Uruguayan Spanish | |
---|---|
castellano uruguayo | |
Pronunciation | [espaˈɲoluɾuˈɣwaʝo] |
Native to | Uruguay |
Region | Río de la Plata |
Native speakers | 3,347,800, all users in Uruguay (2014) [1] L1 users: 3,270,000 L2 users: 77,800 |
Early forms | |
Latin (Spanish alphabet) | |
Official status | |
Official language in | Uruguay (de facto) |
Regulated by | Academia Nacional de Letras |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | es |
ISO 639-2 | spa [2] |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Glottolog | None |
IETF | es-UY |
Uruguayan Spanish (Spanish : castellano uruguayo), a part of Rioplatense Spanish, is the variety of Spanish spoken in Uruguay and by the Uruguayan diaspora. [3]
There is strong influence of Italian and its dialects, particularly Genovese, [4] because of the presence of large Italian communities in the country (for example in Montevideo and Paysandú). The Uruguayan accent differs from the accents of Spain and other Spanish American countries, except for Argentina, due to Italian influence. There are many Italian words incorporated in the language (nona, cucha, fainá ("farinata, chickpea flour crêpe"), chapar, parlar, festichola ("house party"), etc.), as well as words of Italian derivation (for example: mina derived from femmina, or pibe ("child") from pivello). Italian has also altered the meaning of many preexisting Spanish words. For instance, pronto means "soon" in most Spanish dialects, including Argentine Spanish. However in Uruguayan Spanish, pronto instead means "ready", the same meaning as pronto in Italian. [5]
Uruguayan Spanish was also influenced by several native languages. For instance the Uruguayan word pororó meaning "popcorn" originating from the Tupian language Guaraní. Another examples is the word gurí/gurises meaning "kid(s)" which originates from the Guaraní word ngiri, also meaning child.
In the southeastern department of Rocha, as well as along the northern border with Brazil, [6] there is some influence of Brazilian Portuguese, in addition to the Portuguese spoken in northern Uruguay.
In the southern region of the country including Montevideo, the voseo form of address is used. The second-person pronoun vos is used instead of tú, along with its associated verbal conjugations. In other areas of the country, tuteo is more commonly used than voseo, such as Rocha and in some parts of Maldonado. [7] In some places, tú is used as the subjective pronoun with the verb conjugated in accordance to voseo; tú tenés instead of tú tienes (tuteo) or vos tenés (voseo). Use of the tuteo or voseo form of the prepositional pronoun—ti and vos respectively—also varies. [8] Spanish exhibits a fused tuteo prepositional pronoun ti with the preposition con into a single compound word contigo. In contrast to Argentina where contigo is rarely used, Uruguay exhibits more variance between contigo and con vos, with con vos still the more frequent of the two. Though there is much variation, Uruguayan Spanish generally prefers ti as the second-person prepositional pronoun over vos with the exception of con vos.
As with most dialects of Spanish, the formal pronoun usted is used in very formal contexts, such as when speaking to government authorities.
In Spanish, hay means "there are/is." Though unintuitive, it is technically the third-person impersonal indicative conjugation of haber meaning "to have". Its usage indicating existence originates from Old Spanish's ha ý (“it has there”), ha being the third-person singular present form of aver (“to have”) + ý, a locative pronoun. Since hay is both the plural and singular impersonal present indicative conjugation, the subject's number is irrelevant. However in the imperfect, the impersonal indicative haber splits between the plural and the singular: había ("there was") and habían ("there are"). In prescriptive grammar, había is considered the proper conjugation in both cases. However in Uruguayan Spanish, habían is occasionally used as the plural impersonal imperfect indicative conjugation while in other dialects of Spanish (including Argentinian Spanish) it is essentially never used at all. [9] For example, había flores (literally "there was flowers") is considered proper while habían flores ("there were flowers") is considered improper.
