1984 Individual Speedway World Championship

1984 Individual Speedway World Championship

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The 1984 Individual Speedway World Championship was the 39th edition of the official World Championship to determine the world champion rider. ^{[1] [2] [3]}

Without former champions Ivan Mauger, Ole Olsen, Peter Collins, Michael Lee, and Bruce Penhall, the 1984 World Final, held for the eighth time at the Ullevi Stadium in Göteborg, Sweden, was seen by some as the battle of the second tier riders. Though history would ultimately prove the first and second placed riders as among the best Motorcycle speedway has ever seen, winning every World Final between them until the end of the 1980s. ^[4]

Dane Erik Gundersen won his first Speedway World Championship from countryman Hans Nielsen who defeated American Lance King in a run-off for second and third places. ^[5] Defending champion Egon Müller of West Germany could not reproduce his 1983 World Final form and finished 14th with just 3 points from his 5 rides. 1983 runner-up Billy Sanders of Australia, the track record holder at Ullevi, fared marginally better, finishing 11th with just 5 points. ^[6]

First round

British qualification

Date	Venue	Winner	2nd	3rd
Preliminary Round
8 April	Mildenhall Stadium, Mildenhall	Richard Knight	Kevin Jolly	Robert Henry
8 April	Boston Sports Stadium, Boston	Dave Perks	Colin Cook	Steve Lomas
10 April	Wessex Stadium, Weymouth	Marvyn Cox	Martin Yeates	Alun Rossiter
13 April	Powderhall Stadium, Edinburgh	Kenny McKinna	Dave Trownson	Charlie McKinna
17 April	Milton Keynes Stadium, Milton Keynes	Trevor Banks	Barry Thomas	Keith White
Quarter-Final
29 April	The Shay, Halifax	Kevin Jolly	Marvyn Cox	Barry Thomas

Swedish qualification

• Top 6 in each heat to Swedish final

(6 May, Gamla Målilla Motorstadion Målilla) Pos Rider Points 1 Björn Andersson 14 2 Anders Kling 13 3 Alf Trofast 11 4 Hans Danielsson 11 5 Mikael Blixt 11 6 Lillebror Johansson 10 7 Kenneth Nyström 10 8 Erik Stenlund 9 9 Hans Wahlström 7 10 Tony Gudbrand 6 11 Thomas Hydling 5 12 Conny Ivarsson 5 13 Gert Carlsson 4 14 Dick Jegård 2 15 Tommy Celander 1 16 Roger Gustavsson 0

(5 May, Linköping Motorstadion Linköping) Pos Rider Points 1 Jan Andersson 15 2 Per Jonsson 14 3 Uno Johansson 11 4 Mikael Aniander 11 5 Tommy Johansson 11 6 Patrik Karlsson 8 7 Göran Waltersson 8 8 Lars Andersson 8 9 Jan Davidsson 8 10 [Jan Ericsson 7 11 Tony Olsson 7 12 Mikael Reinholdsson 4 13 Åke Fridell 3 14 Bengt Jansson 2 15 Sören Brolin 2 16 Mats Olsson 0

(6 May, Orionparken Stadium Hallstavik) Pos Rider Points 1 Pierre Brannefors 15 2 Leif Wahlman 13 3 Mikael Messing 12 4 Tommy Nilsson 12 5 Magnus Jonsson 11 6 Lars Hammarberg 9 7 Börje Ring 9 8 Per-Ove Gudmundsson 9 9 Ulf Blomqvist 7 10 Lars Ericsson 6 11 Patric Ericsson 6 12 Kent Rickardsson 4 13 Niclas Johansson 3 14 Jimmie Magnusson 2 15 Stefan Karlsson 1 16 Mikael Löfqvist 1

Second round

Continental preliminary round

Date	Venue	Winner	2nd	3rd
22 April	Matija Gubec Stadium, Krško	Edward Jancarz	Georg Gilgenreiner	Jerzy Rembas
22 April	Hajdú Volán Stadion, Debrecen	Jiří Štancl	Wojciech Żabiałowicz	János Oreskó
22 April	Slaný Speedway Stadium, Slaný	Václav Verner	Maciej Jaworek	Stanislav Urban
22 April	Olching Speedwaybahn, Olching	Josef Aigner	Peter Wurtele	Armando Castagna

