Abortion statistics in the United States

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Both the Guttmacher Institute [1] and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [2] [3] regularly report abortion statistics in the United States. They use different methodologies, so they report somewhat different abortion rates, but they show similar trends. The Guttmacher Institute attempts to contact every abortion provider. [1] The CDC relies on voluntary reporting of abortion data from the states and the District of Columbia. [3] As of July 2022, the Guttmacher Institute had reported abortion data for the years 1973 through 2020 and the CDC had reported abortion data for the years 1970 through 2019.

Contents

Abortion statistics are commonly presented as the number of abortions, the abortion rate (the number of abortions per 1,000 women ages 15 to 44), and the abortion ratio. The Guttmacher Institute defines the abortion ratio as the number of abortions per 100 pregnancies ending in an abortion or a live birth, excluding miscarriages, [1] and the CDC defines it as the number of abortions per 1,000 live births. [3]

The figures reported by both organizations include only the legal induced abortions conducted by clinics, hospitals or physicians’ offices, or that make use of abortion pills dispensed from certified facilities such as clinics or physicians’ offices. They do not account for the use of abortion pills that were obtained outside of clinical settings. [4]

In 1973, the Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision legalized abortion in all 50 states. From 1973 to 1980, the abortion rate rose almost 80%, peaking at 29.3 abortions per 1,000 women of childbearing age in 1980 and 1981.

From 1981 through 2017, the abortion rate fell by more than half, always falling faster in Democratic administrations than Republican ones. The abortion rate fell below the 1973 rate in 2012 and continued to fall through 2017, when it stood at 13.5 abortions per 1,000 women of childbearing age. The abortion rate then rose from 2018 through 2020.

During the 1980s, the population of women of childbearing age grew faster than the abortion rate fell, so the annual number of abortions performed did not peak until 1990, at about 1.6 million abortions. The number of abortions generally fell from 1991 through 2017, and rose thereafter. The largest percentage decrease in the number of abortions occurred in 2013, the year the contraceptive mandate of the Affordable Care Act took effect for most health insurance plans. Approximately 860,000 abortions were performed in 2017, rising to about 930,000 in 2020.

From 1973 to 1983, the abortion ratio reported by the Guttmacher Institute rose about 60%, peaking at 30.4 in 1983. From 1984 through 2016, the abortion ratio fell about 40%. It hit a low of 18.3 in 2016 and rose to 20.6 in 2020. The abortion ratio was slightly lower in 2016 and 2017 than in 1973 because a 40% decrease more than offsets a 60% increase.

This summary is largely based on data collected by the Guttmacher Institute. Data collected by the CDC shows similar trends, but the CDC consistently finds fewer abortions.

There has been a dramatic drop in abortion rates in the US over the last few decades. Since rates peaked in 1981, the incidence and rate of abortion have shown a significant long-term decline. In recent years, these declines have been relatively consistent across most geographic regions and have occurred for all groups. [5] In 2022, the Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization Supreme Court decision overturned Roe v. Wade . The effect of Dobbs on the abortion rate will not be known for several years.

Abortion data for the four most recent years reported by the Guttmacher Institute appears below. The abortion ratio is the number of abortions per 100 pregnancies ending in an abortion or a live birth. From 2017 through 2020, the abortion rate rose 6.7%. [6]

Guttmacher Institute data
yearnumber of abortionsabortion rateabortion ratio
2016874,10013.718.3
2017862,30013.518.4
2019916,46014.2not yet reported
2020930,16014.420.6

Abortion data for the ten most recent years reported by the CDC appears below. The data comes from 47 states, excluding California, Maryland, New Hampshire, and the District of Columbia. The abortion ratio is the number of abortions per 1,000 live births. In 2018 and 2019, for the first time since 1979 and 1980, the abortion rate rose two years in a row. [3]

CDC data
yearnumber of abortionsabortion rateabortion ratio
2010762,75514.6228
2011727,55413.9219
2012696,58713.2210
2013661,87412.5200
2014649,84912.1186
2015636,90211.8188
2016623,47111.6186
2017609,09511.2185
2018614,82011.3189
2019625,34611.4195