Much of Uruguayan vocabulary overlaps with Argentina under the banner of Rioplatense. However, there are a few deviations in meaning of words and commonly used parlance that distinguishes Uruguayan Spanish from Argentine Spanish. For instance,
This section needs additional citations for verification .(June 2022) |
Below are vocabulary differences between Uruguay and other Spanish-speaking countries: Argentina, Paraguay, Spain, Mexico, Costa Rica, Chile, and Puerto Rico. It shows how Spanish is different in three continents where there are Spanish-speaking countries (Europe, North America, and South America) and in different regions of those continents (Central America, Caribbean, and Southern Cone). Italian and Brazilian Portuguese have also been influential in Uruguayan Spanish and are also included. While people in Uruguay and most of Argentina speak the dialect Rioplatense, there are some notable differences in vocabulary between the two countries, which are bolded.
American English | Uruguay | Argentina | Chile | Paraguay | Colombia | Mexico | Costa Rica | Puerto Rico | Spain | Brazil | Italy | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
apartment | apartamento | departamento | departamento | departamento | apartamento | departamento | apartamento | apartamento | piso | apartamento | appartamento | [5] [13] |
apricot | damasco | damasco | damasco | damasco | albaricoque | chabacano | albaricoque | albaricoque | albaricoque | damasco | albicocca | |
artichoke | alcaucil | alcaucil | alcachofa | alcachofa | alcachofa | alcachofa | alcachofa | alcachofa | alcachofa | alcachofra | carciofo | |
avocado | palta | palta | palta | aguacate | aguacate | aguacate | aguacate | aguacate | aguacate | abacate | avocado | |
banana | banana | banana | plátano | banana | banano | plátano | banano | guineo | plátano | banana | banana | |
bean | poroto | poroto | poroto | poroto | frijol | frijol | frijol | habichuela | judía/alubia | feijão | fagiolo | |
bell pepper | morrón | morrón | pimiento | locote | pimentón | pimiento | chile dulce | pimiento | pimiento | pimentão | peperone | |
boiler | caldera | pava | calefón | calefón | calefón | bóiler | calefón | caldera | caldera | caldeira | caldaia | |
bra | soutien | corpiño | sostén | corpiño | brasier | brasier | brasier | brasier | sujetador | sutiã | reggiseno | [14] |
butter | manteca | manteca | mantequilla | manteca | mantequilla | mantequilla | mantequilla | mantequilla | mantequilla | manteiga | burro | |
car | auto | auto | auto | auto | carro | carro | carro | carro | coche | carro | macchina | [15] |
clothespin | palillo | broche | pinza | pinza | gancho | pinza | prensa | pinche | pinza | prendedor | molletta | [14] |
corn on the cob | choclo | choclo | choclo | choclo | mazorca | elote | elote | mazorca | mazorca | espiga de milho | pannocchia | |
earring | caravana | aro | aro | aro | arete | arete | arete | pantalla | pendiente | brinco | orecchino | [5] |
gas station | bomba | estación de servicio | bencinera | el surtidor | bomba | gasolinería | bomba | gasolinera | gasolinera | posto de gasolina | stazione di servizio | [5] |
grapefruit | pomelo | pomelo | pomelo | pomelo | toronja | toronja | toronja | toronja | pomelo | toranja | pompelmo | |
green bean | chaucha | chaucha | poroto verde | chaucha | habichuela | ejote | vainica | habichuela tierna | judía verde | vagem | fagiolino | |
panties | bombacha | bombacha | calzón | bombacha | calzón | calzón | calzón | panty | braga | calcinha | mutande | |
pastries | biscochos | facturas | pasteles | pasteles | pasteles | pan dulce | tortas | pasteles | repostería | pastelaria | pasticcini | [15] |
pea | arveja | arveja | arveja | arveja | arveja | chícharo | guisante | guisante | guisante | ervilha | pisello | |
peach | durazno | durazno | durazno | durazno | durazno | durazno | melocotón | melocotón | melocotón | pêssego | pesca | |
peanut | maní | maní | maní | maní | maní | cacahuate | maní | maní | cacahuete | amendoim | arachide | |
pineapple | ananá | ananá | piña | piña | piña | piña | piña | piña | piña | abacaxi | ananas | |
