AITC
30 September 200022 July 2001  BJP
22 July 200123 December 2002  JKNC
1 July 200222 May 2004  JD(U)
29 January 200322 May 2004  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Defence 13 October 199922 November 1999  BJP
13 October 199914 November 2000  BJP
Harin Pathak
(Defence Production and Supplies)
15 November 200129 January 2003  BJP
22 July 20011 July 2002  BJP
1 July 200222 May 2004  BJP
29 January 200322 May 2004  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances
and Pensions
13 October 199922 November 1999  BJP
Arun Shourie
(Administrative Reforms and
Public Grievances)
22 November 19991 September 2001  BJP
1 September 200129 January 2003  BJP
29 January 200322 May 2004  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Planning 13 October 199922 November 1999  BJP
22 November 199924 July 2000  BJP
7 November 20001 September 2001  BJP
1 September 20012 November 2001  BJP
2 November 200129 January 2003  BJP
29 January 200322 May 2004  BJP
Minister of State in the Prime Minister's Office 1 September 200129 January 2003  BJP
Minister of State in the Department of Atomic Energy
Minister of State in the Department of Space
13 October 199929 January 2003  BJP
29 January 200322 May 2004  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation 13 October 199922 November 1999  BJP
22 November 19991 September 2001  BJP
1 July 200229 January 2003  BJP
29 January 200322 May 2004  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Human Resource Development 13 October 19991 July 2002  BJP
13 October 199927 May 2000  BJP
30 September 20008 February 2001  BJP
1 September 200129 January 2003  BJP
29 January 200322 May 2004  BJP
29 January 200324 May 2003  BJP
30 January 20039 January 2004  BJP
24 May 200322 May 2004  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Science and Technology 13 October 199922 November 1999  BJP
22 November 199922 May 2004  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Agriculture 13 October 199929 September 2000  BJP
Syed Shahnawaz Hussain
(Food Processing Industries)
13 October 199927 May 2000  BJP
13 October 199927 May 2000  BJP
27 May 20001 September 2001  MSCP
27 May 200029 January 2003  BJP
30 September 20002 November 2001  BJP
2 November 200122 May 2004  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Labour 13 October 19991 July 2002  BJP
1 July 200229 January 2003  BJP
29 January 200324 May 2003  BJP
24 May 20038 September 2003  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Water Resources 13 October 199922 May 2004  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution 13 October 199917 July 2000  BJP
22 November 199917 July 2000  BJP Renamed as Consumer Affairs and
Public Distribution.
Minister of State in the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and
Public Distribution
17 July 20006 March 2004  BJP
17 July 20001 September 2001  BJP
1 September 20011 July 2002  BJP
1 July 200229 September 2003  BJP
29 January 200322 May 2004  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 27 May 200030 September 2000  BJP
30 September 200021 December 2003  DMK
29 December 200330 January 2003  BJP
9 January 200422 May 2004  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Railways 13 October 199922 July 2001  SAP
22 November 199931 August 2000  BJP
31 August 20001 July 2002  BJP
1 August 20011 July 2002  SAP
1 July 200215 January 2004  PMK
1 July 20028 September 2003  BJP
8 September 200322 May 2004  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Civil Aviation 13 October 19991 September 2001  BJP
1 July 200224 May 2003  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Surface Transport 13 October 199927 May 2000  BJP
27 May 20002 November 2001  BJP Bifurcated into Ministries of Road
Transport and Highways and Shipping.
Minister of State in the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways 24 May 20038 September 2003  BJP
8 September 200322 May 2004  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Shipping 7 November 20002 November 2001  BJP
2 November 200114 May 2002  BJP
1 July 200229 January 2003  BJP
29 January 200315 March 2004  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Rural Development 13 October 199930 September 2001  DMK
13 October 199929 January 2003  BJP
30 September 20001 September 2001  BJP
1 September 200122 May 2004  BJP
29 January 200322 May 2004  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Urban Development 13 October 199914 June 2000  BJP Merged into Ministry of Urban
Development and Poverty
Alleviation.
Minister of State in the Ministry of Urban Development and
Poverty Alleviation
14 June 20001 July 2002  BJP