Independent clinics provide about 60% of abortions in the United States while Planned Parenthood provides about 35% of abortions in the United States. [7]

Guttmacher Institute estimates

The abortion rights research and policy organization Guttmacher Institute estimates the number of abortions in the United States by surveying abortion providers. Every third year they attempt to contact every abortion provider. They ask for data for the two most recent years, and they estimate abortion statistics for the missing year by interpolation. [1]

For 2020, the Guttmacher Institute reported 930,160 abortions, an abortion rate of 14.4 abortions per 1,000 women aged 15 to 44 years, and 20.6 abortions per 100 pregnancies ending in abortion or live birth. [6]

Graph of U.S. abortion rates from 1973 to 2020, as reported by the Guttmacher Institute U.S. abortion rates from 1973 Guttmacher.png
Graph of U.S. abortion rates from 1973 to 2020, as reported by the Guttmacher Institute

[8] [1]

U.S. abortions and abortion ratios from 1973 Guttmacher.png [8] [1] [6]

Mean annual changes in U.S. abortion rates by administration, 1974-2000, Guttmacher.png [8] [1] [6]

The means in the graph above are geometric means. For example, the mean annual increase during the Carter administration was 4.9%, because the abortion rate rose 21.1% in the Carter administration, and 104.9%*104.9%*104.9%*104.9%=121.1%.

Medication abortions

For the first time in 2020, medication abortions, as reported by Guttmacher, accounted for more than 50% of all abortions. [9]

Medication abortions as a percentage of all abortions [9]

CDC surveillance reports

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention began abortion surveillance reports in 1969 to document the number and characteristics of women obtaining legal induced abortions. The CDC aggregates the information that the states and the District of Columbia collect to produce annual national estimates. Because New York City and the rest of New York State report separately, there are a total of 52 reporting areas.

The CDC always finds a lower abortion rate than the Guttmacher Institute. For 2019, the CDC reported 11.4 abortions and the Guttmacher Institute reported 14.2 abortions per 1,000 women of childbearing age.[ citation needed ]

Here are some of the reasons the CDC’s data is incomplete:

U.S. abortion rates from 1970 CDC.png [10] [11] [12] [3]

To estimate the percentage change in the abortion rate from one year to the next most accurately, we must compare data from the same group of states in both years. Unfortunately, different states report their data to the CDC in different years. The black, blue, green, and purple pieces of the graph allow us to make accurate apples-to-apples comparisons. Each differently colored piece shows data from a different group of states. For example, the blue piece shows data from 46 reporting areas that reported continuously from 1997 through 2006. To estimate the change in the abortion rate from 1996 to 1998, we use the black part of the graph for 1997 and the blue part for 1998. The black part shows a 4.8% decrease in 1997, and the blue part shows a 2.3% decrease in 1998. The gap between the black and blue sections in 1997 occurs because data from California, a populous state with high abortion rates, was not available after 1997. [10]

During 1996, the total number of legal induced abortions were available for all 52 reporting areas. However, approximately 31% of abortions were reported from states that, in 1996, did not have centralized reporting of abortions (four states) or from states whose state health departments did not collect, and therefore could not provide, information about characteristics (e.g., age or race) of women obtaining legal abortions (two states). [13]

Annual change in abortion rate by administration from 1974 CDC.png [10] [11] [12] [3]

Demographic statistics

Prevalence

In 2017, Guttmacher reported that almost 25% of women will have had an abortion by age 45, with 4.6% of 20-year-olds and 19% of 30-year-olds having had at least one. [14] More than six million women in the United States, or 11 percent of women of reproductive age, become pregnant each year. More than half of these pregnancies, or approximately 3.4 million, are unintended, and 1.6 million of the unintended pregnancies are terminated through abortion. [15]

Ethnicity

Abortion rates tend to be higher among minority women in the U.S. In 2000–2001 the rates among black and Hispanic women were 49 per 1,000 and 33 per 1,000, respectively, vs. 13 per 1,000 among non-Hispanic white women. Note that this figure includes all women of reproductive age, including women who are not pregnant. In other words, these abortion rates reflect the rate at which U.S. women of reproductive age have an abortion each year. [16] In 2019, 38% of women who underwent abortion were black; 33% were non-Hispanic white; 21% were Hispanic. [17] Regardless of this, race does not appear to have significant impact on the matter of support for abortion. [18]