British semi-finals

16 May Wimborne Road, Poole Top 8 to British final Pos. Rider Points 1 Michael Lee 15 2 Chris Morton 13 3 Phil Collins 12 4 Les Collins 11 5 Dave Jessup 9 6 Jeremy Doncaster 9 7 Mark Courtney 9 8 John Davis 8 9 Gordon Kennett 8 10 Kevin Smith 7 11 Kevin Jolly 6 12 Colin Richardson 5 13 Kenny McKinna 4 14 Alun Rossiter 3 15 Barry Thomas 1 16 John Barker 0

25 May Oxford Stadium, Oxford Top 8 to British final Pos. Rider Points 1 Neil Evitts 12+3 2 Andy Grahame 12+2 3 Kenny Carter 11 4 Martin Yeates 10 5 John Louis 10 6 Alan Grahame 10 7 Malcolm Simmons 10 8 Peter Collins 9 9 Simon Wigg 8 10 Marvyn Cox 7 11 Steve Bastable 7 12 Neil Collins 5 13 Richard Knight 3 14 Dave Perks 3 15 Colin Cook 2 16 Sean Willmott 1

Third round

Continental quarter-finals

• Top 32 to Continental semi-finals

Date	Venue	Winner	2nd	3rd
5 May	Stadion Wybrzeże, Gdańsk	Antonín Kasper Jr.	Boleslaw Proch	Petr Ondrašík
5 May	Ellermühle Stadium, Landshut	Egon Muller	Karl Maier	Jiří Štancl
6 May	Stadion Wiener Neustadt	Josef Aigner	Andrzej Huszcza	Alois Wiesböck
6 May	Napos út, Szeged	Mikhail Starostin	Edward Jancarz	Aleš Dryml Sr.

British Final

• 20 June 1984
• Brandon Stadium, Coventry
• First 8 to Overseas final

Placing	Rider	Total	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	Pts	Pos	21
	(5) Kenny Carter	13		3			3					1					3					3	13	1
	(10) Andy Grahame	12			3			2						3			1		3				12	2
	(15) Dave Jessup	11				2			3			2						2	2				11	3
4	(4) Les Collins	10	2							3				1				3				1	10	4
5	(2) Martin Yeates	10	1					3				3				1				2			10	5
6	(1) Alan Grahame	9	3				3				0				3				T				9	6
7	(3) Simon Wigg	8	E						0				3				2				3		8	7
8	(7) Jeremy Doncaster	8		0					2					2	1					3			8	8
9	(14) Peter Collins	7				1		1					1		2							2	7	9	3
10	(16) Neil Evitts	7				3				2	2						0			0			7	10	2
11	(11) Gordon Kennett	6			2				1		1					2						0	6	11
12	(9) Chris Morton	5			E		1						2					1		1			5	12
13	(13) John Louis	4				X	2							0		0					2		4	13
14	(8) Phil Collins	3		X						0			E			3			E				3	14
15	(12) John Davis	3			1					1		0			0						1		3	15
16	(6) Mark Courtney	2		2				0			0							0			0		2	16
R1	(R1) Kevin Hawkins	1																	1				1	R1
Placing	Rider	Total	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	Pts	Pos	21

m - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance • t - exclusion for touching the tapes • x - other exclusion • e - retired or mechanical failure • f - fell • ns - non-starter • nc - non-classify

gate A - inside

gate B

gate C

gate D - outside

American Final

• 9 June 1984
• Veterans Memorial Stadium, Long Beach,
• First 3 to Overseas final plus 1 reserve