popcorn | pop / pororó | pochoclo | cabritas | pororó | crispetas/ maíz pira | palomitas | palomitas de maíz | popcorn | palomitas | pipocas | popcorn | [5] |
sandwich [I] | refuerzo | sánguche | sánguche | sánguche | sánduche | torta | sandwich | sánduche | sándwich | sanduíche | tramezzino | [5] [15] |
sneakers | championes | zapatillas | zapatillas | championes | tenis | tenis | zapato tenis | tenis | zapatillas/ playeras | tênis | scarpe da ginnastica | [5] |
soft drink | refresco | gaseosa | bebida | gaseosa | gaseosa | refresco | gaseosa | refresco | refresco | refrigerante | bibita | [5] |
straw | pajita | pajita | bombilla | pajita | pitillo | popote | pajilla | sorbeto | pajita | canudo | cannuccia | |
strawberry | frutilla | frutilla | frutilla | frutilla | fresa | fresa | fresa | fresa | fresa | morango | fragola | [15] |
sweet potato | boniato | batata | camote | batata | batata | camote | camote | batata | boniato | batata doce | patata dolce | [5] |
swimming pool | piscina | pileta | piscina | pileta | piscina | alberca | piscina | piscina | piscina | piscina | piscina | [16] |
transit bus [II] | ómnibus | colectivo | micro | colectivo | autobús | camión | autobús | guagua | autobús | ônibus | autobus | [5] [15] |
t-shirt | remera | remera | polera | remera | camiseta | playera | camiseta | t-shirt | camiseta | camiseta | maglietta | |
The morphology of Irish is in some respects typical of an Indo-European language. Nouns are declined for number and case, and verbs for person and number. Nouns are classified by masculine or feminine gender. Other aspects of Irish morphology, while typical for an Insular Celtic language, are not typical for Indo-European, such as the presence of inflected prepositions and the initial consonant mutations. Irish syntax is also rather different from that of most Indo-European languages, due to its use of the verb–subject–object word order.
Spanish verbs form one of the more complex areas of Spanish grammar. Spanish is a relatively synthetic language with a moderate to high degree of inflection, which shows up mostly in Spanish conjugation.
Spanish is a grammatically inflected language, which means that many words are modified ("marked") in small ways, usually at the end, according to their changing functions. Verbs are marked for tense, aspect, mood, person, and number. Nouns follow a two-gender system and are marked for number. Personal pronouns are inflected for person, number, gender, and a very reduced case system; the Spanish pronominal system represents a simplification of the ancestral Latin system.
Some of the regional varieties of the Spanish language are quite divergent from one another, especially in pronunciation and vocabulary, and less so in grammar.
In Spanish grammar, voseo is the use of vos as a second-person singular pronoun, along with its associated verbal forms, in certain regions where the language is spoken. In those regions it replaces tuteo, i.e. the use of the pronoun tú and its verbal forms. Voseo can also be found in the context of using verb conjugations for vos with tú as the subject pronoun.
Cocoliche is an Italian–Spanish contact language or pidgin that was spoken by Italian immigrants between 1870 and 1970 in Argentina and from there spread to other urban areas nearby, such as La Plata, Rosario and Montevideo, Uruguay. In recent decades it has become more respected and even recorded in music and film. Traces of it may be found in Argentina, Brazil, Albania, Panama, Quebec, Uruguay, Venezuela, San Marcos, Cabo Verde and many other places.
Rioplatense Spanish, also known as Rioplatense Castilian, or River Plate Spanish, is a variety of Spanish originating in and around the Río de la Plata Basin, and now spoken throughout most of Argentina and Uruguay. It is the most prominent dialect to employ voseo in both speech and writing. Many features of Rioplatense are also shared with the varieties spoken in south and eastern Bolivia, and Paraguay. This dialect is influenced by Italian languages, due to the historically significant Italian immigration in the area, and therefore has several Italian loanwords and is often spoken with an intonation resembling that of the Neapolitan language of Southern Italy.