Religion

Attitudes toward abortion lends evidence to the tradition’s historic capability to absorb high levels of diversity and dissent. Highly committed Catholics are more likely to agree with Catholic teaching regarding abortion and say that the Church’s opposition to abortion is very important to them personally. [19] A study by the National Institute of Health in the United States found that of the Obstetrician-Gynecologists that provide abortions, more identified as Protestant than Catholic. [20] The Guttmacher report of 1987 found Protestants accounted for 41.9% of abortions while Catholics accounted for 31.5%. The Guttmacher report of 1994 found Protestants accounted for 37% of abortions while Catholics accounted for 31%. The Guttmacher report of 2000 found Protestants accounted for 43% of abortions while Catholics accounted for 27%. The Guttmacher report of 2014 found Protestants accounted for 30% of abortions while Catholics accounted for 24%. [21] [22] [23] [24]

In-state vs. out-of-state

Roe v. Wade legalized abortion nationwide in 1973. In 1972, 41% of abortions were performed on women outside their state of residence, while in 1973 it declined to 21%, and then to 11% in 1974. [4]

In the decade from 2011 to 2020, during which many states increased abortion restrictions, the percentage of women nationwide who traveled out of state for an abortion increased steadily, from 6% in 2011 to 9% in 2020. [25] Out of state travel for an abortion was much more prevalent in the 29 states hostile to abortion rights, with percentages in those states rising from 9% in 2011 to 15% by 2020, while in states supportive of abortion rights, out of state travel for abortions rose from 2% to 3% between 2011 and 2020. [25]

Gutttmacher has released data about abortions by state of occurrence and state of residence. [25] In some states, these numbers can be tremendously different, for example in Missouri, a state with relatively strict controls on abortion, the abortion rate by state of occurrence dropped from 4 in 1000 women aged 15–44 for 2017 to 0.1 for 2020, because 57% of abortion recipients went out of state in 2017, while 99% did so in 2020. [25] In contrast, from 2017 to 2020, the abortion rate by state of residence for Missourians went up by 18% from 8.4 to 9.9. [25]

Abortion patients may leave their state for care for many reasons, including state restrictions related to gestational limits, waiting periods, and parental notification requirements or judicial bypass processes, as well as if a clinic out of state is more conveniently located, has a shorter wait time, or has another characteristics preferred by the patient. [26]

Some out of state travel pertains to locations of population centers in states; if large cities are close to state borders it may be common to cross borders for an abortion. [25] For example, Delaware, which is generally permissive of abortion, saw 44% of residents obtain their abortions in neighboring states. [25]

The Supreme Court’s Dobbs decision not only affected abortion access, but it substantially change many aspects of the provision of reproductive health care across the country. While the majority of OBGYNs do not provide abortion services, most OBGYNs do provide miscarriage management using the same procedures and medications that are used for abortion. [27]

Related Research Articles

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Teenage pregnancy, also known as adolescent pregnancy, is pregnancy in a female adolescent or young adult under the age of 20. Worldwide, pregnancy complications are the leading cause of death for women and girls 15 to 19 years old. The definition of teenage pregnancy includes those who are legally considered adults in their country. The WHO defines adolescence as the period between the ages of 10 and 19 years. Pregnancy can occur with sexual intercourse after the start of ovulation, which can happen before the first menstrual period (menarche). In healthy, well-nourished girls, the first period usually takes place between the ages of 12 and 13.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maternal death</span> Aspect of human reproduction and medicine

Maternal death or maternal mortality is defined in slightly different ways by several different health organizations. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines maternal death as the death of a pregnant mother due to complications related to pregnancy, underlying conditions worsened by the pregnancy or management of these conditions. This can occur either while they are pregnant or within six weeks of resolution of the pregnancy. The CDC definition of pregnancy-related deaths extends the period of consideration to include one year from the resolution of the pregnancy. Pregnancy associated death, as defined by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), are all deaths occurring within one year of a pregnancy resolution. Identification of pregnancy associated deaths is important for deciding whether or not the pregnancy was a direct or indirect contributing cause of the death.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prevalence of teenage pregnancy</span> Overview of the prevalence of teenage pregnancy around the world