Placing	Rider	Total	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	Pts	Pos	21
	(11) Bobby Schwartz	15			3				3		3					3						3	15	1
	(6) Kelly Moran	14		3				3			2							3			3		14	2
	(12) Shawn Moran	13			2					3		3			3						2		13	3
4	(1) Lance King	11	3				3				1				1				3				11	4
5	(4) John Cook	10	2							2				3				2				1	10	5
6	(7) Rick Miller	10		1					2					2	2					3			10	6
7	(13) Mike Faria	9				3	2							1		2					1		9	7
8	(8) Sam Ermolenko	6		2						E			3			0			1				6	8
9	(5) Robert Pfetzing	6		0			1					2					3					F	6	9
10	(15) Mike Curosco	5				1			1			0						1	2				5	10
11	(14) Dennis Sigalos	4				2		2					F		-							-	4	11
12	(3) Brad Oxley	3	0						E				2				1				0		3	12
13	(9) Buddy Robinson	3			0		0						1					0		2			3	13
14	(2) John Sandoma	4	1					0				1				1				1			4	14
15	(10) Dubb Farrell	2			1			1						0			0		0				2	15
16	(16) Alan Christian	0				X				-	-						-			-			0	16
R1	(R1) Jim Lawson	4									0				0		2					2	4	R1
R2	(R2) Keith Christo	1								1										0			1	R2
Placing	Rider	Total	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	Pts	Pos	21

m - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance • t - exclusion for touching the tapes • x - other exclusion • e - retired or mechanical failure • f - fell • ns - non-starter • nc - non-classify

gate A - inside

gate B

gate C

gate D - outside

Australian Final

• 29 January 1984
• Olympic Park, Mildura
• First 2 to Overseas final plus 1 reserve

Pos.	Rider	Heat Scores	Total
1	Phil Crump	(3,3,3,3,3)	15
2	Billy Sanders	(3,2,3,2,3)	13
3	Gary Guglielmi	(F,3,3,3,2)	11
4	John Titman	(3,3,2,1,1)	10
5	Rod Hunter	(0,2,2,3,3)	10
6	Steve Regeling	(1,3,0,3,2)	9
7	Steve Baker	(2,F,1,2,3)	8
8	Stan Bear	(2,1,0,2,2)	7
9	Glyn Taylor	(3,2,0,F,1)	6
10	Mark Fiora	(1,1,3,0,0)	5
11	David Jackson	(2,2,1,F,X)	5
12	Ray Palmer	(2,X,2,0,1)	5
13	Brent Nott	(0,2,2,1,0)	5
14	David Cheshire	(1,0,0,1,2)	4
15	Ashley Norton	(F,-,-,-,-)	0
16	John McNeill	(-,-,-,-,-)	0
R1	Greg Barrett	(1,1,1,0)	3
18	Chris Schmidt	(0,1,0,1,0)	2

New Zealand Final

• 4 February 1984
• Ruapuna Speedway, Christchurch
• First 2 to Overseas final plus 1 reserve

Pos.	Rider	Total
1	Mitch Shirra	15
2	Larry Ross	14
3	David Bargh	13
4	Barry Briggs	11
5	Alan Mason	11
6	Peter Nightingale	9
7	Chris Martin	9
8	Mike Fullerton	8
9	Robin Hampton	7
10	Alan Fisher	6
11	Greg de Kok	5
12	Steve Duckworth	5
13	Alan Crosbie	4
14	Wayne Brown	2
15	Greg Holloway	1
16	Mark Richards	0

Danish Final

Main article: 1984 Danish speedway season

• Fladbro Speedway, Randers
• Top 6 to Nordic final

Date	Winner	2nd	3rd
6 May	Bo Petersen	Erik Gundersen	Hans Nielsen

Norwegian Final Geiteryggen Speedwaybane, Skien 11 May 1984, first 2 to Nordic final Pos. Rider Total 1 Tormod Langli 15 2 Einar Kyllingstad 13+3 3 Roy Otto 13+2 4 Ingvar Skogland 11 5 Dag Haland 11 6 Arne Svendsen 9 7 Kurt Ualand 8 8 Willy Tjessem 8 9 Asgeir Bjerga 7 10 Geir Aasland 7