This article presents a set of paradigms—that is, conjugation tables—of Spanish verbs, including examples of regular verbs and some of the most common irregular verbs. For other irregular verbs and their common patterns, see the article on Spanish irregular verbs.
Venezuelan Spanish refers to the Spanish spoken in Venezuela.
Standard Spanish, also called the norma culta, 'cultivated norm', refers to the standard, or codified, variety of the Spanish language, which most writing and formal speech in Spanish tends to reflect. This standard, like other standard languages, tends to reflect the norms of upper-class, educated speech. There is variation within this standard such that one may speak of the Mexican, Latin American, Peninsular, and Rioplatense standards, in addition to the standard forms developed by international organizations and multinational companies.
Central American Spanish is the general name of the Spanish language dialects spoken in Central America. More precisely, the term refers to the Spanish language as spoken in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. Panamanian Spanish is considered a variety of Caribbean Spanish, it is transitional between Central American and Caribbean dialects.
Chilean Spanish is any of several varieties of the Spanish language spoken in most of Chile. Chilean Spanish dialects have distinctive pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and slang usages that differ from those of Standard Spanish, with various linguists identifying Chilean Spanish as one of the most divergent varieties of Spanish.
Colombian Spanish is a grouping of the varieties of Spanish spoken in Colombia. The term is of more geographical than linguistic relevance, since the dialects spoken in the various regions of Colombia are quite diverse. The speech of the northern coastal area tends to exhibit phonological innovations typical of Caribbean Spanish, while highland varieties have been historically more conservative. The Caro and Cuervo Institute in Bogotá is the main institution in Colombia to promote the scholarly study of the language and literature of both Colombia and the rest of Spanish America. The educated speech of Bogotá, a generally conservative variety of Spanish, has high popular prestige among Spanish-speakers throughout the Americas.
Costa Rican Spanish is the form of the Spanish language spoken in Costa Rica. It is one of the dialects of Central American Spanish. Nevertheless, because the country was more remote than its neighbors, the development of this variety of Spanish followed a distinct path.
Nicaraguan Spanish is geographically defined as the form of Spanish spoken in Nicaragua. Affectionately, Nicaraguan Spanish is often called Nicañol.
Paraguayan Spanish is the set of dialects of the Spanish language spoken in Paraguay. In addition, it influences the speech of the Argentine provinces of Misiones, Corrientes, Formosa, and, to a lesser extent, Chaco. Paraguayan Spanish possesses marked characteristics of the Spanish previously spoken in northern Spain, because a majority of the first Spanish settlers were from Old Castile and the Basque Country. In addition, there is great influence, in both vocabulary and grammar, from the Guarani language. Guarani is co-official with Spanish in Paraguay, and most Paraguayans speak both languages. Guaraní is the home language of more than half the population of Paraguay, with higher proportions of its use in rural areas, and those who speak Spanish at home slightly in the majority in the cities. In addition to the strong influence of Guarani, Paraguayan Spanish is also influenced by Rioplatense Spanish due to the geographical, historical, and cultural proximity, as well as the sharing of features such as voseo, which is "the use of vos as a second-person singular pronoun." Paraguayan Spanish is notable for its lack of yeísmo, meaning that the phonemes /ʎ/ and /ʝ/ are distinguished.
Salvadoran Spanish is geographically defined as the form of Spanish spoken in the country of El Salvador. The Spanish dialect in El Salvador shares many similarities to that of its neighbors in the region, but it has its stark differences in pronunciation and usage. El Salvador, like most of Central America, uses voseo Spanish as its written and spoken form, similar to that of Argentina. Vos is used, but many Salvadorans understand tuteo. Vos can be heard in television programs and can be seen in written form in publications. Usted is used as a show of respect, when someone is speaking to an elderly person.
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Bolivian Spanish is the variety of Spanish spoken by the majority of the population in Bolivia, either as a mother tongue or as a second language. Within the Spanish of Bolivia there are different regional varieties. In the border areas, Bolivia shares dialectal features with the neighboring countries.
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