Industrialized and developing countries have distinctly different rates of teenage pregnancy. In developed regions, such as United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, teen parents tend to be unmarried, and adolescent pregnancy is seen as a social issue.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abortion in Italy</span> Overview of the legality and prevalence of abortions in Italy

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teenage pregnancy in the United States</span> Females in the US under the age of 20 and above 13 who become pregnant

Teenage pregnancy in the United States refers to females under the age of 20 who become pregnant. 89% of these births take place out-of-wedlock. Since the 1990s, teen pregnancy rates have declined almost continuously in the United States, but the United States still has one of the highest teenage birth rates among the industrialized nations. The 5 states with the highest teen birth rate are Arkansas, Mississippi, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Alabama. According to the Centers for Disease Control, evidence suggests that the decline in teenage pregnancy is due to abstinence teaching and the use of birth control. Although the decline is considered good news, the racial/ethnic and geographic disparities continue in The United States. In 2019, the birth rates for Hispanic teens and non-Hispanic Black teens were more than double than the rates for white teens.

Abortion in Uganda is illegal unless performed by a licensed medical doctor in a situation where the woman's life is deemed to be at risk.

Abortion in Missouri is illegal, with abortions only being legal in cases of medical emergency and several additional laws making access to abortion services difficult. In 2014, a poll by the Pew Research Center found that 52% of Missouri adults said that abortion should be legal vs. 46% that believe it should be illegal in all or most cases. According to a 2014 Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) study, 51% of white women in the state believed that abortion is legal in all or most cases.

Abortion in Arkansas is illegal except when it is necessary to save the life of the mother. Doctors determined to have performed an abortion face up to 10 years in prison and fines up to $100,000.

Abortion in Delaware is legal up to the point of fetal viability. 55% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be legal and 38% stated it should be illegal in all or most cases. There was a therapeutic exceptions in the state's legislative ban on abortions by 1900. Informed consent laws were on the books by 2007. In 2017, Senator Bryan Townsend, D-Newark introduced legislation to try to make clear that abortion would remain legal in the state in case 1973's Roe v. Wade ruling was overturned. The legislation was subsequently updated. Attempts have been made to introduce mandatory ultrasound laws, but they failed to get out of committee. State legislators tried to move ahead the week at which a woman could get a legal abortion in 2019.

Abortion in the District of Columbia is legal at all stages of pregnancy. In 1971, in United States v. Vuitch, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a law saying abortion was allowed for health reasons, which include "psychological and physical well-being". Consequently, the District of Columbia became a destination for women seeking abortions starting that year.

Abortion in Hawaii is legal. 66% of adults in Hawaii said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be legal in all or most cases. Hawaii began allowing elective abortion care de jure in 1970, the first state to do so. State law enacted at that time stated said, "the State shall not deny or interfere with a female's right to choose or obtain an abortion of a nonviable fetus or an abortion that is necessary to protect the life or health of the female."

Abortion in Idaho is illegal from fertilization. Following the overturning of Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, abortion in Idaho was criminalized by the trigger law which states that a person who performs an abortion may face two to five years of imprisonment. The ban allows exceptions for rape, incest, or maternal health. The law took effect on August 25, 2022.

Abortion in New York is legal at all stages of pregnancy, although abortions after the point of viability require a physician's approval. Abortion was legalized up to the 24th week of pregnancy in New York (NY) in 1970, three years before it was decriminalized for the entire United States with the Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade in 1973. Roe v. Wade was later overturned in 2022 by the Supreme Court in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization. The Reproductive Health Act, passed in 2019 in New York, further allows abortions past the 24th week of pregnancy if a woman's life or health is at risk or if the fetus is not viable. However, since these exceptions are not defined by the law, and the law carries no criminal penalties, abortion is effectively legal throughout pregnancy.

Abortion in Oregon is legal at all stages of pregnancy.