Finland Final Yyterin speedwaystadion, Pori 25 August 1983, top 1 (+2 seeded riders) to 1984 Nordic final Pos. Rider Total 1 Ari Koponen 15 2 Juha Moksunen 14 3 Olli Tyrvainen 13 4 Kai Niemi 11 5 Pekka Hautamaki 11 6 Heimo Kaikko 11 7 Esa Mattila 9 8 Jorma Reima 8 9 Seppo Keskinen 8 10 Henry Kivela 5 11 Ossi Henriksson 3 12 Hannu Larronmaa 3 13 Harri Lankinen 3 14 Pentti Kallio (res) 3 15 Veli Pekka Kunelius 2 16 Rauli Makinen 1 17 Isto Maja 0

Swedish Finals

• Top 5 to Nordic final
• R1 (22 May, Sannaheds Motorstadion, Kumla)
• R2 (23 May, Ljungheden, Vastervik)
• R3 (24 May, Ullevi, Göteborg)

Pos.	Rider	R1	R2	R3	Total
1	Jan Andersson	15	15	14	44
2	Pierre Brannefors	12	14	14	40
3	Björn Andersson	13	12	11	36
4	Mikael Blixt	11	12	9	32
5	Tommy Nilsson	12	10	8	30
6	Leif Wahlman	7	10	8	25+3
7	Per Jonsson	8	6	11	25+2
8	Patrik Karlsson	8	9	7	24
9	Hans Danielsson	8	8	8	24
10	Alf Trofast	6	8	8	22
11	Uno Johansson	4	6	8	18
12	Anders Kling	5	3	4	12
13	Göran Waltersson	2	2	4	8
14	Magnus Jonsson	4	2	0	6
15	Lillebror Johansson	5	-	-	5
16	Mikael Aniander	0	3	0	3

Fourth round

Continental semi-finals

10 June Motodrom Halbemond, Norden Top 8 to Continental final Pos. Rider Points 1 Egon Müller 14 2 Jiří Štancl 12 3 Karl Maier 12 4 Václav Verner 12 5 Peter Würtele 10 6 Georg Hack 10 7 Josef Aigner 9 8 Henny Kroeze 8 9 Andrzej Huszcza 7 10 Armando Dal Chiele 7 11 Roman Jankowski 5 12 Leonard Raba 4 13 Igor Stolyarov 4 14 Jan Krzystyniak 3 15 Armando Castagna 3 16 Emil Sova 0

10 June Speedway Žarnovica, Žarnovica Top 8 to Continental final Pos. Rider Points 1 Zenon Kasprzak 13 2 Petr Ondrašík 11 3 Lubomir Jedek 11 4 Michail Starostin 11 5 Aleš Dryml Sr. 10 6 Edward Jancarz 9 7 Zdeněk Schneiderwind 9 8 Zenon Plech 8+3 9 Boleslaw Proch 8+2 10 Istvan Rusz 8+1 11 Antonín Kasper Jr. 6 12 Wojciech Zabialowicz 5 13 Fritz Bauer 5 14 Petr Kucera 4 15 Gennady Potechin 1

Nordic Final

• 12 June 1984
• Norrköping Motorstadion, Norrköping
• First 6 +1 reserve to Intercontinental final

Placing	Rider	Total	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	Pts	Pos	21
	(13) Hans Nielsen	14				2	3							3		3					3		14	1
	(11) Erik Gundersen	12			3				2		3					2						2	12	2
	(15) Mikael Blixt	11				3			1			1						3	3				11	3	3
4	(5) Jan Andersson	11		3			X					3					2					3	11	4	2
5	(14) Kai Niemi	11				1		3					3		3							1	11	5	1
6	(3) Bo Petersen	11	1						3				2				3				2		11	6	0
7	(2) Tommy Nilsson	10	3					2				2				X				3			10	7
8	(8) Ari Koponen	8		2						2			1			1			2				8	8
9	(16) Peter Ravn	7				0				3	2						0			2			7	9
10	(1) Jens Rasmussen	7	2				2				0				2				1				7	10
11	(6) Pierre Brannefors	6		1				1			1							2			1		6	11
12	(12) Bjorn Andersson	4			2					1		0			1						0		4	12
13	(10) John Eskildsen	3			F			X						2			1		0				3	13
14	(4) Pekka Hautamaki	2	0							0				1				1				0	2	14
15	(9) Einar Kyllingstad	2			1		1						0					0		0			2	15
16	(7) Ray Otto	1		0					0					0	0					1			1	16
R1	(R1) Patrick Karsson	0						0															0	R1
Placing	Rider	Total	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	Pts	Pos	21

m - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance • t - exclusion for touching the tapes • x - other exclusion • e - retired or mechanical failure • f - fell • ns - non-starter • nc - non-classify

gate A - inside

gate B

gate C

gate D - outside

Overseas Final

• 15 July 1984
• Hyde Road, Manchester
• First 10 to the Intercontinental Final plus 1 reserve

Placing	Rider	Total	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	Pts	Pos	21
	(2) Lance King	15	3					3				3				3				3			15	1
	(7) Phil Crump	12		3					3					3	2					1			12	2
	(10) Shawn Moran	11			3			E						3			2		3				11	3
4	(4) Billy Sanders	10	1							3				1				3				2	10	4
5	(8) Alan Grahame	10		2						2			1			3			2				10	5
6	(9) Mitch Shirra	9			1		3						3					2		0			9	6
7	(11) Kenny Carter	8			2				2		3					0						1	8	7
8	(14) Simon Wigg	8				1		1					2		1							3	8	8
9	(16) Larry Ross	7				2				1	1						1			2			7	9
10	(5) Kelly Moran	6		1			1					2					2					0	6	10	3
11	(15) Les Collins	6				3			1			0						1	1				6	11	2
12	(13) Jeremy Doncaster	5				X	0							E		2					3		5	12
13	(1) Andy Grahame	5	2				1				2				0				0				5	13
14	(12) Bobby Schwartz	3			0					0		1			E						2		3	14
15	(6) Dave Jessup	3		0				2			0							0			1		3	15
16	(3) Martin Yeates	0	0						0				0				0				0		0	16
R1	(R1) John Cook	0																					0	R1
Placing	Rider	Total	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	Pts	Pos	21

m - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance • t - exclusion for touching the tapes • x - other exclusion • e - retired or mechanical failure • f - fell • ns - non-starter • nc - non-classify

gate A - inside

gate B

gate C

gate D - outside

Fifth round

Continental Final

• 22 July 1984
• Rivne Speedway Stadium, Rivne
• First 5 to World Final plus 1 reserve

Placing	Rider	Total	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	Pts	Pos	21
	(14) Egon Muller	14				2		3					3		3							3	14	1	3
	(5) Karl Maier	14		3			3					3					3					2	14	2	2
	(2) Jiří Štancl	11	3					2				2				3				1			11	3	3
4	(11) Václav Verner	11			3				3		2					2						1	11	4	2
5	(9) Edward Jancarz	10			2		2						2					2		2			10	5
6	(16) Petr Ondrašík	9				0				1	3						2			3			9	6
7	(6) Georg Hack	8		1				F			1							3			3		8	7
8	(13) Aleš Dryml Sr.	7				1	1							2		1					2		7	8
9	(8) Lubomir Jedek	6		0						3			1			0			2				6	9
10	(10) Henny Kroeze	6			F			1						3			1		1				6	10
11	(7) Mikhail Starostin	6		2					2					F	2					0			6	11
12	(4) Andrzej Huszcza	4	1							2				1				X				0	4	12
13	(15) Zenon Plech	3				3			0			F						X	-				3	13
14	(1) Zdenek Schneiderwind	2	2				F				0				0				0				2	14
15	(3) Peter Wurtele	1	0						1				0				-				X		1	15
16	(12) Zenon Kasprzak	1			1					0		-			-						-		1	16
R1	(R1) Boleslaw Proch	5										1			1				3				5	R1
Placing	Rider	Total	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	Pts	Pos	21

m - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance • t - exclusion for touching the tapes • x - other exclusion • e - retired or mechanical failure • f - fell • ns - non-starter • nc - non-classify

gate A - inside

gate B

gate C

gate D - outside

Intercontinental Final

• 20 July 1984
• Vojens Speedway Center, Vojens
• First 11 to World Final plus 1 reserve

