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RNA activation (RNAa) is a small RNA-guided and Argonaute (Ago)-dependent gene regulation phenomenon in which promoter-targeted short double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) induce target gene expression at the transcriptional/epigenetic level. RNAa was first reported in a 2006 PNAS paper by Li et al. who also coined the term "RNAa" as a contrast to RNA interference (RNAi) to describe such gene activation phenomenon. dsRNAs that trigger RNAa have been termed small activating RNA (saRNA). Since the initial discovery of RNAa in human cells, many other groups have made similar observations in different mammalian species including human, non-human primates, rat and mice, plant and C. elegans, suggesting that RNAa is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of gene regulation.
The miR-192 microRNA precursor, is a short non-coding RNA gene involved in gene regulation. miR-192 and miR-215 have now been predicted or experimentally confirmed in mouse and human.
The miR-199 microRNA precursor is a short non-coding RNA gene involved in gene regulation. miR-199 genes have now been predicted or experimentally confirmed in mouse, human and a further 21 other species. microRNAs are transcribed as ~70 nucleotide precursors and subsequently processed by the Dicer enzyme to give a ~22 nucleotide product. The mature products are thought to have regulatory roles through complementarity to mRNA.
The miR-29 microRNA precursor, or pre-miRNA, is a small RNA molecule in the shape of a stem-loop or hairpin. Each arm of the hairpin can be processed into one member of a closely related family of short non-coding RNAs that are involved in regulating gene expression. The processed, or "mature" products of the precursor molecule are known as microRNA (miRNA), and have been predicted or confirmed in a wide range of species.
Metastasis-associated protein MTA1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MTA1 gene. MTA1 is the founding member of the MTA family of genes. MTA1 is primarily localized in the nucleus but also found to be distributed in the extra-nuclear compartments. MTA1 is a component of several chromatin remodeling complexes including the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylation complex (NuRD). MTA1 regulates gene expression by functioning as a coregulator to integrate DNA-interacting factors to gene activity. MTA1 participates in physiological functions in the normal and cancer cells. MTA1 is one of the most upregulated proteins in human cancer and associates with cancer progression, aggressive phenotypes, and poor prognosis of cancer patients.
Metastasis-associated protein MTA2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MTA2 gene.
An oncomir is a microRNA (miRNA) that is associated with cancer. MicroRNAs are short RNA molecules about 22 nucleotides in length. Essentially, miRNAs specifically target certain messenger RNAs (mRNAs) to prevent them from coding for a specific protein. The dysregulation of certain microRNAs (oncomirs) has been associated with specific cancer forming (oncogenic) events. Many different oncomirs have been identified in numerous types of human cancers.
MiR-155 is a microRNA that in humans is encoded by the MIR155 host gene or MIR155HG. MiR-155 plays a role in various physiological and pathological processes. Exogenous molecular control in vivo of miR-155 expression may inhibit malignant growth, viral infections, and enhance the progression of cardiovascular diseases.
In molecular biology, mir-145 microRNA is a short RNA molecule that in humans is encoded by the MIR145 gene. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms.
miR-31 has been characterised as a tumour suppressor miRNA, with its levels varying in breast cancer cells according to the metastatic state of the tumour. From its typical abundance in healthy tissue is a moderate decrease in non-metastatic breast cancer cell lines, and levels are almost completely absent in mouse and human metastatic breast cancer cell lines. Mir-31-5p has also been observed upregulated in Zinc Deficient rats compared to normal in ESCC and in other types of cancers when using this animal model. There has also been observed a strong encapsulation of tumour cells expressing miR-31, as well as a reduced cell survival rate. miR-31's antimetastatic effects therefore make it a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer. However, these two papers were formally retracted by the authors in 2015.
In molecular biology, mir-221 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms.
In molecular biology mir-210 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms.
In molecular biology mir-331 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms.
In molecular biology mir-370 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. This microRNA, mir-370-3p, has been shown to play a role in heart failure. The upregulation of mir-370-3p in the sinus node leads to downregulation of the pacemaker ion channel, HCN4, and thus downregulation of the corresponding ionic current, which causes sinus bradycardia.
In molecular biology mir-497 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms.
In molecular biology mir-28 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms.
MicroRNA 885 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MIR885 gene.
Small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 is a non-protein coding RNA that in humans is encoded by the SNHG1 gene.
miR-324-5p is a microRNA that functions in cell growth, apoptosis, cancer, epilepsy, neuronal differentiation, psychiatric conditions, cardiac disease pathology, and more. As a microRNA, it regulates gene expression through targeting mRNAs. Additionally, miR-324-5p is both an intracellular miRNA, meaning it is commonly found within the microenvironment of the cell, and one of several circulating miRNAs found throughout the body. Its presence throughout the body both within and external to cells may contribute to miR-324-5p's wide array of functions and role in numerous disease pathologies – especially cancer – in various organ systems.
MicroRNA-125 (miR-125) is a highly conserved microRNA family consisting of miR-125a and miR-125b. MiR-125 can be found throughout diverse species from nematode to humans. MiR-125 family members are involved in cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis as a result of targeting messenger RNAs related to these cellular processes. By affecting these cellular processes, miR-125 can cause promotion or suppression of pathological processes including carcinogenesis, muscle abnormalities, neurological disorders and pathologies of the immune system. Moreover, miR-125 also plays an important role in normal immune functions and was described to affect development and function of immune cells as well as playing role in immunological host defense in response to bacterial and viral infections.
References
- 1 2 Afanasyeva EA, Mestdagh P, Kumps C, Vandesompele J, Ehemann V, Theissen J, et al. (2011). "MicroRNA miR-885-5p targets CDK2 and MCM5, activates p53 and inhibits proliferation and survival". Cell Death Differ. 18 (6): 974–84. doi:10.1038/cdd.2010.164. PMC 3131937 . PMID 21233845.
- ↑ Gui, Junhao; Tian, Yaping; Wen, Xinyu; Zhang, Wenhui; Zhang, Pengjun; Gao, Jing; Run, Wei; Tian, Liyuan; Jia, Xingwang (2011-03-01). "Serum microRNA characterization identifies miR-885-5p as a potential marker for detecting liver pathologies". Clinical Science. 120 (5): 183–193. doi:10.1042/CS20100297. ISSN 1470-8736. PMC 2990200 . PMID 20815808.
- ↑ Hur, Keun; Toiyama, Yuji; Schetter, Aaron J.; Okugawa, Yoshinaga; Harris, Curtis C.; Boland, C. Richard; Goel, Ajay (March 2015). "Identification of a metastasis-specific MicroRNA signature in human colorectal cancer". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 107 (3). doi:10.1093/jnci/dju492. ISSN 1460-2105. PMC 4334826 . PMID 25663689.
- ↑ Sandrim, V. C.; Luizon, M. R.; Palei, A. C.; Tanus-Santos, J. E.; Cavalli, R. C. (December 2016). "Circulating microRNA expression profiles in pre-eclampsia: evidence of increased miR-885-5p levels". BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 123 (13): 2120–2128. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.13903 . ISSN 1471-0528. PMID 26853698.
- ↑ Xiao, F.; Qiu, H.; Cui, H.; Ni, X.; Li, J.; Liao, W.; Lu, L.; Ding, K. (2015-04-09). "MicroRNA-885-3p inhibits the growth of HT-29 colon cancer cell xenografts by disrupting angiogenesis via targeting BMPR1A and blocking BMP/Smad/Id1 signaling". Oncogene. 34 (15): 1968–1978. doi: 10.1038/onc.2014.134 . ISSN 1476-5594. PMID 24882581.