Abortion in Rhode Island is legal. On June 19, 2019, the legal right to abortion was codified into Rhode Island law by passage of the Reproductive Privacy Act.

Abortion in South Dakota is illegal. Anyone who induces an abortion is guilty of a Class 6 felony. An exception is included to "preserve the life of the pregnant female," given appropriate and reasonable medical judgment.

Abortion in Tennessee is illegal from fertilization, except to "prevent the death of the pregnant woman or to prevent serious risk of substantial and irreversible impairment of a major bodily function of the pregnant woman".

Abortion in Utah is legally performed under a temporary restraining order blocking enforcement of the state's trigger law, which bans abortion. According to HB136, which is effective state law from June 28, 2022, abortions are banned following 18 weeks of gestation. Abortion was banned following the Supreme Court case, Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization on June 24, 2022. Utah State Legislation enacted SB 174 in May 2020, which, upon the overturn of Roe v. Wade, made inducing an abortion a second-degree felony. The law includes exceptions for pregnancies "caused by rape or incest," pregnancies that put the mother's life at risk, or "if two doctors say the fetus has a lethal defect." Rape and incest exceptions will only be viable if the crimes were previously reported to law enforcement officials.

Abortion in Wisconsin has been legal since September 18, 2023, and is performed in Madison and Milwaukee, through 22 weeks gestation. However, elective abortions in Wisconsin are under dispute after the overturning of Roe v. Wade by the Supreme Court of the United States on June 24, 2022. Abortion opponents cite an 1849 law that they claim bans the procedure in all cases except when the life of the mother is in danger. However, lower level courts have argued that the law only applies to infanticide and not consensual abortions. The enforceability of the law is disputed and being considered by the state courts. Planned Parenthood of Wisconsin announced that they would resume abortion services in Madison and Milwaukee on September 18, 2023.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Jones, Rachel K.; Witwer, Elizabeth; Jerman, Jenna (18 September 2019). "Abortion Incidence and Service Availability in the United States, 2017". Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 49 (1): 17–27. doi:10.1363/2019.30760. PMC   5487028 . PMID   28094905. S2CID   203813573 . Retrieved December 12, 2020.
  2. 1 2 "Abortion | Data and Statistics | Reproductive Health | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-01-16. Retrieved 2019-07-24.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .Kortsmit, Katherine; Mandel, Michele G.; Reeves, Jennifer A.; Clark, Elizabeth; Pagano, H. Pamela; Nguyen, Antoinette; Petersen, Emily E.; Whiteman, Maura K. (26 November 2021). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2019". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 70 (9): 1–29. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss7009a1. PMC   8654281 . PMID   34818321. This Wikipedia article take CDC data for 2015-2019 from this source
  4. 1 2 Diamant, Jeff; Mohamed, Besheer (2022-06-24). "What the data says about abortion in the U.S." Pew Research Center .
  5. ↑ Beckman, Linda J (February 2017). "Abortion in the United States: The continuing controversy". Feminism & Psychology. 27 (1): 101–113. doi:10.1177/0959353516685345. ISSN   0959-3535. S2CID   151395674.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Jones, Rachel K.; Philbin, Jesse; Kerstein, Marielle; Nash, Elizabeth; Lufkin, Kimberley (June 15, 2022). ""Long-Term Decline in US Abortion Reverses, Showing Rising Need for Abortion as Supreme Court Is Poised to Overturn Roe v. Wade"". Guttmacher Institute.
  7. ↑ "Communities Need Clinics" (PDF). abortioncarenetwork.org. 6 June 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  8. 1 2 3 Jones, Rachel K.; Kooistra, Kathryn (March 2011). "Abortion Incidence and Access to Services In the United States, 2008". Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 43 (1): 41–50. doi:10.1363/4304111. PMID   21388504. S2CID   2045184.