Placing	Rider	Total	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	Pts	Pos	21
	(12) Shawn Moran	13			3					3		2			3						2		13	1
	(10) Simon Wigg	12			1			2						3			3		3				12	2
	(9) Lance King	11			2		3						2					2		2			11	3
4	(14) Bo Petersen	9				3		3					0		2							1	9	4
5	(15) Mitch Shirra	9				1			3			1						3	1				9	5
6	(5) Kelly Moran	8		3			F					3					2					0	8	6
7	(16) Kai Niemi	8				2				0	3						0			3			8	7
8	(13) Hans Nielsen	8				0	E							2		3					3		8	8
9	(8) Erik Gundersen	8		2						2			3			1			0				8	9
10	(1) Jan Andersson	7	2				2				1				0				2				7	10
11	(11) Billy Sanders	7			0				1		2					2						2	7	11
12	(4) Alan Grahame	6	1							1				1				0				3	6	12	3
13	(3) Kenny Carter	6	3						0				1				1				1		6	13	2
14	(7) Phil Crump	5		1					2					0	1					1			5	14
15	(2) Larry Ross	1	0					1				0				0				0			1	15
16	(6) Mikael Blixt	1		F				0			0							1			0		1	16
Placing	Rider	Total	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	Pts	Pos	21

m - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance • t - exclusion for touching the tapes • x - other exclusion • e - retired or mechanical failure • f - fell • ns - non-starter • nc - non-classify

gate A - inside

gate B

gate C

gate D - outside

World Final

• 1 September 1984
• Ullevi, Göteborg. ^[7]

Placing	Rider	Total	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	Pts	Pos	21
	(5) Erik Gundersen	14		2			3					3					3					3	14	1
	(3) Hans Nielsen	13	3						3				3				1				3		13	2	3
	(14) Lance King	13				3		3					2		3							2	13	3	2
4	(10) Kelly Moran	11			2			2						2			2		3				11	4
5	(7) Mitch Shirra	10		3					2					1	1					3			10	5
6	(11) Simon Wigg	9			3				1		2					3						0	9	6
7	(2) Bo Petersen	9	2					1				2				2				2			9	7
8	(6) Shawn Moran	7		1				0			3							1			2		7	8
9	(12) Karl Maier	7			0					3		1			2						1		7	9
10	(4) Jan Andersson	6	0							2				3				0				1	6	10
11	(1) Billy Sanders	5	1				2				1				0				1				5	11
12	(9) Kai Niemi	4			1		1						0					2		0			4	12
13	(16) Petr Ondrašík	3				2				0	0						E			1			3	13
14	(8) Egon Muller	3		0						1			1			1			F				3	14
15	(13) Jiří Štancl	1				1	0							0		0					0		1	15
16	(15) Václav Verner	0				0			0			E						-	-				0	16
R1	(R1) Alan Grahame	5																3	2				5	R1
Placing	Rider	Total	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	Pts	Pos	21

m - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance • t - exclusion for touching the tapes • x - other exclusion • e - retired or mechanical failure • f - fell • ns - non-starter • nc - non-classify

gate A - inside

gate B

gate C

gate D - outside

References

1. "HISTORY SPEEDWAY and LONGTRACK". Speedway.org. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
2. "Speedway riders, history and results". wwosbackup. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
3. "WORLD INDIVIDUAL FINAL - RIDER INDEX". British Speedway. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
4. "WORLD FINALS 1936-1994" (PDF). Speedway Researcher. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
5. "Little Erik's a king" . The People. 2 September 1984. Retrieved 1 September 2024– via British Newspaper Archive.
6. "World Championship 1936-1994". Edinburgh Speedway. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
7. Bamford, R. & Shailes, G. (2002). A History of the World Speedway Championship. Stroud: Tempus Publishing. ISBN   0-7524-2402-5