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As of 2015, the Chinese language had two translations available of the Tirukkural.
| Part of a series on |
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| Technologies |
| Localization |
| Institutional |
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As of 2015, the Chinese language had two translations available of the Tirukkural.
The first Chinese translation of the Kural text was made by Che'ng Hsi in 1967, published by the Department of Indian Studies, University of Malaya and printed at the Hong Kong University Press. [1] The Nattukottai Chettiars Endowment Fund, which has also provided a Malay translation, funded the first Chinese translation. [2] [3]
The second translation was made by Yu Hsi in 2014, which is a complete translation made in Mandarin. [1] [4] It was first published in Taipei, Taiwan by Poem Culture Corp. The translation was released by former President of India A. P. J. Abdul Kalam. [5] : 40 It was reprinted in India in 2014 by the Department of Tamil Development and Culture in the Tamil Nadu state. [5] : 40–42 Yu Hsi's translation had earlier appeared as a Taiwan publication in 2010. [5] : 40
In addition, Parthasarathy et al. also list D. S. Rajan as the third translator of the Kural text into Chinese. However, the translation remains unpublished and he is said to have translated only 60 couplets in all. [5] : 42
| Translation | Kural, Chapter 26 (禁食肉) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Chapter Title | Kural 254 (Couplet 26:4) | Kural 258 (Couplet 26:8) | |
| Che'ng Hsi, 1967 | 禁食肉 | 如果你问："什么是仁慈？什么是冷酷？" 那是不杀和杀，因此，食肉永远不可能圣洁。 | |
| Yu Hsi, 2014 | 素食主義 | 慈悲是不殺生，洗心革面； 殺生為食則是無益的罪惡。 | 智者不以肉類為食， 因為它不過是腐屍。 |
The Kural text (called Tirukkural, meaning "Sacred Verses") and the Confucian sayings recorded in the classic Analects of Chinese (called Lun Yu, meaning "Sacred Sayings") resemble each other in many ways. [6] Both Valluvar and Confucius focused on the behaviors and moral conducts of a common person. [6] Similar to Valluvar, Confucius advocated legal justice embracing human principles, courtesy, and filial piety, besides the virtues of benevolence, righteousness, loyalty and trustworthiness as foundations of life. [6] Incidentally, Valluvar differed from Confucius in two respects. Firstly, unlike Confucius, Valluvar was also a poet. Secondly, Confucius did not deal with the subject of conjugal love, for which Valluvar devoted an entire division in his work. [7] [8]
The Tirukkuṟaḷ, or shortly theKural, is a classic Tamil language text consisting of 1,330 short couplets, or kurals, of seven words each. The text is divided into three books with aphoristic teachings on virtue (aram), wealth (porul) and love (inbam), respectively. It is widely acknowledged for its universality and secular nature. Its authorship is traditionally attributed to Valluvar, also known in full as Thiruvalluvar. The text has been dated variously from 300 BCE to 5th century CE. The traditional accounts describe it as the last work of the third Sangam, but linguistic analysis suggests a later date of 450 to 500 CE and that it was composed after the Sangam period.
Yu Hsi is a Taiwanese Tamil poet and scholar who has translated the Tirukkural and the poems of Subramaniya Bharathi and poet Bharathidasan in Mandarin. He is the founder and president of the Tamil Sangam in Taiwan. He has received various awards, including awards from Seoul World Academy of Arts and Culture (2004), Thiruvalluvar Award (2014), and a felicitation from former President of India A. P. J. Abdul Kalam.
Tirukkural, also known as the Kural, an ancient Indian treatise on the ethics and morality of the commoner, is one of the most widely translated non-religious works in the world. Authored by the ancient Tamil poet-philosopher Thiruvalluvar, the work has been translated into 57 languages, with a total of 350 individual translations, including 143 different renderings in the English language alone.
Tirukkural remains one of the most widely translated non-religious works in the world. As of 2014, there were at least 57 versions available in the English language alone. English, thus, continues to remain the language with most number of translations available of the Kural text.
Latin is the first foreign language into which the Tirukkuṟaḷ was translated. There are three known translations of the Kural text available in Latin.
Hindi perhaps has many translations of the Tirukkural. As of 2000, there were at least 19 translations of the Kural text available in Hindi. Many of these translations are in verse form.
As of 2015, there are at least two translations of the Tirukkural available in the Polish language.
As of 2024, there were at least five translations of the Tirukkural available in Arabic. The Kural text is the first, and so far the only, Tamil work to be translated directly into Arabic. It is also the first Tamil work to be released in the Arabian soil.
Among the European languages, German has the third highest number of translations of the Tirukkural, after English and French. As of 2015, there were at least eight translations of the Kural text available in German.
As of 2015, the Japanese language has two translations available of the Tirukkural.
As of 2015, there were at least three Gujarati translations available of the Tirukkural.
As of 2015, there were at least five Sanskrit translations available of the Tirukkural 724 into sanskrit
As of 2015, Tirukkural has been translated into Saurashtra only once.
As of 2015, Tirukkural has been translated into Sinhalese at least twice.
As of 2015, Urdu has at least two translations available of the Tirukkural.
As of 2015, Tirukkural has been translated into Czech only once.
As of 2015, Tirukkural has been translated into Dutch only once.
As of 2015, there is only one translation of the Tirukkural available in Swedish.
The Book of Inbam, in full Iṉbattuppāl, or in a more sanskritized term Kāmattuppāl, also known as the Book of Love, the Third Book or Book Three in translated versions, is the third of the three books or parts of the Kural literature, authored by the ancient Indian philosopher Valluvar. Written in High Tamil distich form, it has 25 chapters each containing 10 kurals or couplets, making a total of 250 couplets all dealing with human love. The term inbam or kamam, which means 'pleasure', correlates with the third of the four ancient Indian values of dharma, artha, kama and moksha. However, unlike Kamasutra, which deals with different methods of lovemaking, the Book of Inbam expounds the virtues and emotions involved in conjugal love between a man and a woman, or virtues of an individual within the walls of intimacy, keeping aṟam or dharma as the base.
As of 2024, there were at least two translations of the Tirukkural available in Assamese.