  9. 1 2 Jones, Rachel K. (2022-02-24). "Medication Abortion Now Accounts for More Than Half of All US Abortions". Guttmacher Institute .
  10. 1 2 3 4 PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .Gamble, Sonya B.; Strauss, Lilo T.; Parker, Wilda Y.; Cook, Douglas A.; Zane, Suzanne B.; Hamdan, Saeed (28 November 2008). "Abortion surveillance--United States, 2005". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 57 (13): 1–32. PMID   19037196. This Wikipedia article take CDC data for 1970-1997 from this source.
  11. 1 2 PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .Pazol, Karen; Gamble, Sonya B.; Parker, Wilda Y.; Cook, Douglas A.; Zane, Suzanne B.; Hamdan, Saeed (27 November 2009). "Abortion surveillance - United States, 2006". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 58 (8): 1–35. PMID   19940837. This Wikipedia article take CDC data for 1997-2006 from this source.
  12. 1 2 Jatlaoui TC, Boutot ME, Mandel MG, Whiteman MK, Ti A, Petersen E, Pazol K (November 2018). "Abortion Surveillance - United States, 2015". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 67 (13): 20. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6713a1. PMC   6289084 . PMID   30462632. This Wikipedia article take CDC data for 2006-2015 from this source.
  13. ↑ PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (4 December 1998). "Abortion surveillance: preliminary analysis--United States, 1996". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 47 (47): 1025–8, 1035. PMID   9853940.
  14. ↑ Jones, Rachel K. (2017-10-19). "Abortion Is a Common Experience for U.S. Women, Despite Dramatic Declines in Rates". Guttmacher Institute .
  15. ↑ Haas-Wilson, Deborah (Summer 1993). "The Economic Impact of State Restrictions on Abortion: Parental Consent and Notification Laws and Medicaid Funding Restrictions". Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. 12 (3): 498–511. doi:10.2307/3325303. JSTOR   3325303.
  16. ↑ "Abortion". Archived from the original on 2008-03-11.
  17. ↑ "Reported Legal Abortions by Race of Women Who Obtained Abortion by the State of Occurrence". KFF. 2021-12-01. Retrieved 2022-06-27.
  18. ↑ Cizmar, Anne; Kalkan, Kerem Ozan (2023-05-23). "Hostile Sexism and Abortion Attitudes in Contemporary American Public Opinion". Politics & Gender: 1–22. doi: 10.1017/s1743923x23000260 . ISSN   1743-923X. S2CID   258879501.
  19. ↑ Bruce, Tricia C. (2020-09-18). "Efficacy, Distancing, and Reconciling: Religion and Race in Americans' Abortion Attitudes". Religions. 11 (9): 475. doi: 10.3390/rel11090475 . ISSN   2077-1444.
  20. ↑ Stulberg, Debra B.; Dude, Annie M.; Dahlquist, Irma; Curlin, Farr A. (September 2011). "Abortion Provision Among Practicing Obstetrician–Gynecologists". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 118 (3): 609–614. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31822ad973. PMC   3170127 . PMID   21860290.
  21. ↑ "Bishops dismiss report on abortions by Catholics".
  22. ↑ "Study: Evangelicals, Catholics Resort to Abortion, Too". Chicago Tribune . 8 August 1996.
  23. ↑ "Abortions: Comparing Catholic and Protestant Women". 27 December 2007.
  24. ↑ "U.S. Abortion Statistics".
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Maddow-Zimet, Isaac; Kost, Kathryn (2022-07-21). "Even Before Roe Was Overturned, Nearly One in 10 People Obtaining an Abortion Traveled Across State Lines for Care". Guttmacher Institute .
  26. ↑ Smith, Mikaela H.; Muzyczka, Zoe; Chakraborty, Payal; Johns-Wolfe, Elaina; Higgins, Jenny; Bessett, Danielle; Norris, Alison H. (June 2022). "Abortion travel within the United States: An observational study of cross-state movement to obtain abortion care in 2017". The Lancet Regional Health - Americas. 10: 100214. doi:10.1016/j.lana.2022.100214. PMC   9903901 . PMID   36777689.
  27. ↑ Salganicoff, Alina; Ranji, Usha (July 2023). "A Focus on Contraception in the Wake of Dobbs". Women's Health Issues. 33 (4): 341–344. doi:10.1016/j.whi.2023.04.002. ISSN   1049-3867. PMID   37258339. S2CID   258974742.
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