1 July 200229 January 2003  BJP
29 January 20038 September 2003  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Commerce and Industry 13 October 199922 July 2001  JKNC
13 October 199929 January 2003  BJP
22 July 20011 September 2001  BJP
1 September 200224 May 2003  BJP
29 January 200322 May 2004  BJP
5 June 200322 May 2004  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises 13 October 199929 January 2003  BJP
8 September 200322 May 2004  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Small Scale Industries 29 January 200322 May 2004  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Agro and Rural Industries 1 July 200229 January 2003  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Textiles 13 October 199930 September 2000  MDMK
30 September 20001 July 2002  BJP
1 July 20028 September 2003  BJP
8 September 200330 December 2003  MDMK
Minister of State in the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas 13 October 19997 February 2001  PMK
22 November 199924 May 2003  BJP
24 May 200322 May 2004  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers 13 October 199930 September 2000  BJP
30 September 20001 July 2002  BJP
1 July 200229 January 2003  BJP
29 January 200316 March 2004  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Mines and Minerals 13 October 199930 September 2000  BJP Bifurcated into Ministry of Mines and
Ministry of Coal.
Minister of State in the Ministry of Mines 27 May 20001 September 2001  BJP
1 September 200129 January 2003  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Coal 1 September 200129 January 2003  BJP
24 May 200322 May 2004  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Power 13 October 199922 May 2004  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs 13 October 199922 October 1999  BJD
13 October 199922 November 1999  BJP
13 October 199922 November 1999  BJP
22 November 199922 May 2004  BJP
29 January 200324 May 2003  BJP
29 January 200322 May 2004  BJP
24 May 20038 September 2003  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs 13 October 199924 July 2000  BJP Bifurcated into Ministry of Law
and Justice and Ministry of
Company Affairs.
Minister of State in the Ministry of Law and Justice 1 July 200229 January 2003  BJP
24 May 200322 May 2004  KC(M)
Minister of State in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting 30 September 200029 January 2003  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Communications 13 October 199922 December 2001  BJP Merged to form Ministry of
Communications and Information
Technology.
Minister of State in the Ministry of Communications and Information
Technology
22 December 20011 July 2002  BJP
1 July 200224 May 2003  BJP
1 July 200229 January 2003  BJP
24 January 200322 May 2004  BJP
24 May 200322 May 2004  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Culture, Youth Affairs and Sports 13 October 19992 February 2000  BJP Bifurcated into Ministry of Tourism
and Culture, and Department of
Youth Affairs and Sports.
Minister of State in the Department of Youth Affairs and Sports 2 February 200027 May 2000  BJP Became a ministry.
Minister of State in the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports 27 May 200030 September 2000  BJP
30 September 200029 January 2003  BJP
29 January 200322 May 2004  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Tourism and Culture 1 July 200229 January 2003  BJP
29 January 200322 May 2004  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Environment and Forests 13 October 19997 November 2000  BJP
29 January 200317 November 2003  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment 1 July 200229 January 2003  BJP
29 January 200324 May 2003  BJP
24 May 200322 May 2004  BJP
24 May 200322 May 2004  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Tribal Affairs 22 November 199922 May 2004  BJP
Minister of State in the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region 29 January 200322 May 2004  BJP

Demographics of the Council of Ministers

PartyCabinet MinistersMinisters of State(Independent Charge)Ministers of StateTotal
Bharatiya Janata Party 3042155
Shiromani Akali Dal 1001
Shiv Sena 4004
Samta Party 2002
Lok Janshakti Party 1001
All India Trinamool Congress 1012
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 3014
Biju Janata Dal 1203
Janata Dal (United) 1001

References

  1. IndiaSpend (10 November 2014). "Modi Team Still leaner than UPA, Previous NDA". www.indiaspend.com. Retrieved 24 June 2025.
  2. "Explained: The making of a Union Cabinet". The Indian Express. 30 May 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2025.